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Skelly AC, Chou R, Dettori JR, et al. Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2020 Apr. (Comparative Effectiveness Review, No. 227.)

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Noninvasive Nonpharmacological Treatment for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review Update [Internet].

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Figure 45 is a forest plot. Mean differences were reported or calculated for seven short-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −1.08 (95% confidence interval −1.75 to −0.32) and an overall I-squared value of 53.1%. Mean differences were reported or calculated for eight intermediate-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.51 (95% confidence interval −0.92 to −0.06) and an overall I-squared value of 0%. Mean differences were reported or calculated for four long-term studies, with a pooled mean difference of −0.18 (95% confidence interval −0.77 to 0.42) and an overall I-squared value of 0%.

Figure 45Exercise versus usual care, no treatment, waitlist, attention control, or sham for fibromyalgia: effects on pain

AC = attention control; AR = aerobic exercise; AR & MP = aerobic exercise in one arm and muscle performance exercise in another arm; CI = confidence interval; COM = combination exercise therapy; MP = muscle performance exercise; MP+NR = muscle performance plus neuromuscular rehabilitation exercise; NT = no treatment; SD = standard deviation; UC = usual care; WL = waitlist

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