This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of pentachlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 3,3ʹ,4,4ʹ-tetrachloroazobenzene, aldrin, and dieldrin.

Pentachlorophenol, aldrin, and dieldrin are classified as persistent organic pollutants under the Stockholm Convention. Pentachlorophenol has been widely used as a wood preservative and insecticide, but its production and use are now restricted. 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol has also been used as a wood preservative and insecticide, and in the synthesis of some fungicides. Aldrin and dieldrin are synthetic organochlorine pesticides used as broad-spectrum soil insecticides for the protection of various food crops, as seed dressings, and to control infestations of pests such as ants and termites. In several countries their use has been banned or severely restricted since the early 1970s. 3,3ʹ,4,4ʹ-Tetrachloroazobenzene is not manufactured commercially but is formed during the production and degradation of chloroanilide herbicides such as propanil, linuron, and diuron.

Exposure to all five agents considered may occur in the general population as well as in various occupational settings.

An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of these agents.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• List of Participants
• PREAMBLE
• General Remarks
• Pentachlorophenol
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Cohort studies
    • 2.2. Case–control studies
    • 2.3. Exposure assessment and biological markers in epidemiological studies
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• 2,4,6-TRICHLOROPHENOL
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Cohort studies
    • 2.2. Case–control studies
    • 2.3. Exposure assessment in epidemiological studies
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Cancer susceptibility data
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 3,3ʹ,4,4ʹ-TETRACHLOROAZOBENZENE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Methods of analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Cancer susceptibility data
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• ALDRIN AND DIELDRIN
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agents
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Aldrin
    • 2.2. Dieldrin
    • 2.3. Exposure assessment in epidemiological studies of aldrin and dieldrin
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Aldrin
    • 3.2. Dieldrin
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Cancer susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• List of abbreviations
• Annex 1. Supplemental Material for Toxcast/Tox21

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 4–11 October 2016

Lyon, France - 2019

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

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