I.1.2.1. Systematic Reviews: sources of primary studies

1. Bloudek Lisa M, Spackman D Eldon, Blankenburg Michael, and Sullivan Sean D (2011) Review and meta-analysis of biomarkers and diagnostic imaging in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 26(4), 627–45 [PubMed: 21694448]
2. Brigo Francesco, Turri Giulia, and Tinazzi Michele (2015) 123I-FP-CIT SPECT in the differential diagnosis between dementia with Lewy bodies and other dementias. Journal of the neurological sciences 359(1-2), 161–71 [PubMed: 26671107]
3. Caobelli Federico, Cobelli Milena, Pizzocaro Claudio, Pavia Marco, Magnaldi Silvia, and Guerra Ugo Paolo (2015) The role of neuroimaging in evaluating patients affected by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of neuroimaging: official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 25(1), 2–13 [PubMed: 24593302]
4. Carnero-Pardo Cristobal, Lopez-Alcalde Samuel, Allegri Ricardo Francisco, and Russo Maria Julieta (2014) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the Phototest for cognitive impairment and dementia. Dementia & Neuropsychologia 8(2), 141–147 [PMC free article: PMC5619121] [PubMed: 29213895]
5. Cromarty Ruth A, Elder Greg J, Graziadio Sara, Baker Mark, Bonanni Laura, Onofrj Marco, O’Brien John T, and Taylor John-Paul (2016) Neurophysiological biomarkers for Lewy body dementias. Clinical neurophysiology: official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology 127(1), 349–59 [PMC free article: PMC4727506] [PubMed: 26183755]
6. Davis Daniel H. J, Creavin Sam T, Yip Jennifer L. Y, Noel-Storr Anna H, Brayne Carol, and Cullum Sarah (2015) Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 10, CD010775 [PMC free article: PMC6682492] [PubMed: 26513331]
7. Dougall Nadine J, Bruggink Sjoerd, and Ebmeier Klaus P (2004) Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 12(6), 554–70 [PubMed: 15545324]
8. Durand-Martel Pascali, Tremblay Dominic, Brodeur Catherine, and Paquet Nancy (2010) Autopsy as gold standard in FDG-PET studies in dementia. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques 37(3), 336–42 [PubMed: 20481267]
9. Ehreke L, Luppa M, Konig H H, and Riedel-Heller S G (2010) Is the clock drawing test a screening tool for the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment? A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics 22(1), 56–63 [PubMed: 19691908]
10. Ferreira Daniel, Perestelo-Perez Lilisbeth, Westman Eric, Wahlund Lars-Olof, Sarria Antonio, and Serrano-Aguilar Pedro (2014) Meta-Review of CSF Core Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: The State-of-the-Art after the New Revised Diagnostic Criteria. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 6, 47 [PMC free article: PMC3970033] [PubMed: 24715863]
11. Haddow Lewis John, Floyd Sian, Copas Andrew, and Gilson Richard John Cary (2013) A systematic review of the screening accuracy of the HIV Dementia Scale and International HIV Dementia Scale. PloS one 8(4), e61826 [PMC free article: PMC3628906] [PubMed: 23613945]
12. Health Quality, and Ontario (2006) Functional brain imaging: an evidence-based analysis. Ontario health technology assessment series 6(22), 1–79 [PMC free article: PMC3379170] [PubMed: 23074493]
13. Health Quality, and Ontario (2014) The appropriate use of neuroimaging in the diagnostic work-up of dementia: an evidence-based analysis. Ontario health technology assessment series 14(1), 1–64 [PMC free article: PMC3937983] [PubMed: 24592296]
14. Larner Andrew J, and Mitchell Alex J (2014) A meta-analysis of the accuracy of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE) and the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R) in the detection of dementia. International psychogeriatrics / IPA 26(4), 555–63 [PubMed: 24423470]
15. Lin Jennifer S, O’Connor Elizabeth, Rossom Rebecca C, Perdue Leslie A, and Eckstrom Elizabeth (2013) Screening for cognitive impairment in older adults: A systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of internal medicine 159(9), 601–12 [PubMed: 24145578]
16. Masterman D L, Mendez M F, Fairbanks L A, and Cummings J L (1997) Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of technetium 99-HMPAO SPECT in discriminating Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 10(1), 15–21 [PubMed: 9100154]
17. McKeith I G, Ballard C G, Perry R H, Ince P G, O’Brien J T, Neill D, Lowery K, Jaros E, Barber R, Thompson P, Swann A, Fairbairn A F, and Perry E K (2000) Prospective validation of consensus criteria for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 54(5), 1050–8 [PubMed: 10720273]
18. Mitchell Alex J (2013) The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): An update on its diagnostic validity for cognitive disorders. Cognitive screening instruments: A practical approach., 15–46
19. Muayqil Taim, Gronseth Gary, and Camicioli Richard (2012) Evidence-based guideline: diagnostic accuracy of CSF 14-3-3 protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 79(14), 1499–506 [PMC free article: PMC3525296] [PubMed: 22993290]
20. Mulder Cees, Verwey Nicolaas A, van der Flier, Wiesje M, Bouwman Femke H, Kok Astrid, van Elk, Evert J, Scheltens Philip, and Blankenstein Marinus A (2010) Amyloid-beta(1-42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau as cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Clinical chemistry 56(2), 248–53 [PubMed: 19833838]
21. Naqvi Raza M, Haider Sehrish, Tomlinson George, and Alibhai Shabbir (2015) Cognitive assessments in multicultural populations using the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne 187(5), E169–75 [PMC free article: PMC4361127] [PubMed: 25691786]
22. O’Sullivan Dawn, O’Regan Niamh A, and Timmons Suzanne (2016) Validity and Reliability of the 6-Item Cognitive Impairment Test for Screening Cognitive Impairment: A Review. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 42(1-2), 42–9 [PubMed: 27537241]
23. Papathanasiou Nikolaos D, Boutsiadis Anastasios, Dickson John, and Bomanji Jamshed B (2012) Diagnostic accuracy of 123I-FP-CIT (DaTSCAN) in dementia with Lewy bodies: a meta-analysis of published studies. Parkinsonism & related disorders 18(3), 225–9 [PubMed: 21975260]
24. Tang W, Huang Q, Wang Y, Wang Z Y, and Yao Y Y (2014) Assessment of CSF Abeta42 as an aid to discriminating Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias and mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis of 50 studies. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 345(1), 26–36 [PubMed: 25086857]
25. Treglia Giorgio, and Cason Ernesto (2012) Diagnostic performance of myocardial innervation imaging using MIBG scintigraphy in differential diagnosis between dementia with lewy bodies and other dementias: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Journal of neuroimaging: official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging 22(2), 111–7 [PubMed: 21091814]
26. Tsoi Kelvin K. F, Chan Joyce Y. C, Hirai Hoyee W, Wong Samuel Y. S, and Kwok Timothy C. Y (2015) Cognitive Tests to Detect Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA internal medicine 175(9), 1450–8 [PubMed: 26052687]
27. van Harten, Argonde C, Kester Maartje I, Visser Pieter-Jelle, Blankenstein Marinus A, Pijnenburg Yolande A. L, van der Flier, Wiesje M, and Scheltens Philip (2011) Tau and p-tau as CSF biomarkers in dementia: a meta-analysis. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 49(3), 353–66 [PubMed: 21342021]
28. Wahlster Philip, Niederlander Charlotte, Kriza Christine, Schaller Sandra, and Kolominsky-Rabas Peter L (2013) Clinical assessment of amyloid imaging in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of the literature. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 36(5-6), 263–78 [PubMed: 23949370]
29. Yeo Jing Ming, Lim Xuxin, Khan Zubair, and Pal Suvankar (2013) Systematic review of the diagnostic utility of SPECT imaging in dementia. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 263(7), 539–52 [PubMed: 23917803]
30. Zerr I, Pocchiari M, Collins S, Brandel J P, de Pedro Cuesta, J, Knight R S, Bernheimer H, Cardone F, Delasnerie-Laupretre N, Cuadrado Corrales, N, Ladogana A, Bodemer M, Fletcher A, Awan T, Ruiz Bremon, A, Budka H, Laplanche J L, Will R G, and Poser S (2000) Analysis of EEG and CSF 14-3-3 proteins as aids to the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 55(6), 811–5 [PubMed: 10994001]
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I.1.2.2. Systematic Reviews: sources of data

1. Archer Hilary A, Smailagic Nadja, John Christeena, Holmes Robin B, Takwoingi Yemisi, Coulthard Elizabeth J, and Cullum Sarah (2015) Regional cerebral blood flow single photon emission computed tomography for detection of Frontotemporal dementia in people with suspected dementia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 6, CD010896 [PMC free article: PMC6464981] [PubMed: 26102272]
2. Chan CCH, Fage BA, Smailagic N, Gill SS, Herrmann N, Nikolaou V, Seitz DP. Mini-Cog for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias within a secondary care setting. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD011414. [PMC free article: PMC6744952] [PubMed: 31521064]
3. Creavin Sam T, Wisniewski Susanna, Noel-Storr Anna H, Trevelyan Clare M, Hampton Thomas, Rayment Dane, Thom Victoria M, Nash Kirsty J. E, Elhamoui Hosam, Milligan Rowena, Patel Anish S, Tsivos Demitra V, Wing Tracey, Phillips Emma, Kellman Sophie M, Shackleton Hannah L, Singleton Georgina F, Neale Bethany E, Watton Martha E, and Cullum Sarah (2016) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of dementia in clinically unevaluated people aged 65 and over in community and primary care populations. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 1, CD011145 [PMC free article: PMC8812342] [PubMed: 26760674]
4. Davis Daniel H. J, Creavin Sam T, Yip Jennifer L. Y, Noel-Storr Anna H, Brayne Carol, and Cullum Sarah (2015) Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 10, CD010775 [PMC free article: PMC6682492] [PubMed: 26513331]
5. Harrison Jennifer K, Fearon Patricia, Noel-Storr Anna H, McShane Rupert, Stott David J, and Quinn Terry J (2015) Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within a secondary care setting. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 3, CD010772 [PubMed: 25754745]
6. McCleery Jenny, Morgan Shirlony, Bradley Kevin M, Noel-Storr Anna H, Ansorge Olaf, and Hyde Chris (2015) Dopamine transporter imaging for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 1, CD010633 [PMC free article: PMC7079709] [PubMed: 25632881]
7. Seitz DP, Fage BA, Chan CCH, Gill SS, Herrmann N, Smailagic N, Nikolaou V. Mini-Cog for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias within a primary care setting. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD011415. [PMC free article: PMC6491332] [PubMed: 29470861]

I.1.2.3. Primary studies picked up by the SR search, from within the SRs and additional references from within primary studies

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I.1.2.4. Primary studies from the additional primary study search

1. Alexander S K, Rittman T, Xuereb J H, Bak T H, Hodges J R, and Rowe J B (2014) Validation of the new consensus criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Journal of Neurology, and Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 85(8), 925–9 [PMC free article: PMC4112495] [PubMed: 24521567]
2. Ampuero Israel, Alegre-Abarrategui Javier, Rodal Izaskun, Espana Antonio, Ros Raquel, Sendon Jose Luis Lopez, Galloway Eva Garcia, Cervello Angeles, Caminero Ana Belen, Zabala Antxon, Erro Elena, Jarauta Fernando, Morlan Lorenzo, Lopez-Valdes Eva, Aladro Yolanda, Seijo Manuel, Rivas Guillermo Garcia, Munoz David G, de Yebenes, and Justo Garcia (2009) On the diagnosis of CADASIL. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 17(4), 787–94 [PubMed: 19542611]
3. Apolinario Daniel, Lichtenthaler Daniel Gomes, Magaldi Regina Miksian, Soares Aline Thomaz, Busse Alexandre Leopold, Amaral Jose Renato das Gracas, Jacob-Filho Wilson, and Brucki Sonia Maria Dozzi (2016) Using temporal orientation, category fluency, and word recall for detecting cognitive impairment: the 10-point cognitive screener (10-CS). International journal of geriatric psychiatry 31(1), 4–12 [PubMed: 25779210]
4. Arslan Esra, Ekmekcioglu Ozgul, Gortan Fatma Arzu, Engin Akcan, Zeynep Funda, Erkan Melih Engin, Emul Haci Murat, Halac Metin, Cermik Tevfik Fikret, and Sonmezoglu Kerim (2015) The value of FDG-PET/CT by using 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projection software analysis in the differential diagnosis of dementia. Turkish journal of medical sciences 45(5), 1149–58 [PubMed: 26738361]
5. Bacchetta J P, Kovari E, Merlo M, Canuto A, Herrmann F R, Bouras C, Gold G, Hof P R, and Giannakopoulos P (2007) Validation of clinical criteria for possible vascular dementia in the oldest-old. Neurobiology of Aging 28(4), 579–85 [PubMed: 16580095]
6. Bastide L, De Breucker, S, Van den Berge, M, Fery P, Pepersack T, and Bier J C (2012) The Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised is as effective as the original to detect dementia in a French-speaking population. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 34(5-6), 337–43 [PubMed: 23222058]
7. Berger Gabriele, Frolich Lutz, Weber Bernhard, and Pantel Johannes (2008) Diagnostic accuracy of the clock drawing test: the relevance of “time setting” in screening for dementia. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 21(4), 250–60 [PubMed: 19017782]
8. Bonello M, and Larner A J (2016) Applause sign: Screening utility for dementia and cognitive impairment. Postgraduate Medicine 128(2), 250–253 [PubMed: 26560747]
9. Chan Yung, Yeung Kwok-Hung, Ho Hing-Fung, Ho King-Man, Tin-Keung Lam, Edman, Leung Wai-Lin, and Kam Kai-Man (2014) Use of cerebrospinal fluid enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of neurosyphilis. International journal of STD & AIDS 25(8), 571–8 [PubMed: 24334293]
10. Christensen IB Thrane, Larsson Elna-Marie, Holm Ida E, Nielsen Ole B. F, and Andersen Stig (2017) Olfactory testing in consecutive patients referred with suspected dementia. BMC geriatrics 17(1), 129 [PMC free article: PMC5477688] [PubMed: 28633628]
11. Coulthart Michael B, Jansen Gerard H, Olsen Elina, Godal Deborah L, Connolly Tim, Choi Bernard C. K, Wang Zheng, and Cashman Neil R (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid protein markers for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Canada: a 6-year prospective study. BMC neurology 11, 133 [PMC free article: PMC3216246] [PubMed: 22032272]
12. Coutinho G, De Oliveira-Souza, R, Moll J, Tovar-Moll F, and Mattos P (2013) Is it possible to identify individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease using a 30-minute neuropsychological battery?. Revista de Psiquiatria Clinica 40(4), 139–143
13. Duits Flora H, Teunissen Charlotte E, Bouwman Femke H, Visser Pieter-Jelle, Mattsson Niklas, Zetterberg Henrik, Blennow Kaj, Hansson Oskar, Minthon Lennart, Andreasen Niels, Marcusson Jan, Wallin Anders, Rikkert Marcel Olde, Tsolaki Magda, Parnetti Lucilla, Herukka Sanna-Kaisa, Hampel Harald, De Leon, Mony J, Schroder Johannes, Aarsland Dag, Blankenstein Marinus A, Scheltens Philip, van der Flier, and Wiesje M (2014) The cerebrospinal fluid “Alzheimer profile”: easily said, but what does it mean?. Alzheimer’s & dementia: the journal of the Alzheimer’s Association 10(6), 713–723.e2 [PubMed: 24721526]
14. Dumaresq Jeannot, Langevin Stephanie, Gagnon Simon, Serhir Bouchra, Deligne Benoit, Tremblay Cecile, Tsang Raymond S. W, Fortin Claude, Coutlee Francois, and Roger Michel (2013) Clinical prediction and diagnosis of neurosyphilis in HIV-infected patients with early Syphilis. Journal of clinical microbiology 51(12), 4060–6 [PMC free article: PMC3838065] [PubMed: 24088852]
15. Ferman T J, Boeve B F, Smith G E, Lin S C, Silber M H, Pedraza O, Wszolek Z, Graff-Radford N R, Uitti R, Van Gerpen, J, Pao W, Knopman D, Pankratz V S, Kantarci K, Boot B, Parisi J E, Dugger B N, Fujishiro H, Petersen R C, and Dickson D W (2011) Inclusion of RBD improves the diagnostic classification of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology 77(9), 875–82 [PMC free article: PMC3162640] [PubMed: 21849645]
16. Fourier A, Dorey A, Perret-Liaudet A, and Quadrio I (2017) Detection of CSF 14-3-3 Protein in Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Patients Using a New Automated Capillary Western Assay. Molecular neurobiology [Epub ahead of print] [PubMed: 28509083]
17. Foutz A, Appleby B S, Hamlin C, Liu X, Yang S, Cohen Y, Chen W, Blevins J, Fausett C, Wang H, Gambetti P, Zhang S, Hughson A, Tatsuoka C, Schonberger L B, Cohen M L, Caughey B, and Safar J G (2017) Diagnostic and prognostic value of human prion detection in cerebrospinal fluid. Annals of Neurology 81(1), 79–92 [PMC free article: PMC5266667] [PubMed: 27893164]
18. Galvin J, Tolea M, and Sidhu J (2015) Improving the clinical detection and diagnosis of lewy body dementia using a composite risk score. Neurodegenerative Diseases 15, 1457
19. Goldstein Felicia C, Ashley Angela V, Miller Eric, Alexeeva Olga, Zanders Lavezza, and King Veronique (2014) Validity of the montreal cognitive assessment as a screen for mild cognitive impairment and dementia in African Americans. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 27(3), 199–203 [PubMed: 24614202]
20. Gustafson Lars, Englund Elisabet, Brunnstrom Hans, Brun Arne, Erikson Catarina, Warkentin Siegbert, and Passant Ulla (2010) The accuracy of short clinical rating scales in neuropathologically diagnosed dementia. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry: official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 18(9), 810–20 [PubMed: 20220603]
21. Hamlin Clive, Puoti Gianfranco, Berri Sally, Sting Elliott, Harris Carrie, Cohen Mark, Spear Charles, Bizzi Alberto, Debanne Sara M, and Rowland Douglas Y (2012) A comparison of tau and 14-3-3 protein in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology 79(6), 547–52 [PMC free article: PMC4098812] [PubMed: 22843257]
22. Hancock P, and Larner A J (2011) Test Your Memory test: diagnostic utility in a memory clinic population. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 26(9), 976–80 [PubMed: 21845600]
23. Hanyu Haruo, Shimizu Soichiro, Hirao Kentaro, Sakurai Hirofumi, Iwamoto Toshihiko, Chikamori Taishiro, Hida Satoshi, Yamashina Akira, Koizumi Kiyoshi, and Abe Kimihiko (2006) The role of 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of Lewy body disease in patients with dementia in a memory clinic. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 22(5-6), 379–84 [PubMed: 16960446]
24. Harris J M, Gall C, Thompson J C, Richardson A M, Neary D, du Plessis, D, Pal P, Mann D M, Snowden J S, and Jones M (2013) Sensitivity and specificity of FTDC criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 80(20), 1881–7 [PubMed: 23596080]
25. Heath C A, Cooper S A, Murray K, Lowman A, Henry C, MacLeod M A, Stewart G E, Zeidler M, MacKenzie J M, Ironside J W, Summers D M, Knight R S, and Will R G (2010) Validation of diagnostic criteria for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Annals of Neurology 67(6), 761–70 [PubMed: 20517937]
26. Jahn Holger, Wittke Stefan, Zurbig Petra, Raedler Thomas J, Arlt Sonke, Kellmann Markus, Mullen William, Eichenlaub Martin, Mischak Harald, and Wiedemann Klaus (2011) Peptide fingerprinting of Alzheimer’s disease in cerebrospinal fluid: identification and prospective evaluation of new synaptic biomarkers. PloS one 6(10), e26540 [PMC free article: PMC3202544] [PubMed: 22046305]
27. Jubb Michael T, and Evans Jonathan J (2015) An Investigation of the Utility of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III in the Early Detection of Dementia in Memory Clinic Patients Aged over 75 Years. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 40(3-4), 222–32 [PubMed: 26227172]
28. Kaneta Tomohiro, Nakatsuka Masahiro, Nakamura Kei, Seki Takashi, Yamaguchi Satoshi, Tsuboi Masahiro, and Meguro Kenichi (2016) Improved Diagnostic Accuracy of SPECT Through Statistical Analysis and the Detection of Hot Spots at the Primary Sensorimotor Area for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease in a Community-Based Study: “The Osaki-Tajiri Project”. Clinical nuclear medicine 41(1), e1–6 [PubMed: 26359573]
29. Kerklaan B J, Van Berckel, B N M, Herholz K, Dols A, Van Der Flier, W M, Scheltens P, and Pijnenburg Y A. L (2014) The added value of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and other Dementias 29(7), 607–613 [PubMed: 24576796]
30. Kiesmann Michele, Chanson Jean-Baptiste, Godet Julien, Vogel Thomas, Schweiger Laetitia, Chayer Said, and Kaltenbach Georges (2013) The Movement Disorders Society criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease dementia: their usefulness and limitations in elderly patients. Journal of neurology 260(10), 2569–79 [PubMed: 23835635]
31. Knapskog A B, Engedal K, and Braekhus A (2016) Performance of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in a memory clinic in Norway. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 30(1), 8–14 [PubMed: 26629677]
32. Koikkalainen Juha, Rhodius-Meester Hanneke, Tolonen Antti, Barkhof Frederik, Tijms Betty, Lemstra Afina W, Tong Tong, Guerrero Ricardo, Schuh Andreas, Ledig Christian, Rueckert Daniel, Soininen Hilkka, Remes Anne M, Waldemar Gunhild, Hasselbalch Steen, Mecocci Patrizia, van der Flier, Wiesje, and Lotjonen Jyrki (2016) Differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases using structural MRI data. NeuroImage. Clinical 11, 435–49 [PMC free article: PMC4827727] [PubMed: 27104138]
33. Larner A J (2015) AD8 Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Impairment: Pragmatic Diagnostic Test Accuracy Study. Journal of geriatric psychiatry and neurology 28(3), 198–202 [PubMed: 25769735]
34. Lattanzio Francesca, Abu-Rumeileh Samir, Franceschini Alessia, Kai Hideaki, Amore Giulia, Poggiolini Ilaria, Rossi Marcello, Baiardi Simone, McGuire Lynne, Ladogana Anna, Pocchiari Maurizio, Green Alison, Capellari Sabina, and Parchi Piero (2017) Prion-specific and surrogate CSF biomarkers in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: diagnostic accuracy in relation to molecular subtypes and analysis of neuropathological correlates of p-tau and Abeta42 levels. Acta neuropathologica 133(4), 559–578 [PMC free article: PMC5348556] [PubMed: 28205010]
35. Leitao M J, Baldeiras I, Almeida M R, Ribeiro M H, Santos A C, Ribeiro M, Tomas J, Rocha S, Santana I, and Oliveira C R (2016) Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnostic accuracy is improved by a new CSF ELISA 14-3-3gamma assay. Neuroscience 322, 398–407 [PubMed: 26940479]
36. Malhotra Chetna, Chan Angelique, Matchar David, Seow Dennis, Chuo Adeline, and Do Young Kyung (2013) Diagnostic performance of short portable mental status questionnaire for screening dementia among patients attending cognitive assessment clinics in Singapore. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, and Singapore 42(7), 315–9 [PubMed: 23949260]
37. Manabe Y, Inui Y, Toyama H, and Kosaka K (2017) 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy with early images alone is useful for the differential diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Psychiatry Research - Neuroimaging 261, 75–79 [PubMed: 28152401]
38. Mendez M F, Shapira J S, McMurtray A, Licht E, and Miller B L (2007) Accuracy of the clinical evaluation for frontotemporal dementia. Archives of Neurology 64(6), 830–5 [PubMed: 17562930]
39. Mormont E, Jamart J, and Robaye L (2012) Validity of the five-word test for the evaluation of verbal episodic memory and dementia in a memory clinic setting. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 25(2), 78–84 [PubMed: 22689699]
40. Motara H, Olusoga T, Russell G, Jamieson S, Ahmed S, Brindle N, Pillai A, Scarsbrook A F, Patel C N, and Chowdhury F U (2017) Clinical impact and diagnostic accuracy of 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) brain imaging in patients with cognitive impairment: a tertiary centre experience in the UK. Clinical Radiology 72(1), 63–73 [PubMed: 27637430]
41. Panegyres P K, Rogers J M, McCarthy M, Campbell A, and Wu J S (2009) Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography in the differential diagnosis of early-onset dementia: a prospective, community-based study. BMC Neurology 9, 41 [PMC free article: PMC2736156] [PubMed: 19674446]
42. Postel-Vinay Nicolas, Hanon Olivier, Clerson Pierre, Brown Jeremy M, Menard Joel, Paillaud Elena, Alonso Eliana, Pasquier Florence, Pariel Sylvie, Belliard Serge, Pere Jean-Jacques, and Belmin Joel (2014) Validation of the Test Your Memory (F-TYM Test) in a French memory clinic population. The Clinical neuropsychologist 28(6), 994–1007 [PubMed: 25090051]
43. Rohan Zdenek, Smetakova Magdalena, Kukal Jaromir, Rusina Robert, and Matej Radoslav (2015) Proteinase-activated receptor 2 and disease biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid in cases with autopsy-confirmed prion diseases and other neurodegenerative diseases. BMC neurology 15, 50 [PMC free article: PMC4392746] [PubMed: 25886404]
44. Sakamoto Fumi, Shiraishi Shinya, Yoshida Morikatsu, Tomiguchi Seiji, Hirai Toshinori, Namimoto Tomohiro, Hashimoto Mamoru, Ikeda Manabu, Uetani Hiroyuki, and Yamashita Yasuyuki (2014) Diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies: diagnostic performance of combined 123I-IMP brain perfusion SPECT and 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy. Annals of nuclear medicine 28(3), 203–11 [PMC free article: PMC4483188] [PubMed: 24363079]
45. Sakamoto Fumi, Shiraishi Shinya, Tsuda Noriko, Hashimoto Mamoru, Tomiguchi Seiji, Ikeda Manabu, and Yamashita Yasuyuki (2017) Diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies: can 123IIMP and 123I-MIBG scintigraphy yield new core features?. The British journal of radiology 90(1070), 20160156 [PMC free article: PMC5685106] [PubMed: 27897064]
46. Siritho Sasitorn, Senanarong Vorapun, Nako Arpas, Chotinaiwattarakul Wattananchai, Jamjumrus Piyanuj, Udompunthuruk Suthipol, and Poungvarin Niphon (2006) Use of Hachinski Ischemic Score in the memory clinic: Thai experience. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet 89(11), 1822–8 [PubMed: 17205861]
47. Skjerve Arvid, Nordhus Inger Hilde, Engedal Knut, Braekhus Anne, Nygaard Harald A, Pallesen Stale, and Haugen Per Kristian (2008) Validation of the Seven Minute Screen and Syndrom Kurztest among elderly Norwegian outpatients. International psychogeriatrics 20(4), 807–14 [PubMed: 18377698]
48. Skogseth Ragnhild, Hortobagyi Tibor, Soennesyn Hogne, Chwiszczuk Luiza, Ffytche Dominic, Rongve Arvid, Ballard Clive, and Aarsland Dag (2017) Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies versus Neuropathology. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 59(4), 1139–1152 [PubMed: 28731443]
49. Slaets Sylvie, Van Acker, Frank, Versijpt Jan, Hauth Lothar, Goeman Johan, Martin Jean-Jacques, De Deyn, Peter Paul, and Engelborghs Sebastiaan (2015) Diagnostic value of MIBG cardiac scintigraphy for differential dementia diagnosis. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 30(8), 864–9 [PMC free article: PMC4657469] [PubMed: 25363642]
50. Streit Sven, Limacher Andreas, Zeller Andreas, and Burge Markus (2015) Detecting dementia in patients with normal neuropsychological screening by Short Smell Test and Palmo-Mental Reflex Test: an observational study. BMC geriatrics 15, 90 [PMC free article: PMC4513974] [PubMed: 26205974]
51. Suppa Per, Anker Ulrich, Spies Lothar, Bopp Irene, Ruegger-Frey Brigitte, Klaghofer Richard, Gocke Carola, Hampel Harald, Beck Sacha, and Buchert Ralph (2015) Fully automated atlas-based hippocampal volumetry for detection of Alzheimer’s disease in a memory clinic setting. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 44(1), 183–93 [PubMed: 25201782]
52. Tagliapietra M, Zanusso G, Fiorini M, Bonetto N, Zarantonello G, Zambon A, Ermani M, Monaco S, Manara R, and Cagnin A (2013) Accuracy of diagnostic criteria for sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease among rapidly progressive dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 34(1), 231–8 [PubMed: 23207489]
53. Thomas AJ, Attems J, Colloby Sj, O’Brien Jt, McKeith I, Walker R, Lee L, Burn D, Lett Dj, and Walker Z (2017) Autopsy validation of 123 I-FP-CIT dopaminergic neuroimaging for the diagnosis of DLB. Neurology 88(3), 276–283 [PMC free article: PMC5272795] [PubMed: 27940650]
54. Tripathi Madhavi, Tripathi Manjari, Vibha Deepti, Gowda Naveen, Bal Chandrashekhar, and Malhotra Arun (2010) Tc-99m ethylcysteinate dimer SPECT in the differential diagnosis of dementias. Neurology India 58(6), 857–62 [PubMed: 21150049]
55. Vijverberg Everard G. B, Dols Annemiek, Krudop Welmoed A, Peters Anne, Kerssens Cora J, van Berckel, Bart N M, Wattjes Mike P, Barkhof Frederik, Gossink Flora, Prins Niels D, Stek Max L, Scheltens Philip, and Pijnenburg Yolande A. L (2016a) Diagnostic Accuracy of the Frontotemporal Dementia Consensus Criteria in the Late-Onset Frontal Lobe Syndrome. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 41(3-4), 210–9 [PubMed: 27160162]
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I.3.2.1. Qualitative evidence

1. Bunn F, Burn A M, Robinson L, Poole M, Rait G, Brayne C, Schoeman J, Norton S, and Goodman C (2017) Healthcare organisation and delivery for people with dementia and comorbidity: a qualitative study exploring the views of patients, carers and professionals. BMJ Open 7, e013067 [PMC free article: PMC5253574] [PubMed: 28100562]
2. Brooker Dawn, Dröes Rose-Marie, and Evans Shirley (2017) Framing outcomes of post-diagnostic psychosocial interventions in dementia: the Adaptation-Coping Model and adjusting to change. Working with Older People: Community Care Policy & Practice 21, 13–21
3. Faith Martin, and et al (2015) Qualitative evaluation of a self-management intervention for people in the early stage of dementia. Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice 14(4), 418–435 [PubMed: 24339106]
4. Gethin-Jones Stephen (2014) Familial perceptions of the impact of outcome-focused homecare with older people experiencing dementia and living alone. Working with Older People: Community Care Policy & Practice 18(2), 90–96
5. Gibson G, Timlin A, Curran S, and Wattis J (2007) The impact of location on satisfaction with dementia services amongst people with dementia and their informal carers: a comparative evaluation of a community-based and a clinic-based memory service. International Psychogeriatrics 19(2), 267–77 [PubMed: 16973102]
6. Gladman J R, Jones R G, Radford K, Walker E, and Rothera I (2007) Person-centred dementia services are feasible, but can they be sustained?. Age & Ageing 36(2), 171–6 [PubMed: 17237470]
7. Górska S, Forsyth K, Irvine L, Maciver D, Prior S, Whitehead J, Flockhart J, Fairnie J, and Reid J (2013) Service-related needs of older people with dementia: perspectives of service users and their unpaid carers. International Psychogeriatrics 25(7), 1107–14 [PubMed: 23534964]
8. Hean S, Nojeed N, and Warr J (2011) Developing an integrated Memory Assessment and Support Service for people with dementia. Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing 18(1), 81–8 [PubMed: 21214688]
9. Iliffe Steve, Waugh Amy, Poole Marie, Bamford Claire, Brittain Katie, Chew-Graham Carolyn, Fox Chris, Katona Cornelius, Livingston Gill, Manthorpe Jill, Steen Nick, Stephens Barbara, Hogan Vanessa, and Robinson Louise (2014) The effectiveness of collaborative care for people with memory problems in primary care: results of the CAREDEM case management modelling and feasibility study. Health Technology Assessment 18(8), 1–148 [PMC free article: PMC4781405] [PubMed: 25138151]
10. Innes A, Szymczynska P, and Stark C (2014) Dementia diagnosis and post-diagnostic support in Scottish rural communities: experiences of people with dementia and their families. Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice 13(2), 233–247 [PubMed: 24599816]
11. Kelly F, and Innes A (2016) Facilitating independence: the benefits of a post-diagnostic support project for people with dementia. Dementia: the International Journal of Social Research and Practice 15(2), 162–180 [PubMed: 24535818]
12. Moore D, and Jones K (2011) Promoting self-directed support for people living with dementia: overcoming the challenges. Social Care and Neurodisability 2(2), 66–70
13. Popham C, and Orrell M (2012) What matters for people with dementia in care homes?. Aging and Mental Health 16(1-2), 181–188 [PubMed: 22129467]
14. Rothera I, Jones R, Harwood R, Avery A J, Fisher K, James V, Shaw I, and Waite J (2008) An evaluation of a specialist multiagency home support service for older people with dementia using qualitative methods. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23(1), 65–72 [PubMed: 17562524]
15. Sonola, Thiel, Goodwin, Kodner (2013) Oxleas Advanced Dementia Service: supporting carers and building resilience. (URBA)
16. Toms Gill R, Quinn Catherine, Anderson Daniel E, and Clare Linda (2015) Help yourself: Perspectives on self-management from people with dementia and their caregivers. Qualitative Health Research 25(1), 87–98 [PubMed: 25192761]
17. Willis Rosalind, Chan Jenifer, Scriven Issy, Lawrence Vanessa, Matthews David, Murray Joanna, and Banerjee Sube (2011) The Croydon Memory Service: Using generic working to create efficiency, job satisfaction and satisfied customers. In: Mental health and later life: Delivering an holistic model for practice. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group; US, p125–136

I.3.2.2. Quantitative evidence

1. Bass D M, Judge K S, Maslow K, Wilson N L, Morgan R O, McCarthy C A, Looman W J, Snow A L, and Kunik M E (2015) Impact of the care coordination program “partners in Dementia Care” on veterans’ hospital admissions and emergency department visits. Alzheimer’s and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions 1(1), 13–22 [PMC free article: PMC5975051] [PubMed: 29854922]
2. Bass D M, Judge K S, Snow A L, Wilson N L, Morgan R O, Maslow K, Randazzo R, Moye J A, Odenheimer G L, Archambault E, Elbein R, Pirraglia P, Teasdale T A, McCarthy C A, Looman W J, and Kunik M E (2014) A controlled trial of Partners in Dementia Care: veteran outcomes after six and twelve months. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy 6(1), 9 [PMC free article: PMC3978714] [PubMed: 24764496]
3. Bass D M, Judge K S, Snow A L, Wilson N L, Morgan R, Looman W J, McCarthy C A, Maslow K, Moye J A, Randazzo R, Garcia-Maldonado M, Elbein R, Odenheimer G, and Kunik M E (2013) Caregiver outcomes of partners in dementia care: effect of a care coordination program for veterans with dementia and their family members and friends. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 61(8), 1377–86 [PubMed: 23869899]
4. Bass D M, Clark P A, Looman W J, McCarthy C A, and Eckert S (2003) The Cleveland Alzheimer’s managed care demonstration: outcomes after 12 months of implementation. Gerontologist 43(1), 73–85 [PubMed: 12604748]
5. Callahan C M, Boustani M A, Unverzagt F W, Austrom M G, Damush T M, Perkins A J, Fultz B A, Hui S L, Counsell S R, and Hendrie H C (2006) Effectiveness of collaborative care for older adults with Alzheimer disease in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 295(18), 2148–57 [PubMed: 16684985]
6. Chien W T, and Lee Y M (2008) A disease management program for families of persons in Hong Kong with dementia. Psychiatric Services 59(4), 433–6 [PubMed: 18378844]
7. Chien W T, and Lee I Y (2011) Randomized controlled trial of a dementia care programme for families of home-resided older people with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(4), 774–87 [PubMed: 21198803]
8. Chodosh J, Colaiaco B A, Connor K I, Cope D W, Liu H, Ganz D A, Richman M J, Cherry D L, Blank J M, Carbone Rdel, P, Wolf S M, and Vickrey B G (2015) Dementia Care Management in an Underserved Community: The Comparative Effectiveness of Two Different Approaches. Journal of Aging & Health 27(5), 864–93 [PubMed: 25656074]
9. Chu P, Edwards J, Levin R, and Thomson J (2000) The use of clinical case management for early stage Alzheimer’s patients and their families. American-Journal-of-Alzheimer’s-Disease 15(5), 284–90
10. Dias A, Dewey M E, D’Souza J, Dhume R, Motghare D D, Shaji K S, Menon R, Prince M, and Patel V (2008) The effectiveness of a home care program for supporting caregivers of persons with dementia in developing countries: a randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. PLoS ONE 3(6), e2333 [PMC free article: PMC2396286] [PubMed: 18523642]
11. Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Notkola I L, Hentinen M, Kivela S L, Sivenius J, and Sulkava R (2001) Effects of supporting community-living demented patients and their caregivers: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49(10), 1282–7 [PubMed: 11890485]
12. Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Saarenheimo M, Laakkonen M L, Pietila M, Savikko N, Kautiainen H, Tilvis R S, and Pitkala K H (2009) Family care as collaboration: effectiveness of a multicomponent support program for elderly couples with dementia. Randomized controlled intervention study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 57(12), 2200–8 [PubMed: 20121986]
13. Fortinsky R H, Kulldorff M, Kleppinger A, and Kenyon-Pesce L (2009) Dementia care consultation for family caregivers: collaborative model linking an Alzheimer’s association chapter with primary care physicians. Aging & Mental Health 13(2), 162–70 [PubMed: 19347683]
14. Jansen A P, van Hout, H P, Nijpels G, Rijmen F, Droes R M, Pot A M, Schellevis F G, Stalman W A, van Marwijk, and H W (2011) Effectiveness of case management among older adults with early symptoms of dementia and their primary informal caregivers: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 48(8), 933–43 [PubMed: 21356537]
15. Kwak J, Montgomery R J, Kosloski K, and Lang J (2011) The impact of TCARE on service recommendation, use, and caregiver well-being. Gerontologist 51(5), 704–13 [PMC free article: PMC3218637] [PubMed: 21593010]
16. Lam L C, Lee J S, Chung J C, Lau A, Woo J, and Kwok T C (2010) A randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of case management model for community dwelling older persons with mild dementia in Hong Kong. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 25(4), 395–402 [PubMed: 19606455]
17. Meeuwsen E J, Melis R J, Van Der Aa, G C, Goluke-Willemse G A, De Leest, B J, Van Raak, F H, Scholzel-Dorenbos C J, Verheijen D C, Verhey F R, Visser M C, Wolfs C A, Adang E M, Olde Rikkert, and M G (2012) Effectiveness of dementia follow-up care by memory clinics or general practitioners: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 344, e3086 [PMC free article: PMC3352696] [PubMed: 22589500]
18. Miller R, Newcomer R, and Fox P (1999) Effects of the Medicare Alzheimer’s Disease Demonstration on nursing home entry. Health Services Research 34(3), 691–714 [PMC free article: PMC1089033] [PubMed: 10445898]
19. Newcomer R, Yordi C, DuNah R, Fox P, and Wilkinson A (1999) Effects of the Medicare Alzheimer’s Disease Demonstration on caregiver burden and depression. Health Services Research 34(3), 669–89 [PMC free article: PMC1089032] [PubMed: 10445897]
20. Samus Q M, Johnston D, Black B S, Hess E, Lyman C, Vavilikolanu A, Pollutra J, Leoutsakos J M, Gitlin L N, Rabins P V, and Lyketsos C G (2014) A multidimensional home-based care coordination intervention for elders with memory disorders: the maximizing independence at home (MIND) pilot randomized trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22(4), 398–414 [PMC free article: PMC4034346] [PubMed: 24502822]
21. Schoenmakers Birgitte, Buntinx Frank, and DeLepeleire Jan (2010) Supporting the dementia family caregiver. Aging & Mental Health 14(1), [PubMed: 20155520]
22. Shelton P, Schraeder C, Dworak D, Fraser C, and Sager M A (2001) Caregivers’ utilization of health services: results from the Medicare Alzheimer’s Disease Demonstration, Illinois site. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49(12), 1600–5 [PubMed: 11843991]
23. Tanner J A, Black B S, Johnston D, Hess E, Leoutsakos J M, Gitlin L N, Rabins P V, Lyketsos C G, and Samus Q M (2015) A randomized controlled trial of a community-based dementia care coordination intervention: effects of MIND at Home on caregiver outcomes. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23(4), 391–402 [PMC free article: PMC4355038] [PubMed: 25260557]
24. Van Mierlo, L D, Meiland F J, Van de Ven, P M, Van Hout, H P, and Droes R M (2015) Evaluation of DEM-DISC, customized e-advice on health and social support services for informal carers and case managers of people with dementia; a cluster randomized trial. International Psychogeriatrics 27(8), 1365–78 [PubMed: 25872457]
25. Vickrey B G, Mittman B S, Connor K I, Pearson M L, Della Penna, R D, Ganiats T G, Demonte R W, Jr, Chodosh J, Cui X, Vassar S, Duan N, and Lee M (2006) The effect of a disease management intervention on quality and outcomes of dementia care: a randomized, controlled trial. [Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2006 Nov 21;145(10):I31; PMID: 17116913]. Annals of Internal Medicine 145(10), 713–26 [PubMed: 17116916]
26. Xiao L D, De Bellis A, Kyriazopoulos H, Draper B, Ullah S (2016) The effect of a personalized dementia care intervention for caregivers from Australian minority groups. Current Topics in Research. 31(1): 57–67 [PubMed: 25805891]

I.6.1.1. Studies evaluating antidiabetic medicines

1. Gold M, Alderton C, Zvartau-Hind M, et al. (2010) Rosiglitazone monotherapy in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 30(2): 131–46. [PMC free article: PMC3214882] [PubMed: 20733306]
2. Risner ME, Saunders AM, Altman JF et al. (2006) Efficacy of rosiglitazone in a genetically defined population with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacogenomics J. 6(4): 246–54. [PubMed: 16446752]

I.6.1.2. Studies evaluating NSAIDs

1. Aisen PS, Schafer KA, Grundman M et al. (2003) Effects of rofecoxib or naproxen vs placebo on Alzheimer disease progression: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 289(21):2819–26. [PubMed: 12783912]
2. Bentham P, Gray R, Sellwood E et al. (2008) Aspirin in Alzheimer’s disease (AD2000): a randomised open-label trial. Lancet Neurol. 7(1): 41–9. [PubMed: 18068522]
3. de Jong D, Jansen R, Hoefnagels W et al. (2008) No effect of one-year treatment with indomethacin on Alzheimer’s disease progression: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 3(1): e1475. [PMC free article: PMC2194921] [PubMed: 18213383]
4. Green RC, Schneider LS, Amato DA et al. (2009) Effect of tarenflurbil on cognitive decline and activities of daily living in patients with mild Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 302(23): 2557–64 [PMC free article: PMC2902875] [PubMed: 20009055]
5. Pasqualetti P, Bonomini C, Dal Forno G et al. (2009) A randomized controlled study on effects of ibuprofen on cognitive progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Clin Exp Res. 21(2): 102–10. [PubMed: 19448381]
6. Reines SA, Block GA, Morris JC et al. (2004) Rofecoxib: no effect on Alzheimer’s disease in a 1-year, randomized, blinded, controlled study. Neurology. 62(1): 66–71 [PubMed: 14718699]
7. Rogers J, Kirby LC, Hempelman SR et al (1993) Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 43(8): 1609–1611 [PubMed: 8351023]
8. Scharf S, Mander A, Ugoni A (1999) A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of diclofenac/misoprostol in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 53(1): 197–201. [PubMed: 10408559]
9. Soininen H, West C, Robbins J, Niculescu L (2007) Long-term efficacy and safety of celecoxib in Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 23(1): 8–21. [PubMed: 17068392]
10. Wilcock GK, Black SE, Hendrix SB et al. (2008) Efficacy and safety of tarenflurbil in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a randomised phase II trial. Lancet Neurol. 7(6): 483–93. [PubMed: 18450517]

I.6.1.3. Studies evaluating statins

1. Feldman HH, Doody RS, Kivipelto M et al (2010) Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADe. Neurology. 74(12): 956–64. [PubMed: 20200346]
2. Sano M, Bell KL, Galasko D et al. (2011) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin to treat Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 77(6): 556–63. [PMC free article: PMC3149154] [PubMed: 21795660]
3. Simons M, Schwärzler F, Lütjohann D et al. (2002) Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Neurol. 52(3): 346–50. [PubMed: 12205648]
4. Sparks DL, Sabbagh MN, Connor DJ et al. (2005) Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: preliminary results. Arch Neurol. 62(5): 753–7. [PubMed: 15883262]
5. Sparks DL, Connor DJ, Sabbagh MN et al (2006) Circulating cholesterol levels, apolipoprotein E genotype and dementia severity influence the benefit of atorvastatin treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: results of the Alzheimer’s Disease Cholesterol-Lowering Treatment (ADCLT) trial. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 185:3–7. [PubMed: 16866904]

I.6.1.4. Studies evaluating antihypertensive medicines

1. Kume K, Hanyu H, Sakurai H, et al. (2012) Effects of telmisartan on cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 12(2): 207–14. [PubMed: 21929736]
2. Ohrui T, Tomita N, Sato-Nakagawa T, et al. (2004) Effects of brain-penetrating ACE inhibitors on Alzheimer disease progression. Neurology. 63(7): 1324–1325. [PubMed: 15477567]
3. Morich FJ, Bieber F, Lewis JM et al. (2012) Nimodipine in the Treatment of Probable Alzheimer’s Disease. Neurology. 11(4): 185–195.
4. Pantoni L, del Ser T, Soglian AG, et al. (2005) Efficacy and safety of nimodipine in subcortical vascular dementia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke. 36(3): 619–24. [PubMed: 15692125]

I.9.1.1. Cognitive stimulation therapy

1. Alves J, Alves-Costa F, Magalhaes R, et al. Cognitive stimulation for Portuguese older adults with cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial of efficacy, comparative duration, feasibility, and experiential relevance. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias 2014; 29:503–12. [PubMed: 24526760]
2. Baines S, Saxby P, Ehlert K. Reality orientation and reminiscence therapy: a controlled cross-over study of elderly confused people. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 151:222–31. [PubMed: 3318991]
3. Baldelli MV, Pirani A, Motta M, Abati E, Mariani E, Manzi V. Effects of reality orientation therapy on elderly patients in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1993a; 17(3):211–8. [PubMed: 15374320]
4. Baldelli MV, Boiardi R, Fabbo A, Pradelli JM, Neri M. The role of reality orientation therapy in restorative care of elderly patients with dementia plus stroke in the subacute nursing home setting. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2002; 35: Suppl 8:15–22. [PubMed: 14764370]
5. Bottino CMC, Carvalho IAM, Alvarez AM, Avila R, Zukauskas PR, Bustamante SEZ, et al. Cognitive rehabilitation combined with drug treatment in Alzheimer’s disease patients: a pilot study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005; 19:861–9. [PubMed: 16323385]
6. Breuil V, De Rotrou J, Forette F, Tortrat D, Ganansia Ganem A, Frambourt A, et al. Cognitive stimulation of patients with dementia: Preliminary results. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1994; 9(3):211–7.
7. Buschert VC, Friese U, Teipel SJ, Schneider P, Merensky W, Rujescu D, et al. Effects of a newly developed cognitive intervention in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and mild alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2011; 25:679–94. [PubMed: 21483095]
8. Camargo CHF, Justus FF, Retzlaff G. The effectiveness of reality orientation in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias 2015; 30:527–32. [PubMed: 25588408]
9. Capotosto E, Belacchi C, Gardini S, Faggian S, Piras F, Mantoan V, Salvalaio E, Pradelli S, and Borella E. Cognitive stimulation therapy in the Italian context: its efficacy in cognitive and non-cognitive measures in older adults with dementia. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2017; 32(3):331–340. [PubMed: 27272538]
10. Chapman SB, Weiner MF, Rackley A, Hynan LS, Zientz J. Effects of cognitive-communication stimulation for Alzheimer’s disease patients treated with donepezil. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 2004; 47(5): 1149–63. [PubMed: 15603468]
11. Coen RF, Flynn B, Rigney, E, O’Connor E, Fitzgerald L, Murray C, et al. Efficacy of a cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 2011; 28(3):145–7. [PubMed: 30200025]
12. Cove J, Jacobi N, Donovan H, et al. Effectiveness of weekly cognitive stimulation therapy for people with dementia and the additional impact of enhancing cognitive stimulation therapy with a carer training program. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2014; 9:2143–50. [PMC free article: PMC4267515] [PubMed: 25525349]
13. Ferrario E, Cappa G, Molaschi M, Rocco M, Fabris F. Reality orientation therapy in institutionalized elderly patients: Preliminary results. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1991;12: Suppl 2:139–42.
14. Kim HJ, Yang Y, Oh, JG, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based multidomain cognitive intervention program in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatrics Gerontology International 2016; 16:191–9. [PubMed: 25656505]
15. Mapelli D, Di Rosa E, Nocita R, et al. Cognitive stimulation in patients with dementia: randomized controlled trial. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2013; 3:263–71. [PMC free article: PMC3776449] [PubMed: 24052800]
16. Onder G, Zanetti, O, Giacobini E, Frisoni GB, Bartorelli L, et al. Reality orientation therapy combined with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005; 187:450–5. [PubMed: 16260821]
17. Orgeta V, Leung P, Yates L, et al. Individual cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: a clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Health Technology Assessment 2015; 19(64). [PMC free article: PMC4781454] [PubMed: 26292178]
18. Orrell M, Aguirre E, Spector A, et al. Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: single-blind, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2014; 204:454–61. [PubMed: 24676963]
19. Paddick SM, Mkenda S, Mbowe G, Kisoli A, Gray WK, Dotchin CL, Ternent L, Ogunniyi A, Kissima J, Olakehinde O, Mushi D, and Walker RW. Cognitive stimulation therapy as a sustainable intervention for dementia in sub-Saharan Africa: feasibility and clinical efficacy using a stepped-wedge design. International psychogeriatrics 2017; 29(6):979–989. [PubMed: 28222815]
20. Requena C, Maestu F, Fernandez A, Ortiz T. Effects of cholinergic drugs and cognitive training on dementia: 2-year follow-up. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2006;22:339–45. [PubMed: 16954689]
21. Spector A, Orrell M, Davies S, Woods B. Can reality orientation be rehabilitated? Development and piloting of an evidence-based programme of cognition-based therapies for people with dementia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2001; 11(3-4):377–97.
22. Spector A, Thorgrimsen L, Woods B, Royan L, Davies S, Butterworth M, et al. Efficacy of an evidence-based cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 183:248–54. [PubMed: 12948999]
23. Wallis GG, Baldwin M, Higginbotham P. Reality orientation therapy-a controlled trial. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1983; 56(3):271–7. [PubMed: 6354248]
24. Woods RT. Reality Orientation and Staff attention: A Controlled Study. British Journal of Psychiatry 1979; 134:502–7. [PubMed: 476358]
25. Yamanaka K, Kawano Y, Noguchi D, et al. Effects of cognitive stimulation therapy Japanese version (CST-J) for people with dementia: a single-blind, controlled clinical trial. Aging & Mental Health 2013; 17(5):579–86. [PMC free article: PMC3935224] [PubMed: 23550665]

I.9.1.2. Cognitive training

1. Amieva H, Robert PH, Grandoulier AS, et al. Group and individual cognitive therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: the ETNA3 randomized trial. International Psychogeriatrics 2015. [PubMed: 26572551]
2. Bergamaschi S, Arcara G, Calza A, et al. One-year repeated cycles of cognitive training (CT) for Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013; 25:421–6. [PubMed: 23784727]
3. Cahn-Weiner DA, Malloy PF, Rebok GW, Ott BR. Results of a placebo-controlled study of memory training for mildly-impaired Alzheimer’s disease patients. Applied Neuropsychology 2003;10:215–23. [PubMed: 14690802]
4. Davis RN, Massman PJ, Doody RS. Cognitive intervention in Alzheimer disease: a randomized placebo controlled study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 2001; 15(1):1–9. [PubMed: 11236819]
5. de Luca R, Bramanti A, de Cola MC, et al. Cognitive training for patients with dementia living in a Sicilian nursing home: a novel web-based approach. Neurological Sciences 2016; 37:1685–91. [PubMed: 27383825]
6. de Vreese LP, Neri M. Ecological impact of combined cognitive training programs (CTP) and drug treatment (ChE-I) in AD. International Psychogeriatrics 1999; 11 Suppl:S91.
7. Galante E, Venturini G, Fiaccadori C. Computer-based cognitive intervention for dementia: preliminary results of a randomized clinical trial. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia 2007; 29(3):26–32. [PubMed: 18575355]
8. Heiss W-D, Kessler J, Mielke R, Szelies B, Herholz K. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol and cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease: a neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation. Dementia 1994; 5(2):88–98. [PubMed: 8038871]
9. Koltai DC, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Smechel DE. Influence of anosognosia on treatment outcome among dementia patients. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2001; 11(3/4): 455–75.
10. Lee GY, Yip CCK, Yu ECS, et al. Evaluation of a computer-assisted errorless learning-based memory training program for patients with early Alzheimer’s disease in Hong Kong: a pilot study. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2013; 13(8):623–33. [PMC free article: PMC3679968] [PubMed: 23766638]
11. Loewenstein DA, Acevedo A, Czaja SJ, Duara R. Cognitive rehabilitation of mildly impaired Alzheimer’s disease patients on cholinesterase inhibitors. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2004; 12:395–402. [PubMed: 15249277]
12. Quayhagen MP, Quayhagen M, Corbeil RR, Roth PA, Rodgers JA. A dyadic remediation program for care recipients with dementia. Nursing Research 1995; 44(3): 153–9. [PubMed: 7761291]
13. Quayhagen MP, Quayhagen M, Corbeil RR, Hendrix RC, Jackson JE, Snyder L, et al. Coping with dementia: evaluation of four nonpharmacologic interventions. International Psychogeriatrics 2000; 12(2):249–65. [PubMed: 10937544]

I.9.1.3. Cognitive rehabilitation

1. Amieva H, Robert PH, Grandoulier AS, et al. Group and individual cognitive therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: the ETNA3 randomized trial. International Psychogeriatrics 2015. [PubMed: 26572551]
2. Brunelle-Hamann L, Thivierge S, Simard M. Impact of a cognitive rehabilitation intervention on neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 2015; 25(5):677–707. [PubMed: 25312605]
3. Clare L, Linden DEJ, Woods R, Whitaker R, Evans SJ, Parkinson CH, et al. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer disease: a single-blind randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010; 18:928–39. [PubMed: 20808145]
4. Clare L, Kudlicka A, Oyebode JR, et al. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation in early-stage Alzheimer’s and related dementias: A multi-centre single-blind randomised controlled trial (GREAT). Health Technology Assessment (in press). [PMC free article: PMC6441850] [PubMed: 30879470]
5. Seyun K. Cognitive rehabilitation for elderly people with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2015; 27(2):543–6. [PMC free article: PMC4339182] [PubMed: 25729212]
6. Thivierge S, Jean L, Simard M. A randomized cross-over controlled study on cognitive rehabilitation of instrumental activities of daily living in Alzheimer disease. American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2014; 22(11): 1188–99. [PubMed: 23871120]

I.9.1.4. Self-management groups

1. Laakkonen M, Kautiainen H, Hölttä E, Savikko N, Tilvis R, Strandberg T, et al. Effects of Self-Management Groups for People with Dementia and Their Spouses--Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(4):752–60. [PubMed: 27060101]
2. Logsdon RG, Pike KC, McCurry SM, Hunter P, Maher J, Snyder L, et al. Early-stage memory loss support groups: outcomes from a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010;65(6):691–7. [PMC free article: PMC2954328] [PubMed: 20693265]
3. Quinn C, Toms G, Jones C, Brand A, Edwards RT, Sanders F, et al. A pilot randomized controlled trial of a self-management group intervention for people with early-stage dementia (The SMART study). Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(5):787–800. [PubMed: 26674087]

I.9.1.5. Reminiscence therapy

1. Amieva H, Robert PH, Grandoulier AS, et al. Group and individual cognitive therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: the ETNA3 randomized trial. International Psychogeriatrics 2015. [PubMed: 26572551]
2. Charlesworth G, Burnell K, Crellin N, et al. Peer support and reminiscence therapy for people with dementia and their family carers: A factorial pragmatic randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;August 12:Article In Press. [PMC free article: PMC5099314] [PubMed: 27521377]
3. Eritz H, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, Kroeker K, R Martin R, M Lix L, et al. A life history intervention for individuals with dementia: a randomised controlled trial examining nursing staff empathy, perceived patient personhood and aggressive behaviours. Ageing Soc. 2016;36(10):2061–89.
4. Hsieh C, Chang C, Su S, Hsiao Y, Shih Y, Han W, et al. Reminiscence group therapy on depression and apathy in nursing home residents with mild-to-moderate dementia. J Exp Clin Med 2010;2(2):72–78.
5. Ito T, Meguro K, Akanuma K. A randomized controlled trial of the group reminiscence approach in patients Vascular Dementia. Dementia Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2007;24:48–54. [PubMed: 17565213]
6. Lopes TS, Afonso RM, Ribeiro OM. A quasi-experimental study of a reminiscence program focused on autobiographical memory in institutionalized older adults with cognitive impairment. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;66:183–92. [PubMed: 27347792]
7. Subramaniam P, Woods B, Whitaker C. Life review and life story books for people with mild to moderate dementia: a randomised controlled trial. Aging Ment Health. 2014;18(3):363–75. [PMC free article: PMC4017276] [PubMed: 24063317]
8. Tadaka E, Kanagawa K. Effects of reminiscence group in elderly people with Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in a community setting. Geriatric Gerontology International. 2007;7:167–73.
9. Tanaka, S., Honda, S., Nakano, H., et al. Comparison between group and personal rehabilitation for dementia in a geriatric health service facility: single‐blinded randomized controlled study. Psychogeriatrics, 2017:17(3), pp.177–185. [PubMed: 27612310]
10. Van Bogaert P, Van Grinsven R Tolsen D. Effects of SOICos model-based individual reminiscence on older adults with mild to moderate dementia due to Alzheimer disease: A pilot study. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2013;14:528.e9–528.e13. [PubMed: 23583001]
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I.9.1.6. Occupational therapy

1. Graff MJL, Vernooij-Dassen MJM, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels WHL, OldeRikkert MGM. Effects of community occupational therapy on quality of life mood, and health status in dementia patients and their caregivers: a randomized control trial. Journal of Gerontology. 2007;62:1002–9. [PubMed: 17895439]
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I.9.1.7. Psychotherapy

1. Burns A, Guthrie E, Marino-Francis F, Busby C, Morris J, Russell E, et al. Brief psychotherapy in Alzheimer’s disease: randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005;187:143–7. [PubMed: 16055825]
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3. Tappen RM, Williams CL. Therapeutic conversation to improve mood in nursing home residents with Alzheimer’s disease. Research in Gerontological Nursing. 2009;4:267–75. [PubMed: 20077983]

I.9.1.8. Exercise

1. Arcoverde C, Deslandes A, Moraes H, Almeida C, Araujo NB, Vasques PE, Silveira H, Laks J. Treadmill training as an augmentation treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled study. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2014 Mar;72(3):190–6. [PubMed: 24676435]
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5. Cheng ST, Chow PK, Song YQ, Yu EC, Lam JH. Can leisure activities slow dementia progression in nursing home residents? A cluster-randomized controlled trial. Int Psychogeriatr. 2014 Apr;26(4):637–43. [PubMed: 24411480]
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8. Kemoun G, Thibaud M, Roumagne N, Carette P, Albinet C, Toussaint L, et al. Effects of a physical training programme on cognitive function and walking efficiency in elderly persons with dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2010;29(2):109–14. [PubMed: 20150731]
9. Littbrand H, Lundin-Olsson L, Gustafson Y, Rosendahl E. The effect of a high-intensity functional exercise program on activities of daily living: a randomized controlled trial in residential care facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 Oct;57(10):1741–9. [PubMed: 19702617]
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I.9.1.9. Nutrition

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5. Dong HT, Jin YG, Bai Y. 11 cases of Alzheimer’s disease treated by acupuncture. Acta Universita Tis Traditionis Medical Is Sinensis Pharmacologiaeque Shanghai 2002;16(3): 26–8.
6. Dysken MW, Sano M, Asthana S, et al. Effect of vitamin E and memantine on functional decline in Alzheimer disease: The TEAM-AD VA cooperative randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311(1):33–44. [PMC free article: PMC4109898] [PubMed: 24381967]
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16. Liu FG, Fang YS, Gao ZX, Zhou JD, Sou ML. Double-blind controlled treatment of huperzine-A and placebo in 28 patients with Alzheimer disease. Chinese Journal of Pharmacoepidemiology 1995;4(4):196–8.
17. Maurer K, Ihl R, Dierks T, Frolich L, Maurer K, Ihl R, et al: Clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Psychiatr Res 1997, 31:645–655. [PubMed: 9447569]
18. Mazza M, Capuanob A, Briaa P, Mazza S. Ginkgo biloba and donepezil: a comparison in the treatment of Alzheimer’s dementia in a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. European Journal of Neurology 2006, 13: 981–985 [PubMed: 16930364]
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I.9.1.10. Music therapy

1. Ceccato E, Vigato G, Bonetto C, Bevilacqua A, Pizziolo P, Crociani S, Zanfretta E, Pollini L, Caneva PA, Baldin L, Frongillo C, Signorini A, Demoro S, and Barchi E (2012) STAM protocol in dementia: a multicenter, single-blind, randomized, and controlled trial. American journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 27(5), 301–10 [PubMed: 22815078]
2. Chu H, Yang CY, Lin Y, Ou KL, Lee TY, O’Brien AP, and Chou KR (2014) The impact of group music therapy on depression and cognition in elderly persons with dementia: a randomized controlled study. Biological research for nursing 16(2), 209–17 [PubMed: 23639952]
3. Cooke M, Moyle W, Shum D, Harrison S, and Murfield J (2010) A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on quality of life and depression in older people with dementia. Journal of health psychology 15(5), 765–76 [PubMed: 20603300]
4. Guetin S, Portet F, Picot MC, Pommie C, Messaoudi M, Djabelkir L, Olsen AL, Cano MM, Lecourt E, and Touchon J (2009) Effect of music therapy on anxiety and depression in patients with Alzheimer’s type dementia: randomised, controlled study. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 28(1), 36–46 [PubMed: 19628939]
5. Hong IS, and Choi MJ (2011) Songwriting oriented activities improve the cognitive functions of the aged with dementia. Arts Psychother 38(4), 221–28
6. Lin Y, Chu H, Yang CY, Chen CH, Chen SG, Chang HJ, Hsieh CJ, and Chou KR (2011) Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly persons with dementia. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 26(7), 670–8 [PubMed: 20672256]
7. Narme P, Clement S, Ehrle N, Schiaratura L, Vachez S, Courtaigne B, Munsch F, and Samson S (2014) Efficacy of musical interventions in dementia: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 38(2), 359–69 [PubMed: 23969994]
8. Raglio A, Bellandi D, Baiardi P, Gianotti M, Ubezio MC, Zanacchi E, Granieri E, Imbriani M, and Stramba-Badiale M (2015) Effect of Active Music Therapy and Individualized Listening to Music on Dementia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 63(8), 1534–9 [PubMed: 26289682]
9. Remington R (2002) Calming music and hand massage with agitated elderly. Nursing research 51(5), 317–23 [PubMed: 12352780]
10. Ridder HM, Stige B, Qvale LG, and Gold C (2013) Individual music therapy for agitation in dementia: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Aging & mental health 17(6), 667–78 [PMC free article: PMC4685573] [PubMed: 23621805]
11. Sakamoto M, Ando H, and Tsutou A (2013) Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly individuals with severe dementia. International psychogeriatrics 25(5), 775–84 [PMC free article: PMC3605862] [PubMed: 23298693]
12. Sarkamo T, Laitinen S, Numminen A, Kurki M, Johnson JK, and Rantanen P (2016) Clinical and Demographic Factors Associated with the Cognitive and Emotional Efficacy of Regular Musical Activities in Dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 49(3), 767–81 [PubMed: 26519435]
13. Sung HC, Chang AM, and Abbey J (2006). The effects of preferred music on agitation of older people with dementia in Taiwan. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 21(10), 999–1000 [PubMed: 16998779]
14. Sung HC, Lee WL, Li TL, and Watson R (2012) A group music intervention using percussion instruments with familiar music to reduce anxiety and agitation of institutionalized older adults with dementia. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 27(6), 621–7 [PubMed: 21823174]
15. Thornley J, Hirjee H, and Vasudev A (2016) Music therapy in patients with dementia and behavioral disturbance on an inpatient psychiatry unit: results from a pilot randomized controlled study. International psychogeriatrics 28(5), 869–71 [PubMed: 26572722]
16. Van de Winckel A, Feys H, De Weerdt W, and Dom R (2004) Cognitive and behavioural effects of music-based exercises in patients with dementia. Clinical rehabilitation 18(3), 253–60 [PubMed: 15137556]

I.9.1.11. Aromatherapy

1. Ballard CG, O’Brien J, Reichelt K, et al. Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;53:553–8. [PubMed: 12143909]
2. Burns A, Perry E, Holmes C, Francis P, Morris J, Howes MJ, Chazot P, Lees G, and Ballard C (2011) A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial of Melissa officinalis oil and donepezil for the treatment of agitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 31(2), 158–64. [PubMed: 21335973]
3. Yang YP, Wang CJ, and Wang JJ (2016) Effect of aromatherapy massage on agitation and depressive mood in individuals with dementia. Journal of gerontological nursing 42(9), 38–46. [PubMed: 27319407]

I.9.1.12. Light therapy

1. Burns A, Allen H, Tomenson B, Duignan D, and Byrne J (2009) Bright light therapy for agitation in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. International psychogeriatrics 21(4), 711–21 [PubMed: 19323872]
2. Graf A, Wallner C, Schubert V, Willeit M, Wlk W, Fischer P, Kasper S, and Neumeister A (2001) The effects of light therapy on mini-mental state examination scores in demented patients. Biological psychiatry 50(9), 725–7. [PubMed: 11704081]
3. Onega LL, Pierce TW, and Epperly L (2016) Effect of Bright Light Exposure on Depression and Agitation in Older Adults with Dementia. Issues in mental health nursing 37(9), 660–667. [PubMed: 27254531]

I.9.1.13. Non-invasive brain stimulation

1. Ahmed MA, Darwish ES, Khedr EM, El Serogy YM, and Ali AM (2012) Effects of low versus high frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function and cortical excitability in Alzheimer’s dementia. Journal of neurology 259(1), 83–92 [PubMed: 21671144]
2. Andre S, Heinrich S, Kayser F, Menzler K, Kesselring J, Khader PH, Lefaucheur JP, and Mylius V (2016) At-home tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves visual short-term memory in mild vascular dementia. Journal of the neurological sciences 369, 185–90 [PubMed: 27653887]
3. Cotelli M, Calabria M, Manenti R, Rosini S, Zanetti O, Cappa SF, and Miniussi C (2011) Improved language performance in Alzheimer disease following brain stimulation. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and and psychiatry 82(7), 794–7 [PubMed: 20574108]
4. Cotelli M, Manenti R, Brambilla M, Petesi M, Rosini S, Ferrari C, Zanetti O, and Miniussi C (2014) Anodal tDCS during face-name associations memory training in Alzheimer’s patients. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 6, 38 [PMC free article: PMC3958642] [PubMed: 24678298]
5. Lee J, Choi BH, Oh E, Sohn EH, and Lee AY (2016) Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, and Korea) 12(1), 57–64 [PMC free article: PMC4712287] [PubMed: 26365021]
6. Rabey JM, Dobronevsky E, Aichenbaum S, Gonen O, Marton RG, and Khaigrekht M (2013) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, double-blind study. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, and Austria: 1996) 120(5), 813–9 [PubMed: 23076723]

I.9.1.14. Acupuncture

1. Liu Q, Wang XJ, Zhang ZC, Xue R, Li P, and Li B (2016) Neuroprotection against vascular dementia after acupuncture combined with donepezil hydrochloride: P300 event related potential. Neural regeneration research 11(3), 460–4. [PMC free article: PMC4829012] [PubMed: 27127486]
2. Wang Y, Qin WG, and Yu CD (2014) Clinical observation on effect of cranial suture acupuncture combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablets for Alzheimer’s disease. WJAM 24(2), 19–24.

I.9.1.15. Assistive technology

1. Van der Roest HG, Wenborn J, Pastink C, et al (2017) Assistive technology for memory support in dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009627.pub2 [PMC free article: PMC6481376] [PubMed: 28602027] [CrossRef]

I.9.1.16. Animal assisted therapy

1. Olsen, C., Pedersen, I., Bergland, A., et al. Effect of animal‐assisted interventions on depression, agitation and quality of life in nursing home residents suffering from cognitive impairment or dementia: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International journal of geriatric psychiatry 2016; 31(12), pp.1312–1321. [PubMed: 26807956]

I.9.1.17. Robotic pet therapy

1. Petersen, S., Houston, S., Qin, H., et al. The Utilization of Robotic Pets in Dementia Care. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 2017; 55(2), pp.569–574. [PMC free article: PMC5181659] [PubMed: 27716673]

I.9.1.18. Adapted mindfulness program

1. Churcher Clarke, A., Chan, JMY., Stott, J., et al. An adapted mindfulness intervention for people with dementia in care homes: feasibility pilot study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017; DOI: 10.1002/gps.4669 [PubMed: 28170104] [CrossRef]

I.10.1.1. Anxiety, depression, antidepressants and antipsychotics

I.10.1.2. Sleep problems

I.10.1.3. Agitation, aggression and apathy

I.11.1.1. Systematic reviews

1. Jensen M, Agbata I N, Canavan M, and McCarthy G (2015) Effectiveness of educational interventions for informal caregivers of individuals with dementia residing in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 30(2), 130–43 [PubMed: 25354132]
2. Laver K, Milte R, Dyer S, Crotty M (2016) A systematic review and meta analysis comparing carer focused and dyadic multicomponent interventions for carers of people with dementia, Journal of Aging anf Health, 1–42 [PMC free article: PMC5680909] [PubMed: 27458254]
3. Lins S, Hayder-Beichel D, Rucker G, Motschall E, Antes G, Meyer G, and Langer G (2014) Efficacy and experiences of telephone counselling for informal carers of people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9, CD009126 [PMC free article: PMC7433299] [PubMed: 25177838]
4. Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K, and Lee H (2014) Respite care for people with dementia and their carers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1, CD004396 [PubMed: 24435941]
5. Parker D, Mills S, and Abbey J (2008) Effectiveness of interventions that assist caregivers to support people with dementia living in the community: a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 6(2), 137–72 [PubMed: 21631819]
6. Scott Jennifer L, Dawkins Sarah, Quinn Michael G, Sanderson Kristy, Elliott Kate-Ellen J, Stirling Christine, Schuz Ben, and Robinson Andrew (2016) Caring for the carer: A systematic review of pure technology-based cognitive behavioral therapy (TB-CBT) interventions for dementia carers. Aging & Mental Health 20(8), 793–803 [PubMed: 25978672]
7. Thompson C A, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, and Adamson J (2007) Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia. BMC Geriatrics 7, 18 [PMC free article: PMC1951962] [PubMed: 17662119]
8. Vernooij-Dassen M, Draskovic I, McCleery J, and Downs M (2011) Cognitive reframing for carers of people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11), CD005318 [PubMed: 22071821]

I.11.1.2. Randomised controlled trials

1. Arango-Lasprilla J C, Panyavin I, Merchan E J. H, Perrin P B, Arroyo-Anllo E M, and Snipes D J (2014) Evaluation of a group cognitive-behavioral dementia caregiver intervention in Latin America. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias 29(6), 548–55 [PubMed: 24550547]
2. Au Alma, Li Sapphire, Lee Kristy, Leung Patrick, Pan Pey-Chyou, Thompson Larry, and Gallagher-Thompson Dolores (2010) Educational/Counseling Model Health Care: The Coping with Caregiving Group Program for Chinese caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease in Hong Kong. Patient Education and Counseling 78(2), 256–260 [PubMed: 19619974]
3. Blom M M, Zarit S H, Groot Zwaaftink, R B, Cuijpers P, and Pot A M (2015) Effectiveness of an Internet intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia: results of a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 10(2), e0116622 [PMC free article: PMC4334515] [PubMed: 25679228]
4. Bruvik F K, Allore H G, Ranhoff A H, and Engedal K (2013) The effect of psychosocial support intervention on depression in patients with dementia and their family caregivers: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 3(1), 386–97 [PMC free article: PMC3843914] [PubMed: 24348500]
5. Burgio L, Stevens A, Guy D, Roth DL, Haley WE (2003) Impact of two psychosocial interventions on white and African American family caregivers of individuals with Dementa, Gerentologist, 43, 568–579 [PMC free article: PMC2579272] [PubMed: 12937335]
6. Charlesworth Georgina, and et al (2008) Befriending carers of people with dementia: randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal (7.6.08), 1295–1297 [PMC free article: PMC2413394] [PubMed: 18505757]
7. Cheng S T, Lau R W, Mak E P, Ng N S, and Lam L C (2014) Benefit-finding intervention for Alzheimer caregivers: conceptual framework, implementation issues, and preliminary efficacy. Gerontologist 54(6), 1049–58 [PubMed: 24688081]
8. Chu H, Yang C Y, Liao Y H, Chang L I, Chen C H, and Lin C C (2011) The effects of a support group on dementia caregivers’ burden and depression. Journal of aging and health 23(2), 228–41 [PubMed: 20847363]
9. Connell Cathleen M, and Janevic Mary R (2009) Effects of a Telephone-Based Exercise Intervention for Dementia Caregiving Wives: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Applied Gerontology 28(2), 171–194 [PMC free article: PMC3121165] [PubMed: 21709757]
10. Cristancho-Lacroix V, Wrobel J, Cantegreil-Kallen I, Dub T, Rouquette A, and Rigaud A S (2015) A web-based psychoeducational program for informal caregivers of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 17(5), e117 [PMC free article: PMC4468784] [PubMed: 25967983]
11. Danucalov M Ad, Kozasa E H, Ribas K T, Galduroz J Cf, Garcia M C, and Verreschi I Tn (2013) A yoga and compassion meditation program reduces stress in familial caregivers of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine: eCAM 2013, 513149 [PMC free article: PMC3652205] [PubMed: 23690846]
12. Dias A, Dewey M E, D’Souza J, Dhume R, Motghare D D, Shaji K S, Menon R, Prince M, and Patel V (2008) The effectiveness of a home care program for supporting caregivers of persons with dementia in developing countries: a randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource] 3(6), e2333 [PMC free article: PMC2396286] [PubMed: 18523642]
13. Ducharme F C, Levesque L L, Lachance L M, Kergoat M J, Legault A J, Beaudet L M, and Zarit S H (2011) “Learning to become a family caregiver” efficacy of an intervention program for caregivers following diagnosis of dementia in a relative. Gerontologist 51(4), 484–94 [PubMed: 21383112]
14. Fortinsky R H, Kulldorff M, Kleppinger A, and Kenyon-Pesce L (2009) Dementia care consultation for family caregivers: collaborative model linking an Alzheimer’s association chapter with primary care physicians. Aging & Mental Health 13(2), 162–70 [PubMed: 19347683]
15. Gallagher-Thompson Dolores, Gray Heather L, Dupart Tamarra, Jimenez Daniel, and Thompson Larry W (2008) Effectiveness of Cognitive/Behavioral Small Group Intervention for Reduction of Depression and Stress in Non-Hispanic White and Hispanic/Latino Women Dementia Family Caregivers: Outcomes and Mediators of Change. Journal of Rational-Emotive Cognitive-Behavior Therapy 26(4), 286–303 [PMC free article: PMC4111260] [PubMed: 25067886]
16. Gaugler J E, Reese M, and Mittelman M S (2015) Effects of the Minnesota Adaptation of the NYU Caregiver Intervention on Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life for Adult Child Caregivers of Persons with Dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 23(11), 1179–1192 [PMC free article: PMC4663141] [PubMed: 26238226]
17. Gaugler J E, Reese M, and Sauld J (2015) A Pilot Evaluation of Psychosocial Support for Family Caregivers of Relatives with Dementia in Long-Term Care: The Residential Care Transition Module. Research in Gerontological Nursing 8(4), 161–72 [PMC free article: PMC5997398] [PubMed: 25751083]
18. Gonyea Judith G, López Luz M, and Velásquez Esther H (2016) The Effectiveness of a Culturally Sensitive Cognitive Behavioral Group Intervention for Latino Alzheimer’s Caregivers. Gerontologist 56(2), 292–302 11p [PMC free article: PMC4906638] [PubMed: 24855313]
19. Hattink B, Meiland F, van der Roest, H, Kevern P, Abiuso F, Bengtsson J, Giuliano A, Duca A, Sanders J, Basnett F, Nugent C, Kingston P, and Droes R M (2015) Web-Based STAR E-Learning Course Increases Empathy and Understanding in Dementia Caregivers: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Internet Research 17(10), e241 [PMC free article: PMC4642792] [PubMed: 26519106]
20. Hirano A, Suzuki Y, Kuzuya M, Onishi J, Ban N, and Umegaki H (2011) Influence of regular exercise on subjective sense of burden and physical symptoms in community-dwelling caregivers of dementia patients: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 53(2), e158–63 [PubMed: 20850878]
21. Horvath K J, Trudeau S A, Rudolph J L, Trudeau P A, Duffy M E, and Berlowitz D (2013) Clinical trial of a home safety toolkit for Alzheimer’s disease. International journal of Alzheimer’s disease 2013, 913606 [PMC free article: PMC3804449] [PubMed: 24195007]
22. Jansen A P, Hout H P, Nijpels G, Rijmen F, Dröes R M, Pot A M, Schellevis F G, Stalman W A, and Marwijk H W (2011) Effectiveness of case management among older adults with early symptoms of dementia and their primary informal caregivers: a randomized clinical trial. International journal of nursing studies 48(8), 933–43 [PubMed: 21356537]
23. Kwok T, Wong B, Ip I, Chui K, Young D, and Ho F (2013) Telephone-delivered psychoeducational intervention for Hong Kong Chinese dementia caregivers: a single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions In Aging 8, 1191–7 [PMC free article: PMC3783504] [PubMed: 24072965]
24. Lavretsky H, Epel E S, Siddarth P, Nazarian N, Cyr N S, Khalsa D S, Lin J, Blackburn E, and Irwin M R (2013) A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 28(1), 57–65 [PMC free article: PMC3423469] [PubMed: 22407663]
25. Leach M J, Francis A, and Ziaian T (2015) Transcendental Meditation for the improvement of health and wellbeing in community-dwelling dementia caregivers [TRANSCENDENT]: a randomised wait-list controlled trial. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine 15, 145 [PMC free article: PMC4429365] [PubMed: 25952550]
26. Liddle J, Smith-Conway E R, Baker R, Angwin A J, Gallois C, Copland D A, Pachana N A, Humphreys M S, Byrn G J, and Chener H J (2012) Memory and communication support strategies in dementia: Effect of a training program for informal caregivers. International Psychogeriatrics 24(12), 1927–1942 [PubMed: 23092595]
27. Logiudice D, Waltrowicz W, Brown K, Burrows (1999) Do memory clinics improve the quality of life of carers? A randomised pilot trial, International Jounal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 626–632 [PubMed: 10489653]
28. Losada A, Marquez-Gonzalez M, and Romero-Moreno R (2011) Mechanisms of action of a psychological intervention for dementia caregivers: effects of behavioral activation and modification of dysfunctional thoughts. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 26(11), 1119–27 [PubMed: 21061414]
29. Losada A, Marquez-Gonzalez M, Romero-Moreno R, Mausbach B T, Lopez J, Fernandez-Fernandez V, and Nogales-Gonzalez C (2015) Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for dementia family caregivers with significant depressive symptoms: Results of a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 83(4), 760–72 [PubMed: 26075381]
30. Mittelman MS, Ferris SH, Steinberg G, Shulman E, Mackell JA, Ambinder A, Cohen J (1993) An intervention that delays institutionalization of Alzheimer’s disease patients: treatment of spouse-caregivers, The Gerentologist, 33, 730–740 [PubMed: 8314099]
31. Mittelman MS, Brodaty H, Wallen AS, Burns A (2008) A 3 country randomised controlled trial of a psychosocial intervention for patients with Alzheimer’s disease: Effects on carer depression, American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 893–904 [PMC free article: PMC2753499] [PubMed: 18978250]
32. Oken B S, Fonareva I, Haas M, Wahbeh H, Lane J B, Zajdel D, and Amen A (2010) Pilot controlled trial of mindfulness meditation and education for dementia caregivers. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 16(10), 1031–8 [PMC free article: PMC3110802] [PubMed: 20929380]
33. Prick A E, De Lange, J, Twisk J, and Pot A M (2015) The effects of a multi-component dyadic intervention on the psychological distress of family caregivers providing care to people with dementia: A randomized controlled trial. International Psychogeriatrics 27(12), 2031–2044 [PubMed: 26004290]
34. Rose K M (2006) The effects of cranial electrical stimulation on sleep disturbances, depressive symptoms, and caregiving appraisal in elderly caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s disease or related dementia., University of Virginia. [PMC free article: PMC2713101] [PubMed: 19427574]
35. Spijker A, Wollersheim H, Teerenstra S, Graff M, Adang E, Verhey F, and Vernooij-Dassen M (2011) Systematic care for caregivers of patients with dementia: a multicenter, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 19(6), 521–31 [PubMed: 21358385]
36. Torkamani M, McDonald L, Saez Aguayo, I, Kanios C, Katsanou M N, Madeley L, Limousin P D, Lees A J, Haritou M, and Jahanshahi M (2014) A randomized controlled pilot study to evaluate a technology platform for the assisted living of people with dementia and their carers. Journal of Alzheimer’s disease: JAD 41(2), 515–23 [PubMed: 24643137]
37. Tremont G, Davis J D, Papandonatos G D, Ott B R, Fortinsky R H, and Gozalo P (2014) Psychosocial telephone intervention for dementia caregivers: a randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, No Pagination Specified [PMC free article: PMC4306648] [PubMed: 25074341]
38. Ulstein I D, Sandvik L, Bruun Wyller, T, and Engedal K (2007) A one-year randomized controlled psychosocial intervention study among family carers of dementia patients - Effects on patients and carers. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 24(6), 469–475 [PubMed: 17986818]
39. Whitebird R R, Kreitzer M, Crain A L, Lewis B A, Hanson L R, and Enstad C J (2013) Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family caregivers: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist 53(4), 676–86 [PMC free article: PMC3709844] [PubMed: 23070934]
40. Xiao L D, Bellis A, Kyriazopoulos H, Draper B, and Ullah S (2016) The effect of a personalized dementia care intervention for caregivers from Australian minority groups. American journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 31(1 // (UNSW) *University of New South Wales*), 57–67 [PubMed: 25805891]

I.14.1.1. Assessing intercurrent illness

1. DeWaters T, Faut-Callahan M, McCann J J, Paice J A, Fogg L, Hollinger-Smith L, Sikorski K, and Stanaitis H (2008) Comparison of self-reported pain and the PAINAD Scale in hospitalized cognitively impaired and intact older adults after hip fracture surgery. Orthopaedic Nursing 27, 21–28 8p [PubMed: 18300684]
2. Horgas A L, Nichols A L, Schapson C A, and Vietes K (2007) Assessing pain in persons with dementia: relationships among the non-communicative patient’s pain assessment instrument, self-report, and behavioral observations. Pain Management Nursing 8, 77–85 9p [PubMed: 17544127]
3. Kato-Narita E M, Nitrini R, and Radanovic M (2011) Assessment of balance in mild and moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease: implications on falls and functional capacity. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 69, 202–7 [PubMed: 21537561]
4. Lukas A, Barber J, Johnson P, and Gibson S (2013) Observer-rated pain assessment instruments improve both the detection of pain and the evaluation of pain intensity in people with dementia. European Journal of Pain 17, 1558–1568 [PubMed: 23737457]
5. Mosele M, Inelmen E, Toffanello E, Girardi A, Coin A, Sergi G, and Manzato E (2012) Psychometric properties of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia Scale compared to self assessment of pain in elderly patients. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 34, 38–43 [PubMed: 22907210]
6. Sepulveda E, Franco J G, Trzepacz P T, Gaviria A M, Vinuelas E, Palma J, Ferre G, Grau I, and Vilella E (2015) Performance of the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 Against Different Delirium Diagnostic Criteria in a Population With a High Prevalence of Dementia. Psychosomatics 56, 530–41 [PubMed: 26278338]
7. Van Herk, R, Van Dijk, M, Tibboel D, Baar F P. M, De Wit, R, and Duivenvoorden H J (2009) The Rotterdam Elderly Pain Observation Scale (REPOS): A new behavioral pain scale for non-communicative adults and cognitively impaired elderly persons. Journal of Pain Management 1, 367–378

I.14.1.2. Managing intercurrent illness

1. Allen J, Koziak A, Buddingh S, Liang J, Buckingham J, and Beaupre L A (2012) Rehabilitation in patients with dementia following hip fracture: a systematic review. Physiotherapy Canada 64, 190–201 [PMC free article: PMC3321988] [PubMed: 23449813]
2. Booth Vicky, Logan Pip, Harwood Rowan, and Hood Victoria (2015) Falls prevention interventions in older adults with cognitive impairment: A systematic review of reviews. International Journal of Therapy & Rehabilitation 22, 289–296 8p
3. Chan W C, Fai Yeung, J W, Man Wong, C S, Wa Lam, L C, Chung K F, Hay Luk, J K, Wah Lee, J S, Kin Law, and A C (2015) Efficacy of physical exercise in preventing falls in older adults with cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 16, 149–154 [PubMed: 25304179]
4. Husebo B S, Ballard C, Fritze F, Sandvik R K, and Aarsland D (2014) Efficacy of pain treatment on mood syndrome in patients with dementia: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 29, 828–36 [PubMed: 24806873]
5. Kolanowski A M, Fick D M, Clare L, Steis M, Boustani M, and Litaker M (2011) Pilot study of a nonpharmacological intervention for delirium superimposed on dementia. Research in Gerontological Nursing 4, 161–7 [PubMed: 21053841]
6. Oliver D, Connelly J B, Victor C R, Shaw F E, Whitehead A, Genc Y, Vanoli A, Martin F C, and Gosney M A (2007) Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 334, 82 [PMC free article: PMC1767306] [PubMed: 17158580]
7. Sandvik R K, Selbaek G, Seifert R, Aarsland D, Ballard C, Corbett A, and Husebo B S (2014) Impact of a stepwise protocol for treating pain on pain intensity in nursing home patients with dementia: a cluster randomized trial. European Journal of Pain 18, 1490–500 [PMC free article: PMC4232010] [PubMed: 24819710]
8. Shaw F E, Bond J, Richardson D A, Dawson P, Nicholas Steen, I, McKeith I G, Anne Kenny, and R (2003) Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 326, 73–75 [PMC free article: PMC139930] [PubMed: 12521968]
9. Stenvall M, Olofsson B, Lundstrom M, Englund U, Borssen B, Svensson O, Nyberg L, and Gustafson Y (2007) A multidisciplinary, multifactorial intervention program reduces postoperative falls and injuries after femoral neck fracture. Osteoporosis International 18, 167–75 [PMC free article: PMC1766476] [PubMed: 17061151]
10. Suttanon P, Hill K D, Said C M, Williams S B, Byrne K N, LoGiudice D, Lautenschlager N T, and Dodd K J (2013) Feasibility, safety and preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of a home-based exercise programme for older people with Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 27, 427–38 [PubMed: 23117349]
11. Tchalla Achille, E, Lachal Florent, Cardinaud Noelle, Saulnier Isabelle, Rialle Vincent, and Preux Pierre-Marie (2013) Preventing and managing indoor falls with home-based technologies in mild and moderate Alzheimer’s disease patients: Pilot study in a community dwelling. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 36, 251–61 [PubMed: 23949277]
12. Toulotte C, Fabre C, Dangremont B, Lensel G, and Thevenon A (2003) Effects of physical training on the physical capacity of frail, demented patients with a history of falling: a randomised controlled trial. Age & Ageing 32, 67–73 [PubMed: 12540351]
13. Wesson J, Clemson L, Brodaty H, Lord S, Taylor M, Gitlin L, and Close J (2013) A feasibility study and pilot randomised trial of a tailored prevention program to reduce falls in older people with mild dementia. BMC Geriatrics 13, 89 [PMC free article: PMC3766233] [PubMed: 24004682]
14. Fuchs-Lacelle S, Hadjistavropoulos T, and Lix L (2008) Pain assessment as intervention: a study of older adults with severe dementia. Clinical Journal of Pain 24, 697–707 [PubMed: 18806535]

I.15.1.1. Qualitative evidence

1. Crowther J, Wilson K C, Horton S, and Lloyd-Williams M. (2013). Compassion in healthcare - lessons from a qualitative study of the end of life care of people with dementia. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 106(12), pp.492–7. [PMC free article: PMC3842856] [PubMed: 24108538]
2. Davies N, Maio L, Vedavanam K, Manthorpe J, Vernooij-Dassen M, Iliffe S, and Team Impact Research. (2014). Barriers to the provision of high-quality palliative care for people with dementia in England: a qualitative study of professionals’ experiences. Health & Social Care in the Community, 22(4), pp.386–94. [PMC free article: PMC4265301] [PubMed: 24372976]
3. Dening KH, Greenish W, Jones L, et al. Barriers to providing end-of-life care for people with dementia: a whole-system qualitative study. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care (2012). doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2011-000178 [PubMed: 24654049] [CrossRef]
4. Grisaffi K, Robinson L. (2010). Timing of end-of-life care in dementia: difficulties and dilemmas for GPs. Journal of Dementia Care, 18(3), pp.36–39.
5. Lamahewa K, Mathew R, Iliffe S, Wilcock J, Manthorpe J, Sampson E L, and Davies N (2017) A qualitative study exploring the difficulties influencing decision making at the end of life for people with dementia. Health Expectations 22, 22 [PMC free article: PMC5750695] [PubMed: 28640487]
6. Lawrence V, Samsi K, Murray J, Harari D, Banerjee S. (2011). Dying well with dementia: qualitative examination of end-of-life care. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(5), 417–22. [PubMed: 21947653]
7. Moore K J, Davis S, Gola A, Harrington J, Kupeli N, Vickerstaff V, King M, Leavey G, Nazareth I, Jones L, and Sampson E L (2017) Experiences of end of life amongst family carers of people with advanced dementia: longitudinal cohort study with mixed methods. BMC Geriatrics 17, 135 [PMC free article: PMC5496359] [PubMed: 28673257]
8. Treloar A, Crugel M, and Adamis D. (2009). Palliative and end of life care of dementia at home is feasible and rewarding: results from the ‘Hope for Home’ study. Dementia (14713012), 8(3), pp.335–347.

I.15.1.2. Quantitative evidence

1. Ahronheim JC, Morrison RS, Morris J, Baskin S, Meier DE. Palliative care in advanced dementia: a randomized controlled trial and descriptive analysis. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2000;3(3):265–73 [PubMed: 15859668]
2. Hanson LC, Carey TS, Caprio AJ, Lee TJ, Ersek M, Garrett J, et al. Improving decision making for feeding options in advanced dementia: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2011;59(11):2009–16 [PMC free article: PMC3227016] [PubMed: 22091750]
3. Hanson LC, Zimmerman S, Song, MH, et al. Effect of the Goals of Care intervention for advanced dementia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine 2017;177(1):24–31 [PMC free article: PMC5234328] [PubMed: 27893884]
4. Sampson EL, Candy B, Jones L. Enteral tube feeding for older people with advanced dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD007209 [PMC free article: PMC7182132] [PubMed: 19370678]