U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

WHO Housing and Health Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

Cover of WHO Housing and Health Guidelines

WHO Housing and Health Guidelines.

Show details

References

1.
Bonnefoy X. Inadequate housing and health: an overview. International Journal of Environment & Pollution. 2007;30(3–4):411–29.
2.
Baker M, Keall M, Au EL, Howden-Chapman P. Home is where the heart is – most of the time. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2007;120(1264):U2769. [PubMed: 17972978]
3.
World employment social outlook: trends 2016. Geneva: International Labour Organization; 2016.
4.
Bearer C. Environmental health hazards: how children are different from adults. Future Child. 1995;5(2):11–26. [PubMed: 8528683]
5.
World report on ageing and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
6.
Pachauri RK, Allen MR, Barros V, Broome J, Cramer W, Christ R, et al. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2014.
7.
Slum almanac 2015–2016. Tracking improvement in the lives of slum dwellers. Nairobi: UN-Habitat; 2018 (https://unhabitat​.org​/slum-almanac-2015-2016/, accessed 26 August 2018).
8.
Housing: shared interests in health and development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
9.
International migration report 2015. Highlights. New York: United Nations; 2016.
10.
Bouillon C, Medellín N, Boruchowicz C. Portrait of a problem: the housing sector. In: Bouillon C, editor. Room for development: housing markets in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington (DC): Inter-American Development Bank; 2012.
11.
UNICEF & WHO. Progress on sanitation and drinking water – 2015 update and MDG assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
12.
Indoor air quality guidelines: household fuel combustion. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. [PubMed: 25577935]
13.
Housing conditions 2014 (updated July 2014). Eurostat; 2014 (http://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Housing_conditions#Housing_quality_.E2.80.93_housing_deprivation, accessed 02 August 2014).
14.
The hidden housing crisis. London: Leonard Cheshire Disability; 2014.
15.
Raymond J, Wheeler W, Brown MJ. Inadequate and unhealthy housing, 2007 and 2009. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. 2011;60(1):21–7. [PubMed: 21430615]
16.
Global Health Observatory data. Mortality and burden of disease from water and sanitation. [website]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (http://www.who.int/ gho/phe/water_sanitation/burden_text/en/, accessed 20 September 2018).
17.
Household air pollution and health [website]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (http://www​.who.int/en​/news-room/fact-sheets​/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health, accessed 30 August 2018).
18.
Braubach M, Jacobs DE, Ormandy D. Environmental burden of disease associated with inadequate housing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
19.
Angermann A, Bauer R, Nossek G, Zimmermann N. Injuries in the European Union: a statistics summary, 2003–2005. Vienna: Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit [Austrian Road Safety Board]; 2007.
20.
Baker MG, McDonald A, Zhang J, Howden-Chapman P. Infectious diseases attributable to household crowding in New Zealand: a systematic review and burden of disease estimate. Wellington: He Kainga Oranga/Housing and Health Research Programme, University of Otago, Wellington; 2013.
21.
Chalabi M. How many people die in building collapses in India? Interactive map. The Guardian datablog [webpage]; 3 September 2013.
22.
Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, Bachman VF, Biryukov S, Brauer M, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(10010):2287–323. [PMC free article: PMC4685753] [PubMed: 26364544]
23.
Jacobs DE. Environmental health disparities in housing. American Journal of Public Health. 2011;101: Suppl 1:S115–22. [PMC free article: PMC3222490] [PubMed: 21551378]
24.
Howden-Chapman P, Chapman R. Health co-benefits from housing-related policies. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 2012;4:414–9.
25.
Keall MD, Guria J, Howden-Chapman P, Baker MG. Estimation of the social costs of home injury: a comparison with estimates for road injury. Accident; Analysis & Prevention. 2011;43(3):998–1002. [PubMed: 21376893]
26.
Keall MD, Pierse N, Howden-Chapman P, Cunningham C, Cunningham M, Guria J, et al. Home modifications to reduce injuries from falls in the home injury prevention intervention (HIPI) study: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9964):231–8. [PubMed: 25255696]
27.
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. [PubMed: 18994664]
28.
Pega F, Valentine N, et al. The need to monitor actions on the social determinants of health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2017;95:784–7. [PMC free article: PMC5677605] [PubMed: 29147060]
29.
Howden-Chapman P, Siri J, Chisholm E, Chapman R, Doll CNH, Capon A. SDG 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. In: Griggs DJ, Nilsson M, Stevance A-S, McCollum D, editors. A guide to SDG interactions: from science to implementation. Paris: International Council for Science; 2017;81–124.
30.
Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development A/RES/70/1. United Nations; 2015.
31.
Habitat III Draft New Urban Agenda.
32.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 4: The Right to Adequate Housing; 1991 (http://www​.refworld.org/docid/47a7079a1​.html, accessed 26 August 2018).
33.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by General Assembly resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966; entry into force 3 January 1976, in accordance with article 27; 1966.
34.
Sphere Project. The Sphere Handbook. Rugby: Practical Action Publishing; 2011.
35.
Farha L. Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context. Human Rights Council; 2015 (A/HRC/31/54).
36.
Wilkinson P, Smith KR, Davies M, Adair H, Armstrong BG, Barrett M, et al. Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: household energy. Lancet. 2009;374(9705):1917–29. [PubMed: 19942273]
37.
Health in the green economy: health co-benefits of climate change mitigation – transport sector. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
38.
Braconi F. Housing and schooling: the urban prospect. New York: Citizen’s Housing and Planning Council; 2001.
39.
Howden-Chapman P, Matheson A, Crane J, Viggers H, Cunningham M, Blakely T, et al. Effect of insulating existing houses on health inequality: cluster randomised study in the community. BMJ. 2007;334(7591):460. [PMC free article: PMC1808149] [PubMed: 17324975]
40.
Grimes A, Denne T, Howden-Chapman P, Arnold R, Telfar-Barnard L, Preval N, et al. Cost benefit analysis of the warm up New Zealand heat smart programme. Wellington: Ministry of Economic Development; 2012.
41.
Enterprise Green Community Criteria. Enterprise Community Partners Inc.; 2011 (https://www​.enterprisecommunity​.org/solutions-and-innovation​/green-communities/2011-criteria, accessed 26 August 2018).
42.
Jacobs DE, Ahonen E, Dixon SL, Dorevitch S, Breysse J, Smith J, et al. Moving into green healthy housing. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. 2015;21(4):345–54. [PubMed: 24378632]
43.
Health in the green economy: health co-benefits of climate change mitigation – housing sector. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
44.
Home RX: the health benefits of home performance – a review of the current evidence [internet]. U.S. Department of Energy; 2016 (https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/Home%20Rx%20The%20Health%20 Benefits%20of%20Home%20Performance%20-%20A%20Review%20of%20the%20Current%20Evidence.pdf, accessed 26 August 2018).
45.
Wilson J, Dixon SL, Jacobs DE, Breysse J, Akoto J, Tohn E, et al. Watts-towellbeing: does residential energy conservation improve health? Energy Efficiency. 2014;7(1):151–60.
46.
World cities report 2016: urbanization and development – emerging futures. Nairobi: UN-Habitat; 2016.
47.
Cambodia: diversifying beyond garments and tourism country diagnostic study. Manila: Asian Development Bank; 2014.
48.
Lelkes O, Solyomi E. Housing quality deficiencies and the link to income in the EU. Vienna: European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research; 2010.
49.
The Global Health Observatory. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
50.
English Housing Survey 2013/2014. London: Department for Communities and Local Government; 2015.
51.
A decent home: Definition and guidance for implementation. London: Department for Communities and Local Government; 2006.
52.
Perry B. Household incomes in New Zealand: Trends in indicators of inequality and hardship 1982 to 2014. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Social Development; 2015.
53.
Lozano-Gracia N, Young C. Housing consumption and urbanization. Washington (DC): World Bank; 2014.
54.
Analysis of household crowding based on Census 2013 data. Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Health; 2014.
55.
Parckar G. Disability poverty in the UK. London: London Cheshire Disability; 2008.
56.
Nagaraja J, Menkedick J, Phelan KJ, Ashley P, Zhang X, Lanphear BP. Deaths from residential injuries in US children and adolescents, 1985–1997. Pediatrics 2005;116(2):454–61. [PubMed: 16061603]
57.
Evaluation of INAC’s on-reserve housing support. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; 2011.
58.
Smith JP. Healthy body and thick wallets: the dual relation between health and economic status. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1999;13:145–66. [PMC free article: PMC3697076] [PubMed: 15179962]
59.
Burke T, Pinnegar S, Phibbs P, Neske C, Gabriel M, Ralston L, Ruming K. Experiencing the housing affordability problem: blocked aspirations, trade-offs and financial hardships. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute; 2007.
60.
Pollack CE, Griffin BA, Lynch J. Housing affordability and health among homeowners and renters. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2010;39(6):515–21. [PubMed: 21084071]
61.
Kirkpatrick SI, Tarasuk V. Adequacy of food spending is related to housing expenditures among lower-income Canadian households. Public Health Nutrition. 2007;10(12):1464–73. [PubMed: 17764603]
62.
Desmond M. Evicted: poverty and profit in the American city. London: Penguin Books Ltd; 2016.
63.
Coulton C, Theodos B, Turner MA. Residential mobility and neighborhood change: real neighborhoods under the microscope. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development & Research. 2012;14(3):55–89.
64.
UN-Habitat & OHCHR. Forced evictions. New York and Geneva: United Nations; 2014.
65.
Crowley S. The affordable housing crisis: residential mobility of poor families and school mobility of poor children. Journal of Negro Education. 2003;72(1):22–38.
66.
Desmond M. Eviction and the reproduction of urban poverty. American Journal of Sociology. 2012;118(1):88–133.
67.
Lindberg RA, Shenassa ED, Acevedo-Garcia D, Popkin SJ, Villaveces A, Morley RL. Housing interventions at the neighborhood level and health: a review of the evidence. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. 2010;16:(5 Suppl):S44–52. [PubMed: 20689374]
68.
Howden-Chapman P, Chapman R, Baker MG. Valuing social housing needs to take a broader view. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2013;67(10):803–4. [PubMed: 23814274]
69.
Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. Moving to opportunity: an experimental study of neighborhood effects on mental health. American Journal of Public Health. 2003;93(9):1576–82. [PMC free article: PMC1448013] [PubMed: 12948983]
70.
WHO Handbook for guideline development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
71.
Keall MD, Pierse N, Howden-Chapman P, Guria J, Cunningham CW, Baker MG. Cost–benefit analysis of fall injuries prevented by a programme of home modifications: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Injury Prevention. 2016. [PubMed: 27312961]
72.
Gove WR, Hughes M, Galle OR. Overcrowding in the household: an analysis of determinants and effects. New York and London: Academic Press; 1983.
73.
Evans G. The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health 2003;80(4):536–55. [PMC free article: PMC3456225] [PubMed: 14709704]
74.
Eurostat. Glossary: overcrowding rate. 2014.
75.
Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation. Housing in Canada Online: definitions of variables.
76.
Wilson W. Overcrowded housing (England). London: House of Commons Library; 2014.
77.
Housing health and rating system operating guidance: Housing Act 2004 guidance about inspections and assessment of hazards given under Section 9. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister; 2006.
78.
Memmott P, Birdsall-Jones, C, Greenop, K. Australian Indigenous house crowding. Melbourne: Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute Ltd; 2012.
79.
Goux DM, Maurin E. The effect of overcrowded housing on children’s performance at school. Journal of Public Economics 2005;89(5):797–819.
80.
Adler NE, Newman K. Socioeconomic disparities in health: pathways and policies. Health Affairs. 2002;21(2):60–76. [PubMed: 11900187]
81.
Krieger J, Higgins DL. Housing and health: time again for public health action. American Journal of Public Health. 2002;92(5):758–68. [PMC free article: PMC1447157] [PubMed: 11988443]
82.
The challenge of slums: Global report on human settlements 2003 (revised and updated version 2010). Nairobi: UN-Habitat; 2010.
83.
Howden-Chapman P, Viggers H, Chapman R, O’Sullivan K, Barnard LT, Lloyd B. Tackling cold housing and fuel poverty in New Zealand: a review of policies, research, and health impacts. Energy Policy. 2012;49:134–42.
84.
Evans GW, Saegert S. Residential crowding in the context of inner city poverty. Theoretical Perspectives in Environment-Behavior Research. 2000:247–67.
85.
Delgado J, Ramirez-Cardich M, Gilman RH, Lavarello R, Dahodwala N, Bazan A, et al. Risk factors for burns in children: crowding, poverty, and poor maternal education. Injury Prevention. 2002;8(1):38–41. [PMC free article: PMC1730827] [PubMed: 11928972]
86.
Ormandy D. Housing and health in Europe: the WHO LARES project London: Routledge; 2009.
87.
Handbook for emergencies. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; 2007.
88.
Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses (revision 2). New York: United Nations; 2007.
89.
Historical census of housing tables: crowding. Washington (DC): U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division; 2011.
90.
Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010. Buenos Aires: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina; 2010.
91.
Glosario. Hogares con hacinamiento critico. Buenos Aires: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina; 2018 (https://www.indec.gov.ar/ textos_glosario.asp?id=20, accessed 26 August 2018).
92.
García-Sancho MC, García-García L, Báez-Saldaña R, Ponce-de-León A, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Bobadilla-del-Valle M, et al. Indoor pollution as an occupational risk factor for tuberculosis among women: a population-based, gender oriented, case-control study in Southern Mexico. Revista de Investigacion Clinica. 2009;61(5):392–8. [PubMed: 20184099]
93.
Hill PC, Jackson-Sillah D, Donkor SA, Otu J, Adegbola RA, Lienhardt C. Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis: a clinic-based case control study in The Gambia. BMC Public Health. 2006;6(1):1. [PMC free article: PMC1543634] [PubMed: 16784521]
94.
Irfan SD, Faruque MO, Islam MU, Sanjoy SS, Afrin D, Hossain A. Socio-demographic determinants of adult tuberculosis: a matched case-control study in Bangladesh. American Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017;13(3):32–7.
95.
Jayanthi M, Shanthi G, et al. Socio economic status responsible for high prevalence of tuberculosis in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & Environmental Sciences. 2012;14(2):267–74.
96.
Khan FA, Fox GJ, Lee RS, Riva M, Benedetti A, Proulx JF, et al. Housing and tuberculosis in an Inuit village in northern Quebec: a case-control study. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(3):E496–506. [PMC free article: PMC5047805] [PubMed: 27730114]
97.
Lakshmi P, Virdi NK, Thakur J, Smith KR, Bates MN, Kumar R. Biomass fuel and risk of tuberculosis: a case-control study from Northern India. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2012;66(5):457–61. [PubMed: 21118950]
98.
Lienhardt C, Fielding K, Sillah J, Bah B, Gustafson P, Warndorff D, et al. Investigation of the risk factors for tuberculosis: a case-control study in three countries in West Africa. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2005;34(4):914–23. [PubMed: 15914505]
99.
Tipayamongkholgul M, Podhipak A, Chearskul S, Sunakorn P. Factors associated with the development of tuberculosis in BCG immunized children. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health. 2005;36(1):145–50. [PubMed: 15906658]
100.
Wanyeki I, Olson S, Brassard P, Menzies D, Ross N, Behr M, et al. Dwellings, crowding, and tuberculosis in Montreal. Social Science & Medicine. 2006;63(2):501–11. [PubMed: 16480805]
101.
Tesema C, Tadesse T, Gebrehiwot M, Tsegaw A, Weldegebreal F. Environmental and host-related determinants of tuberculosis in Metema district, north-west Ethiopia. Drug Healthcare & Patient Safety. 2015;7:87–95. [PMC free article: PMC4455843] [PubMed: 26064069]
102.
Tornee S, Kaewkungwal J, Fungladda W, Silachamroon U, Akarasewi P, Sunakorn P. Risk factors for tuberculosis infection among household contacts in Bangkok, Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health. 2004;35:375–83. [PubMed: 15691140]
103.
Tornee S, Kaewkungwal J, Fungladda W, Silachamroon U, Akarasewi P, Sunakorn P. The association between environmental factors and tuberculosis infection among household contacts. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine & Public Health. 2005;36:221. [PubMed: 16438213]
104.
Corbett EL, Bandason T, Cheung YB, Makamure B, Dauya E, Munyati SS, et al. Prevalent infectious tuberculosis in Harare, Zimbabwe: burden, risk factors and implications for control. International Journal of Tuberculosis & Lung Disease. 2009;13(10):1231. [PMC free article: PMC3374846] [PubMed: 19793427]
105.
Goldhaber-Fiebert JD, Jeon CY, Cohen T, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in countries with high tuberculosis burdens: individual risks and social determinants. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2011;40(2)417–28. [PMC free article: PMC3621385] [PubMed: 21252210]
106.
Søborg B, Andersen AB, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Andersson M, Biggar RJ, et al. Risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among children in Greenland. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011;89(10):741–8. [PMC free article: PMC3209970] [PubMed: 22084512]
107.
Gyawali N, Gurung R, Poudyal N, Amatya R, Niraula S, Jha P, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis in household contacts of sputum smears positive cases and associated demographic risk factors. Nepal Medical College Journal. 2012;14(4):303–7. [PubMed: 24579539]
108.
Cluver L, Orkin M, Moshabela M, Kuo C, Boyes M. The hidden harm of home-based care: pulmonary tuberculosis symptoms among children providing home medical care to HIV/AIDS-affected adults in South Africa. AIDS Care. 2013;25(6):748–55. [PMC free article: PMC3835168] [PubMed: 23458120]
109.
Larcombe L, Nickerson P, Singer M, Robson R, Dantouze J, McKay L, et al. Housing conditions in 2 Canadian First Nations communities. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2012;70(2):141–53. [PubMed: 21524357]
110.
Pelissari DM, Diaz-Quijano FA. Household crowding as a potential mediator of socioeconomic determinants of tuberculosis incidence in Brazil. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0176116–e. [PMC free article: PMC5395230] [PubMed: 28419146]
111.
Harling G, Castro MC. A spatial analysis of social and economic determinants of tuberculosis in Brazil. Health & Place. 2014;25:56–67. [PubMed: 24269879]
112.
Baker M, Das D, Venugopal K, Howden-Chapman P. Tuberculosis associated with household crowding in a developed country. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2008;62(8):715–21. [PubMed: 18621957]
113.
Tam K, Yousey-Hindes K, Hadler JL. Influenza-related hospitalization of adults associated with low census tract socioeconomic status and female sex in New Haven County, Connecticut, 2007–2011. Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses. 2014;8(3):274–81. [PMC free article: PMC4181475] [PubMed: 24382111]
114.
Yousey-Hindes KM, Hadler JL. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and influenza hospitalizations among children: New Haven County, Connecticut, 2003–2010. American Journal of Public Health. 2011;101(9):1785–9. [PMC free article: PMC3154248] [PubMed: 21778498]
115.
Doshi S, Silk BJ, Dutt D, Ahmed M, Cohen AL, Taylor TH, et al. Household-level risk factors for influenza among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a case-control study. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2015;20(6):719–29. [PubMed: 25682788]
116.
Sloan C, Chandrasekhar R, Mitchel E, Schaffner W, Lindegren ML. Socioeconomic disparities and influenza hospitalizations, Tennessee, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2015;21(9):1602–10. [PMC free article: PMC4550146] [PubMed: 26292106]
117.
Chandrasekhar R, Sloan C, Mitchel E, Ndi D, Alden N, Thomas A, et al. Social determinants of influenza hospitalization in the United States. Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses. 2017;11(6):479–88. [PMC free article: PMC5720587] [PubMed: 28872776]
118.
Forshey BM, Laguna-Torres VA, Vilcarromero V, et al. Epidemiology of influenza-like illness in the Amazon Basin of Peru, 2008–2009. Influenza & Other Respiratory Viruses. 2010;4(4):235–43. [PMC free article: PMC5964548] [PubMed: 20836798]
119.
Sekhar S, Chakraborti A, Kumar R. Haemophilus influenzae colonization and its risk factors in children aged <2 years in Northern India. Epidemiology & Infection. 2009;137(2):156–60. [PubMed: 18474126]
120.
Fonseca Lima EJ da, Mello MJG, Albuquerque M de FPM de, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in children under five years of age in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Brazil: a case control study. BMC Pediatrics. 2016;16(1):157. [PMC free article: PMC5034455] [PubMed: 27659204]
121.
Howie SRC, Schellenberg J, Chimah O, Ideh RC, Ebruke BE, Oluwalana C, et al. Childhood pneumonia and crowding, bed-sharing and nutrition: a case-control study from The Gambia. International Journal of Tuberculosis & Lung Disease. 2016;20(10):1405–15. [PMC free article: PMC5019143] [PubMed: 27725055]
122.
Verani JR, Groome MJ, Zar HJ, Zell ER, Kapongo CN, Nzenze SA, et al. Risk factors for presumed bacterial pneumonia among HIV-uninfected children hospitalized in Soweto, South Africa. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2016;35(11):1169–74. [PubMed: 27276181]
123.
Grant CC, Emery D, Milne T, et al. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in pre-school-aged children. Journal of Paediatrics & Child Health. 2012;48(5):402–12. [PubMed: 22085309]
124.
Mathew J, Singhi S, Ray P, Nilsson A. Predictors of bacterial community acquired pneumonia in children: preliminary results from CAPES (Community Acquired Pneumonia Etiology Study). International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014;21(S1):239.
125.
Reisman J, Rudolph K, Bruden D, Hurlburt D, MG B, Hennessy T. Risk factors for pneumococcal colonization of the nasopharynx in Alaska Native adults and children. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. 2014;3(2):104–11. [PMC free article: PMC6924510] [PubMed: 26625363]
126.
Tin Tin S, Woodward A, Saraf R, Berry S, Atatoa Carr P, Morton SMB, Grant CC. Internal living environment and respiratory disease in children: findings from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal child cohort study. Environmental Health. 2016;15(1):120. [PMC free article: PMC5146862] [PubMed: 27931228]
127.
Tse SM, Weiler H, Kovesi T. Food insecurity, vitamin D insufficiency and respiratory infections among Inuit children. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2016;75. [PMC free article: PMC4759828] [PubMed: 26895394]
128.
Chattopadhyay K. Prevalence and predictors of respiratory diseases among coal-based sponge iron plant workers: a cross-sectional study in Barjora, India. Annals of Global Health. 2017. [PMC free article: PMC6997524] [PubMed: 30741515]
129.
Diaz J, Morales-Romero J, Pérez-Gil G, Bedolla-Barajas M, Delgado-Figueroa N, García-Román R, et al. Viral coinfection in acute respiratory infection in Mexican children treated by the emergency service: a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2015;41:33. [PMC free article: PMC4405868] [PubMed: 25903455]
130.
Kohen DE, Bougie E, Guèvremont A. Housing and health among Inuit children. Health Reports. 2015;26(11):21–7. [PubMed: 26583694]
131.
Kumar SG, Majumdar A, Kumar V, Naik BN, Selvaraj K, Balajee K. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of Puducherry, India. Journal of Natural Science, Biology & Medicine. 2015;6(1):3–6. [PMC free article: PMC4367064] [PubMed: 25810626]
132.
Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, Naghavi M, Flaxman AD, Michaud C, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2197–223. [PubMed: 23245608]
133.
Kristensen I, Olsen J. Determinants of acute respiratory infections in Soweto – a population-based birth cohort. South African Medical Journal. 2006;96(7):633–40. [PubMed: 16909190]
134.
Larson E, Ferng Y-H, Wong-McLoughlin J, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on URIs and influenza in crowded, urban households. Public Health Reports. 2010;125(2):178–91. [PMC free article: PMC2821845] [PubMed: 20297744]
135.
Cardoso M, Cousens S, de Góes Siqueira L, Alves F, D’Angelo L. Crowding: risk factor or protective factor for lower respiratory disease in young children? BMC Public Health. 2004;4(1):19. [PMC free article: PMC434510] [PubMed: 15176983]
136.
Prietsch SOM, Fischer GB, César JA, Lempek BS, Barbosa Jr. LV, Zogbi L, et al. Acute lower respiratory illness in under-five children in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: prevalence and risk factors. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 2018;24:1429–38. [PubMed: 18545768]
137.
Firdaus G, Ahmad A. Relationship between housing and health: a cross-sectional study of an urban centre of India. Indoor & Built Environment. 2013;22(3):498–507.
138.
Hughes H, Matsui EC, et al. Pediatric asthma health disparities: race, hardship, housing, and asthma in a national survey. Academic Pediatrics. 2017;17(2):127–34. [PMC free article: PMC5337434] [PubMed: 27876585]
139.
Islam F, Sarma R, Debroy A, Kar S, Pal R. Profiling acute respiratory tract infections in children from Assam, India. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 2013;5(1):8–14. [PMC free article: PMC3628235] [PubMed: 23599611]
140.
Sinha B, Vibha, Singla R, Chowdhury R. Allergic rhinitis: a neglected disease – a community based assessment among adults in Delhi. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2015;61(3):169–75. [PMC free article: PMC4943409] [PubMed: 26119436]
141.
Weber A, Fuchs N, Kutzora S, Hendrowarsito L, Nennstiel-Ratzel U, von Mutius E, et al. Exploring the associations between parent-reported biological indoor environment and airway-related symptoms and allergic diseases in children. International Journal of Hygiene & Environmental Health. 2017;220(8):1333–9. [PubMed: 28941773]
142.
Bruden D, Singleton R, Hawk CS. Eighteen years of respiratory syncytial virus surveillance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2015;34(9):945–50. [PMC free article: PMC6931377] [PubMed: 26065863]
143.
Ferrer SR, Strina A, Jesus SR, Ribeiro HC, Cairncross S, Rodrigues LC, et al. A hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle-income country. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;37(4):805–15. [PubMed: 18515864]
144.
Quigley MA, Cumberland P, Cowden JM, Rodrigues LC. How protective is breast feeding against diarrhoeal disease in infants in 1990s England? A case-control study. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2006;91(3):245–50. [PMC free article: PMC2065954] [PubMed: 16308409]
145.
Mourad TA. Palestinian refugee conditions associated with intestinal parasites and diarrhoea: Nuseirat refugee camp as a case study. Public Health. 2004;118(2):131–42. [PubMed: 15037044]
146.
Harper SL, Edge VL, Ford J, Thomas MK, Pearl DL, Shirley J, et al. Acute gastrointestinal illness in two Inuit communities: burden of illness in Rigolet and Iqaluit, Canada. Epidemiology & Infection. 2015;143(14):3048–63. [PMC free article: PMC9151065] [PubMed: 25697261]
147.
Okour A, Al-Ghazawi Z, Gharaibeh M. Diarrhea among children and the household conditions in a low-income rural community in the Jordan Valley. Jordan Medical Journal. 2012;46(2).
148.
Ramani SV, Fruhauf T, Dutta A. On diarrhoea in adolescents and school toilets: insights from an Indian village school study. Journal of Development Studies. 2017;53(11):1899–914.
149.
El-Gilany AH, Hammad S. Epidemiology of diarrhoeal diseases among children under age 5 years in Dakahlia, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2005;11(4):762–75. [PubMed: 16700393]
150.
Monasta L, Andersson N, Ledogar RJ, Cockcroft A. Minority health and small numbers epidemiology: a case study of living conditions and the health of children in 5 foreign Romá camps in Italy. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(11):2035–41. [PMC free article: PMC2636417] [PubMed: 18799769]
151.
Pezzani B, Ciarmela ML, Apezteguía MC, Molina N, Orden A, Rosa D, Minvielle MC. Intestinal parasitoses in suburban and rural schoolchildren in Argentina. Revista Patol Trop. 2012;41:63–73.
152.
Mohan VR, Karthikeyan R, Babji S, McGrath M, Shrestha S, Shrestha J, et al. Rotavirus infection and disease in a multisite birth cohort: results from the MAL-ED Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017;216(3):305–16. [PMC free article: PMC5853665] [PubMed: 28472348]
153.
Etiler N, Velipasaoglu S, Aktekin M. Risk factors for overall and persistent diarrhoea in infancy in Antalya, Turkey: a cohort study. Public Health. 2004;118(1):62–9. [PubMed: 14643628]
154.
Kyle RG, Kukanova M, Campbell M, Wolfe I, Powell P, Callery P. Childhood disadvantage and emergency admission rates for common presentations in London: an exploratory analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2011;96(3):1093–6. [PubMed: 20880940]
155.
Etiler N, Velipasaoglu S, Aktekin M. Risk factors for overall and persistent diarrhoea in infancy in Antalya, Turkey: a cohort study. Public Health. 2004;118(1):62–9. [PubMed: 14643628]
156.
Mirabel M, Fauchier T, Bacquelin R, Tafflet M, Germain A, Robillard C, et al. Echocardiography screening to detect rheumatic heart disease: a cohort study of schoolchildren in French Pacific Islands. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015;188:89–95. [PubMed: 25889336]
157.
Jaine R, Baker M, Venugopal K. Acute rheumatic fever associated with household crowding in a developed country. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2011;30(4):315–9. [PubMed: 20948456]
158.
Okello E KB, Sebatta E, Kayima J, Kuteesa M, et al. Socioeconomic and environmental risk factors among rheumatic heart disease patients in Uganda. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(8):3–8. [PMC free article: PMC3428272] [PubMed: 22952810]
159.
Riaz BK, Selim S, Karim MN, Chowdhury KN, Chowdhury SH, Rahman MR. Risk factors of rheumatic heart disease in Bangladesh: a case-control study. Journal of Health, Popululation & Nutrition. 2013;31(1):70–7. [PMC free article: PMC3702361] [PubMed: 23617207]
160.
Phillips DI, Osmond C. Is susceptibility to chronic rheumatic heart disease determined in early infancy? An analysis of mortality in Britain during the 20th century. Global Cardiology Science & Practice. 2014;2014(4):464–72. [PMC free article: PMC4355519] [PubMed: 25780799]
161.
Hosoglu S, Celen M, Geyik M, Akalin S, Ayaz C, Acemoglu H, et al. Risk factors for typhoid fever among adult patients in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Epidemiology & Infection. 2006;134(03):612–6. [PMC free article: PMC2870432] [PubMed: 16288686]
162.
Alemayehu T, Mekasha A, Abebe T. Nasal carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Neisseria meningitidis in healthy Ethiopian children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(10):e0187207–e. [PMC free article: PMC5658183] [PubMed: 29073269]
163.
Olea A, Matute I, González C, Delgado I, Poffald L, Pedroni E, et al. Case-control study of risk factors for meningococcal disease in Chile. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(7):1070–8. [PMC free article: PMC5512488] [PubMed: 28628448]
164.
Norheim G, Sadarangani M, Omar O, et al. Association between population prevalence of smoking and incidence of meningococcal disease in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and the Netherlands between 1975 and 2009: a population-based time series analysis. BMJ Open. 2014;4(2):e003312. [PMC free article: PMC3927814] [PubMed: 24513866]
165.
De Wals P, Deceuninck G, De Serres G, Boivin JF, Duval B, Remis R, et al. Effectiveness of serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine: results from a case-control study in Quebec. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;40(8):1116–22. [PubMed: 15791510]
166.
Deutch S, Labouriau R, Schonheyeder HC, Ostergaard L, Norgard B, Sorensen HT. Crowding as a risk factor of meningococcal disease in Danish preschool children: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2004;36(1):20–3. [PubMed: 15000554]
167.
Jarousha AM, Afifi AA. Epidemiology and risk factors associated with developing bacterial meningitis among children in Gaza Strip. Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2014;43(9):1176–83. [PMC free article: PMC4500419] [PubMed: 26175971]
168.
MacLennan J, Kafatos G, Neal K, Andrews N, Cameron JC, Roberts R, et al. Social behavior and meningococcal carriage in British teenagers. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2006;12(6):950–7. [PMC free article: PMC3373034] [PubMed: 16707051]
169.
Hegab DS, Kato AM, Kabbash IA, Dabish GM. Scabies among primary schoolchildren in Egypt: sociomedical environmental study in Kafr El-Sheikh administrative area. Clinical, Cosmetic & Investigational Dermatology. 2015;8:105–11. [PMC free article: PMC4345923] [PubMed: 25759594]
170.
Bailie RS, Stevens MR, McDonald E, Halpin S, Brewster D, Robinson G, et al. Skin infection, housing and social circumstances in children living in remote indigenous communities: testing conceptual and methodological approaches. BMC Public Health. 2005;5:128. [PMC free article: PMC1334180] [PubMed: 16336656]
171.
Vincenti-Gonzalez MF, Grillet M-E, Velasco-Salas ZI, Lizarazo EF, Amarista MA, Sierra GM, et al. Spatial analysis of dengue seroprevalence and modeling of transmission risk factors in a dengue hyperendemic city of Venezuela. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;11(1):e0005317–e. [PMC free article: PMC5289626] [PubMed: 28114342]
172.
Krueger WS, Hilborn ED, Converse RR, Wade TJ. Environmental risk factors associated with Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES data. Epidemiology & Infection. 2015;143(12):2520–31. [PMC free article: PMC9151023] [PubMed: 25592266]
173.
Tosas Auguet O, Betley JR, Stabler RA, Patel A, Ioannou A, Marbach H, et al. Evidence for community transmission of community-associated but not health-care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains linked to social and material deprivation: spatial analysis of cross-sectional data. PLOS Medicine. 2016;13(1):e1001944–e. [PMC free article: PMC4727805] [PubMed: 26812054]
174.
Vieira MT, Marlow MA, Aguiar-Alves F, et al. Living conditions as a driving factor in persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among HIV-infected youth. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2016;35(10):1126–31. [PubMed: 27254032]
175.
Alvarado-Esquivel C, Pacheco-Vega SJ, Hernandez-Tinoco J, Berumen-Segovia LO, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Estrada-Martinez S, et al. High prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in miners: a case-control study in rural Durango, Mexico. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research. 2016;8(12):870–7. [PMC free article: PMC5087627] [PubMed: 27829953]
176.
Gares V, Panico L, Castagne R, Delpierre C, Kelly-Irving M. The role of the early social environment on Epstein Barr virus infection: a prospective observational design using the Millennium Cohort Study. Epidemiology & Infection. 2017;145(16):3405–12. [PMC free article: PMC9148726] [PubMed: 29202893]
177.
Mitra DK, Mullany LC, Harrison M, Mannan I, Shah R, Begum N, et al. Incidence and risk factors of neonatal infections in a rural Bangladeshi population: a community-based prospective study. Journal of Health, Population & Nutrition. 2018;37(1):6. [PMC free article: PMC5845215] [PubMed: 29523194]
178.
Brander RL, Walson JL, John-Stewart GC, Naulikha JM, Ndonye J, Kipkemoi N, et al. Correlates of multi-drug non-susceptibility in enteric bacteria isolated from Kenyan children with acute diarrhea. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;11(10):e0005974–e. [PMC free article: PMC5638605] [PubMed: 28968393]
179.
Rao GG, Blackstock AJ, Derado G, López B, Cuéllar V, Juliao P, et al. Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors for soil-transmitted helminth infection in Nueva Santa Rosa, Guatemala 2010. Conference paper presented at the 62nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, Washington (DC), 2013 (abstract 277).
180.
Regoeczi WC. Crowding in context: an examination of the differential responses of men and women to high-density living environments. Journal of Health & Social Behavior. 2008;49(3):254–68. [PubMed: 18771062]
181.
Barnes M, Butt S, Tomaszewski W. The duration of bad housing and children’s well-being in Britain. Housing Studies. 2011;26(1):155–76.
182.
Riva M, Larsen CVL, Bjerregaard P. Household crowding and psychosocial health among Inuit in Greenland. International Journal of Public Health. 2014;59(5):739–48. [PubMed: 25200206]
183.
Riva M, Plusquellec P, Juster R-P, Laouan-Sidi EA, Abdous B, Lucas M, et al. Household crowding is associated with higher allostatic load among the Inuit. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2014:jech-2013-203270. [PubMed: 24385548]
184.
Faisal-Cury A, Menezes P, Araya R, Zugaib M. Common mental disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and associated factors among low-income women in São Paulo, Brazil. Archives of Women’s Mental Health. 2009;12(5):335–43. [PubMed: 19468824]
185.
Firdaus G. Increasing rate of psychological distress in urban households: how does income matter? Community Mental Health Journal. 2017. [PubMed: 29134397]
186.
Al-Hemiary NJ, Hashim MT, Al-Diwan JK, Razzaq EA. Alcohol and drug abuse in post-conflict Iraq. Journal of the Faculty of Medicine, Baghdad University. 2015;57(4):290–4.
187.
Cabieses B, Pickett KE, Tunstall H. Comparing sociodemographic factors associated with disability between immigrants and the Chilean-born: are there different stories to tell? International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health. 2012;9(12):4403–32. [PMC free article: PMC3546769] [PubMed: 23211607]
188.
Pierse N, Carter K, Bierre S, Law D, Howden-Chapman P. Examining the role of tenure, household crowding and housing affordability on psychological distress, using longitudinal data. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2016;70(10):961–6. [PubMed: 27154181]
189.
Gray AP, Richer F, Harper S. Individual- and community-level determinants of Inuit youth mental wellness. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2016;107(3):e251–e7. [PMC free article: PMC6972064] [PubMed: 27763839]
190.
Kimhy D, Harlap S, Fennig S, Deutsch L, Draiman BG, Corcoran C, et al. Maternal household crowding during pregnancy and the offspring’s risk of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 2006;86(1):23–9. [PMC free article: PMC2989609] [PubMed: 16740377]
191.
Chambers EC, Pichardo MS, Rosenbaum E. Sleep and the housing and neighborhood environment of urban Latino adults living in low-income housing: the AHOME Study. Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 2016;14(2):169–84. [PMC free article: PMC4427540] [PubMed: 25386692]
192.
van der Spuy I, Karunanayake CP, Dosman JA, McMullin K, Zhao G, Abonyi S, et al. Determinants of excessive daytime sleepiness in two First Nation communities. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2017;17(1):192. [PMC free article: PMC5726026] [PubMed: 29233159]
193.
Johnson DA, Drake C, Joseph CLM, Krajenta R, Hudgel DW, Cassidy-Bushrow AE. Influence of neighbourhood-level crowding on sleep-disordered breathing severity: mediation by body size. Journal of Sleep Research. 2015;24(5):559–65. [PubMed: 25950087]
194.
Keene DE, Geronimus AT. “Weathering” HOPE VI: the importance of evaluating the population health impact of public housing demolition and displacement. Journal of Urban Health. 2011;88(3):417–35. [PMC free article: PMC3126923] [PubMed: 21607787]
195.
Fullilove MT. Psychiatric implications of displacement: contributions from the psychology of place. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996;153(12):1516. [PubMed: 8942445]
196.
Bhatta B, Saraswati S, Bandyopadhyay D. Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data. Applied Geography 2010;30(4):731–40.
197.
Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Jackson RJ. Making healthy places: designing and building for health, well-being, and sustainability. Washington (DC): Island Press; 2011.
198.
Näyhä S. Cold and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. A review. International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 2002;61(4). [PubMed: 12546195]
199.
Chang CL, Shipley M, Marmot M, Poulter N. Lower ambient temperature was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for stroke and acute myocardial infarction in young women. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2004;57(7):749–57. [PubMed: 15358404]
200.
Lin Y-K, Wang Y-C, Ho T-J, Lu CA. Temperature effects on hospital admissions for kidney morbidity in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment. 2013;443:812–20. [PubMed: 23246661]
201.
Braga AL, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. The effect of weather on respiratory and cardiovascular deaths in 12 US cities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002;110(9):859. [PMC free article: PMC1240983] [PubMed: 12204818]
202.
Pan W-H, Li L-A, Tsai M-J. Temperature extremes and mortality from coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction in elderly Chinese. Lancet. 1995;345(8946):353–5. [PubMed: 7845116]
203.
Gill RS, Hambridge HL, Schneider EB, Hanff T, Tamargo RJ, Nyquist P. Falling temperature and colder weather are associated with an increased risk of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurgery. 2013;79(1):136–42. [PubMed: 22732514]
204.
Mercer JB. Cold – an underrated risk factor for health. Environmental Research. 2003;92(1):8–13. [PubMed: 12706750]
205.
Cheng X, Su H. Effects of climatic temperature stress on cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2010;21(3):164–7. [PubMed: 20493415]
206.
Shi X, Zhu N, Zheng G. The combined effect of temperature, relative humidity and work intensity on human strain in hot and humid environments. Building & Environment. 2013;69:72–80.
207.
Keatinge W, Donaldson G, Cordioli E, Martinelli M, Kunst A, Mackenbach J, et al. Heat related mortality in warm and cold regions of Europe: observational study. BMJ. 2000;321(7262):670–3. [PMC free article: PMC27480] [PubMed: 10987770]
208.
Healy JD. Excess winter mortality in Europe: a cross country analysis identifying key risk factors. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2003;57(10):784–9. [PMC free article: PMC1732295] [PubMed: 14573581]
209.
Wilkinson P, Landon M, Armstrong B, Stevenson S, McKee M. Cold comfort: the social and environmental determinants of excess winter deaths in England, 1986–1996. 2001.
210.
Patz JA, Engelberg D, Last J. The effects of changing weather on public health. Annual Review of Public Health. 2000;21(1):271–307. [PubMed: 10884955]
211.
Group TE. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet. 1997;349(9062):1341–6. [PubMed: 9149695]
212.
Naicker N, Teare J, Balakrishna Y, Wright CY, Mathee A. Indoor temperatures in low cost housing in Johannesburg, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health. 2017;14(11). [PMC free article: PMC5708049] [PubMed: 29156558]
213.
Health impact of low indoor temperatures. Regional Office for Europe: World Health Organization; 1987.
214.
Osman LM, Ayres JG, Garden C, Reglitz K, Lyon J, Douglas JG. Home warmth and health status of COPD patients. European Journal of Public Health. 2008;18(4):399–405. [PubMed: 18367496]
215.
Pierse N, Arnold R, Keall M, Howden-Chapman P, Crane J, Cunningham M, et al. Modelling the effects of low indoor temperatures on the lung function of children with asthma. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2013;67(11):918–25. [PubMed: 23940250]
216.
Mu Z, Chen P-L, Geng F-H, Ren L, Gu W-C, Ma J-Y, et al. Synergistic effects of temperature and humidity on the symptoms of COPD patients. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2017;61(11):1919–25. [PubMed: 28567499]
217.
Ross A, Collins M, Sanders C. Upper respiratory tract infection in children, domestic temperatures, and humidity. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 1990;44(2):142–6. [PMC free article: PMC1060623] [PubMed: 2370503]
218.
Saeki K, Obayashi K, Iwamoto J, Tanaka Y, Tanaka N, Takata S, et al. Influence of room heating on ambulatory blood pressure in winter: a randomised controlled study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2013:jech-2012-201883. [PubMed: 23447647]
219.
Saeki K, Obayashi K, Kurumatani N. Short-term effects of instruction in home heating on indoor temperature and blood pressure in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Hypertension. 2015;33(11):2338–43. [PubMed: 26372318]
220.
Saeki K, Obayashi K, Iwamoto J, Tone N, Okamoto N, Tomioka K, et al. Stronger association of indoor temperature than outdoor temperature with blood pressure in colder months. Journal of Hypertension. 2014;32(8):1582–9. [PubMed: 24937638]
221.
Saeki K, Obayashi K, Iwamoto J, Tone N, Okamoto N, Tomioka K, et al. The relationship between indoor, outdoor and ambient temperatures and morning BP surges from inter-seasonally repeated measurements. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2014;28(8):482–8. [PubMed: 24553634]
222.
Shiue I. Cold homes are associated with poor biomarkers and less blood pressure check-up: English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, 2012–2013. Environmental Science & Pollution Research International. 2016;23(7):7055–9. [PMC free article: PMC4820485] [PubMed: 26873825]
223.
Shiue I, Shiue M. Indoor temperature below 18°C accounts for 9% population attributable risk for high blood pressure in Scotland. International Journal of Cardiology. 2014;171(1):e1–e2. [PubMed: 24315341]
224.
Bruce N, Elford J, Wannamethee G, Shaper AG. The contribution of environmental temperature and humidity to geographic variations in blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension. 1991;9(9):851–8. [PubMed: 1663987]
225.
Collins KJ, Easton JC, Belfield-Smith H, Exton-Smith AN, Pluck RA. Effects of age on body temperature and blood pressure in cold environments. Clinical Science (London). 1985;69(4):465–70. [PubMed: 4042547]
226.
Inoue Y, Nakao M, Araki T, Ueda H. Thermoregulatory responses of young and older men to cold exposure. European Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 1992;65(6):492–8. [PubMed: 1483436]
227.
Mercer JB, Osterud B, Tveita T. The effect of short-term cold exposure on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Thrombosis Research. 1999;95(2):93–104. [PubMed: 10418798]
228.
Wagner JA, Horvath SM, Kitagawa K, Bolduan NW. Comparisons of blood and urinary responses to cold exposures in young and older men and women. Journal of Gerontology. 1987;42(2):173–9. [PubMed: 3819343]
229.
Leppäluoto J, Korhonen I, Hassi J. Habituation of thermal sensations, skin temperatures, and norepinephrine in men exposed to cold air. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;90(4):1211–8. [PubMed: 11247916]
230.
Breysse J, Dixon SL, Jacobs DE, Lopez J, Weber W. Self-reported health outcomes associated with green-renovated public housing among primarily elderly residents. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. 2015;21(4):355–67. [PubMed: 25679773]
231.
Tavernier G, Fletcher G, Gee I, et al. IPEADAM study: indoor endotoxin exposure, family status, and some housing characteristics in English children. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2006;117(3):656–62. [PubMed: 16522467]
232.
Preval N, Keall M, Telfar-Barnard L, Grimes A, Howden-Chapman P. Impact of improved insulation and heating on mortality risk of older cohort members with prior cardiovascular or respiratory hospitalisations. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e018079–e. [PMC free article: PMC5695334] [PubMed: 29138207]
233.
Grey CNB, Jiang S, Nascimento C, Rodgers SE, Johnson R, Lyons RA, et al. The short-term health and psychosocial impacts of domestic energy efficiency investments in low-income areas: a controlled before and after study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):140. [PMC free article: PMC5282634] [PubMed: 28143612]
234.
Poortinga W, Jones N, Lannon S, Jenkins H. Social and health outcomes following upgrades to a national housing standard: a multilevel analysis of a five-wave repeated cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):927. [PMC free article: PMC5712147] [PubMed: 29197356]
235.
Telfar Barnard L, Preval N, Howden-Chapman P, Arnold R, Young C, Grimes A, et al. The impact of retrofitted insulation and new heaters on health services utilisation and costs, pharmaceutical costs and mortality: evaluation of Warm Up New Zealand: Heat Smart. Wellington: Report to the Ministry of Economic Development; 2011.
236.
Austin JB, Russell G. Wheeze, cough, atopy, and indoor environment in the Scottish Highlands. Archives of Disease in childhood. 1997;76(1):22–6. [PMC free article: PMC1717042] [PubMed: 9059155]
237.
Homøe P, Christensen RB, Bretlau P. Acute otitis media and sociomedical risk factors among unselected children in Greenland. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1999;49(1):37–52. [PubMed: 10428404]
238.
Bray N, Burns P, Jones A, Winrow E, Edwards RT. Costs and outcomes of improving population health through better social housing: a cohort study and economic analysis. International Journal of Public Health. 2017;62(9):1039–50. [PMC free article: PMC5668333] [PubMed: 28612100]
239.
Iversen M, Bach E, Lundqvist GR. Health and comfort changes among tenants after retrofitting of their housing. Environment International. 1986;12(1):161–6.
240.
Nicol S, Roys M, Garrett H. The cost of poor housing to the NHS. London: Building Research Establishment; 2011.
241.
Simon D. The potential of the green economy and urban greening for addressing urban environmental change. In: Seto KC, Solecki WD, Griffith CA, editors. The Routledge handbook of urbanization and global environmental change. London: Routledge; 2016;455–69.
242.
Telfar-Barnard L, Bennett J, Howden-Chapman P, Jacobs DE, Ormandy D, Cutler-Welsh M, et al. Measuring the effect of housing quality interventions: the case of the New Zealand “Rental Warrant of Fitness”. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health. 2017;14(11). [PMC free article: PMC5707991] [PubMed: 29112147]
243.
Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. Atlanta: ASHRAE Standing Standard Project Committee 62.1; 2016.
244.
Kunkel S, Kontonasiou E, Arcipowska A, Mariottini F, Antanasiu B. Indoor air quality, thermal comfort and daylight. Analysis of residential buildings regulations in eight EU Member States. Buildings Performance Institute Europe; 2015.
245.
WHO Guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2009. [PubMed: 23785740]
246.
Mendell MJ, Mirer AG, Cheung K, Tong M, Douwes J. Respiratory and allergic health effects of dampness, mold, and dampness-related agents: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(6):748–56. [PMC free article: PMC3114807] [PubMed: 21269928]
247.
Jacobs DE, Forst L. Occupational safety, health and healthy housing: a review of opportunities and challenges. Journal of Public Health & Management Practices. 2017;23(6):e36–e45. [PubMed: 28692612]
248.
Ryan L, Campbell N. Spreading the net: the multiple benefits of energy efficiency improvements. Paris: International Energy Agency; 2012.
249.
Hajat S, Barnard LT, Butler C. Heat-related and cold-related mortality and morbidity. In: Butler C, editor. Climate change and global health. Wallingford, United Kingdom: CABI International; 2014.
250.
Rupp RF, Vásquez NG, Lamberts R. A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment. Energy & Buildings. 2015;105:178–205.
251.
Benmarhnia T, Deguen S, Kaufman JS, Smargiassi A. Review article: Vulnerability to heat-related mortality: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiology. 2015;26(6):781–93. [PubMed: 26332052]
252.
Hajat S, O’Connor M, Kosatsky T. Health effects of hot weather: from awareness of risk factors to effective health protection. Lancet. 2010;375(9717):856–63. [PubMed: 20153519]
253.
Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Kinney PL, Petkova EP, Lavigne E, et al. Temporal variation in heat–mortality associations: a multicountry study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2015(123):1200–7. [PMC free article: PMC4629745] [PubMed: 25933359]
254.
Lin Y, Wang Y, Lu C. Temperature effects on hospital admissions for kidney morbidity in Taiwan. Science of the Total Environment. 2013;442:812–20. [PubMed: 23246661]
255.
Phung D, Thai PK, Guo Y, Morawska L, Rutherford S, Chu C. Ambient temperature and risk of cardiovascular hospitalization: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 2016;550:1084–102. [PubMed: 26871555]
256.
Zabrocki LA, Shellington DK, Bratton SL. Heat illness and hypothermia. In: Wheeler DS, et al. editors. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. London: Springer; 2014;677–93.
257.
Bouchama A, Dehbi M, Mohamed G, Matthies F, Shoukri M, Menne B. Prognostic factors in heat wave-related deaths: a meta-analysis. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(20):2170–6. [PubMed: 17698676]
258.
Hajat S, Kovats RS, Lachowycz K. Heat-related and cold-related deaths in England and Wales: who is at risk? Occupational & Environmental Medicine. 2007;64(2):93–100. [PMC free article: PMC2078436] [PubMed: 16990293]
259.
Azhar GS, Mavalankar D, Nori-Sarma A, Rajiva A, Dutta P, Jaiswal A, et al. Heat-related mortality in India: excess all-cause mortality associated with the 2010 Ahmedabad heat wave. PLOS ONE. 2018;9(3):e91831. [PMC free article: PMC3954798] [PubMed: 24633076]
260.
Robine J-M, Cheung SLK, Le Roy S, Van Oyen H, Griffiths C, Michel J-P, et al. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2008;331(2):171–8. [PubMed: 18241810]
261.
Ceccherini G, Russo S, Ameztoy I, Marchese AF, Carmona-Moreno C. Heat waves in Africa 1981–2015, observations and reanalysis. Natural Hazards & Earth System Sciences. 2017;17:115–25.
262.
McMichael AJ, Wilkinson P, Kovats RS, Pattenden S, Hajat S, Armstrong B, et al. International study of temperature, heat and urban mortality: the ‘ISOTHURM’ project. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;37(5):1121–31. [PubMed: 18522981]
263.
Hajat S, Kosatky T. Heat-related mortality: a review and exploration of heterogeneity. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2010;64:753–60. [PubMed: 19692725]
264.
Basu R. High ambient temperature and mortality: a review of epidemiologic studies from 2001 to 2008. Environmental Health. 2009;8(1):40. [PMC free article: PMC2759912] [PubMed: 19758453]
265.
WHO-WMO. Heat waves and health: guidance on warning-system development. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
266.
Guo Y, Gasparrini A, Armstrong BG, Tawatsupa B, Tobias A, Lavigne E, et al. Temperature variability and mortality: a multi-country study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016;124(10):1554–9. [PMC free article: PMC5047764] [PubMed: 27258598]
267.
Ormandy D, Ezratty V. Thermal discomfort and health: protecting the susceptible from excess cold and excess heat in housing. Advances in Building Energy Research. 2016;10(1):84–98.
268.
Bell ML, O’Neill MS, Ranjit N, Borja-Aburto VH, Cifuentes LA, Gouveia NC. Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: a case-crossover study in São Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico. International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;37(4):796–804. [PMC free article: PMC2734062] [PubMed: 18511489]
269.
Fouillet A, Rey G, Laurent F, Pavillon G, Bellec S, Guihenneuc-Jouyaux C, et al. Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France. International Archives of Occupational & Environmental Health. 2006;80(1):16–24. [PMC free article: PMC1950160] [PubMed: 16523319]
270.
Kazuya K. Heatstroke in older adults. Journal of the Japan Medical Association. 2013;56(3):193–8.
271.
Vital statistics of Japan 2014 Volume 3. Tokyo: Statistics and Information Department, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; 2015.
272.
Ahrentzen S, Erickson J, Fonseca E. Thermal and health outcomes of energy efficiency retrofits of homes of older adults. Indoor Air. 2016;26(4):582–93. [PubMed: 26249033]
273.
Quinn A, Shaman J. Health symptoms in relation to temperature, humidity, and self-reported perceptions of climate in New York City residential environments. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2017;61(7):1209–20. [PMC free article: PMC5479711] [PubMed: 28108783]
274.
van Loenhout J, le Grand A, Duijm F, Greven F, Vink N, Hoek G, et al. The effect of high indoor temperatures on self-perceived health of elderly persons. Environmental Research. 2016;146:27–34. [PubMed: 26710340]
275.
Fink R, Eržen I, Medved S. Symptomatic response of the elderly with cardiovascular disease during the heat wave in Slovenia. Central European Journal of Public Health. 2017;25(4):293–8. [PubMed: 29346852]
276.
Kim Y-M, Kim S, Cheong H-K, Ahn B, Choi K. Effects of heat wave on body temperature and blood pressure in the poor and elderly. Environmental Health & Toxicology. 2012;27:e2012013. [PMC free article: PMC3412201] [PubMed: 22888472]
277.
Sinha P, Kumar TD, Singh NP, Saha R. Seasonal variation of blood pressure in normotensive females aged 18 to 40 years in an urban slum of Delhi, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2010;22(1):134–45. [PubMed: 20032043]
278.
Uejio C, Tamerius J, Vredenburg J, Asaeda G, Isaacs D, Braun J, et al. Summer indoor heat exposure and respiratory and cardiovascular distress calls in New York City, NY, US. Indoor Air. 2015;26(4):594–604. [PMC free article: PMC4786471] [PubMed: 26086869]
279.
Basu R, Samet JM. Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2002;24(2):190–202. [PubMed: 12762092]
280.
Turner LR, Barnett AG, Connell D, Tong S. Ambient temperature and cardiorespiratory morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2012;23(4):594–606. [PubMed: 22531668]
281.
Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Kinney PL, Petkova EP, Lavigne E, et al. Temporal variation in heat–mortality associations: a multicountry study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2015(123):1200–7. [PMC free article: PMC4629745] [PubMed: 25933359]
282.
Breitner S, Wolf K, Devlin RB, Diaz-Sanchez D, Peters A, Schneider A. Short-term effects of air temperature on mortality and effect modification by air pollution in three cities of Bavaria, Germany: a time-series analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 2014;485:49–61. [PubMed: 24704956]
283.
Yang C, Meng X, Chen R, Cai J, Zhao Z, Wan Y, et al. Long-term variations in the association between ambient temperature and daily cardiovascular mortality in Shanghai, China. Science of the Total Environment. 2015;538:524–30. [PubMed: 26318688]
284.
Ding Z, Guo P, Xie F, Chu H, Li K, Pu J, et al. Impact of diurnal temperature range on mortality in a high plateau area in southwest China: A time series analysis. Science of the Total Environment. 2015;526:358–65. [PubMed: 25962628]
285.
Baccini M, Biggeri A, Accetta G, Kosatsky T, Katsouyanni K, Analitis A, et al. Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities. Epidemiology. 2008;19(5):711–9. [PubMed: 18520615]
286.
Yoshino H, Yoshino Y, Zhang Q, Mochida A, Li N, Li Z, et al. Indoor thermal environment and energy saving for urban residential buildings in China. Energy & Buildings. 2006;38:1308–19.
287.
Franck U, Krüger M, Schwarz N, Grossmann K, Röder S, Schlink U. Heat stress in urban areas: indoor and outdoor temperatures in different urban structure types and subjectively reported well-being during a heat wave in the city of Leipzig. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. 2013;22(2):167–77.
288.
Nguyen J, Schwartz J, Dockery D. The relationship between indoor and outdoor temperature, apparent temperature, relative humidity, and absolute humidity. Indoor Air. 2014;24(1):103–12. [PMC free article: PMC3791146] [PubMed: 23710826]
289.
Quinn A, Tamerius JD, Perzanowski M, Jacobson JS, Goldstein I, Acosta L, et al. Predicting indoor heat exposure risk during extreme heat events. Science of the Total Environment. 2014;490:686–93. [PMC free article: PMC4121079] [PubMed: 24893319]
290.
Senanayake IP, Welivitiya WDDP, Nadeeka PM. Remote sensing based analysis of urban heat islands with vegetation cover in Colombo city, Sri Lanka using Landsat-7 ETM+ data. Urban Climate. 2013;5:19–35.
291.
Ashtiani A, Mirzaei PA, Haghighat F. Indoor thermal condition in urban heat island: comparison of the artificial neural network and regression methods prediction. Energy & Buildings 2014;76:597–604.
292.
White-Newsome JL, Sánchez BN, Jolliet O, Zhang Z, Parker EA, Dvonch JT, et al. Climate change and health: indoor heat exposure in vulnerable populations. Environmental Research. 2012;112:20–7. [PMC free article: PMC4352572] [PubMed: 22071034]
293.
Smargiassi A, Fournier M, Griot C, Baudouin Y, Kosatsky T. Prediction of the indoor temperatures of an urban area with an in-time regression mapping approach. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 2008;18(3). [PubMed: 17579651]
294.
Tamerius J, Perzanowski M, Acosta L, Jacobson J, Goldstein I, Quinn J, et al. Socioeconomic and outdoor meteorological determinants of indoor temperature and humidity in New York City dwellings. Weather, Climate, and Society (print). 2013;5(2):168. [PMC free article: PMC3784267] [PubMed: 24077420]
295.
Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhao J, He Y. Thermal comfort for naturally ventilated residential buildings in Harbin. Energy & Buildings. 2010;42(12):2406–15.
296.
Adunola A. Evaluation of urban residential thermal comfort in relation to indoor and outdoor air temperatures in Ibadan, Nigeria. Building & Environment. 2014;75:190–205.
297.
Djongyang N, Tchinda R. An investigation into thermal comfort and residential thermal environment in an intertropical sub-Saharan Africa region: field study report during the Harmattan season in Cameroon. Energy Conversion & Management. 2010;51(7):1391–7.
298.
Indraganti M. Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated apartments in summer: findings from a field study in Hyderabad, India. Applied Energy. 2010;87(3):866–83.
299.
Deng QL, Li NP, Cui YH. Measurement and analysis of indoor environment in a high-rise residential building in the hot summer and cold winter region of China. Indoor Air 2005: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Vols 1–5. 2005:214–8.
300.
Sakka A, Santamouris M, Livada I, Nicol F, Wilson M. On the thermal performance of low income housing during heat waves. Energy & Buildings. 2012;49:69–77.
301.
Abdul-Wahab SA, Salem N, Ali S. Evaluation of indoor air quality in a museum (Bait Al Zubair) and residential homes. Indoor & Built Environment. 2015;24(2).
302.
Sackou JK, Oga SA, Tanoh F, Houenou Y, Kouadio L. Indoor environment and respiratory symptoms among children under five years of age in a peri-urban area of Abidjan. Indoor & Built Environment. 2014;23(7):988–93.
303.
Dengel A, Swainson M, Ormandy D, Ezratty V. Overheating in dwellings. London: Building Research Establishment; 2016.
304.
Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, Lavigne E, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet. 2015;386(9991):369–75. [PMC free article: PMC4521077] [PubMed: 26003380]
305.
Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009. [PubMed: 23762969]
306.
Bélanger D, Abdous B, Gosselin P, Valois P. An adaptation index to high summer heat associated with adverse health impacts in deprived neighborhoods. Climatic Change. 2015;132(2):279–93.
307.
Peden M. World report on child injury prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. [PubMed: 26269872]
308.
Turner S, Arthur G, Lyons RA, Weightman AL, Mann MK, Jones SJ, et al. Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;2(2). [PMC free article: PMC7003565] [PubMed: 21328262]
309.
Injury facts. National Safety Council; 2016.
310.
Runyan CW, Casteel C, Perkis D, Black C, Marshall SW, Johnson RM, et al. Unintentional injuries in the home in the United States: Part I: Mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2005;28(1):73–9. [PubMed: 15626560]
311.
Moore R. Housing accidents. In: Ormandy D, editor. Housing and health in Europe: the WHO LARES project. London: Routledge; 2009;295–318.
312.
The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
313.
Situation of severe injuries. Year 2005–2010. Injury Surveillance Thailand; 2012.
314.
Wainiqolo I, Kafoa B, Kool B, Herman J, McCaig E, Ameratunga S. A profile of injury in Fiji: findings from a population-based injury surveillance system (TRIP-10). BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1074. [PMC free article: PMC3540002] [PubMed: 23234597]
315.
Jagnoor J, Suraweera W, Keay L, Ivers RQ, Thakur J, Gururaj G, et al. Childhood and adult mortality from unintentional falls in India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011;89(10):733–40. [PMC free article: PMC3209979] [PubMed: 22084511]
316.
Prüss-Ustün A, Wolf J, Corvalán C, Bos R, Neira M. Preventing disease through healthy environments: A global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
317.
Khambalia A, Joshi P, Brussoni M, Raina P, Morrongiello B, Macarthur C. Risk factors for unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged 0–6 years: a systematic review. Injury Prevention. 2006;12(6):378–81. [PMC free article: PMC2564414] [PubMed: 17170185]
318.
Carter SE, Campbell EM, Sanson-Fisher RW, Redman S, Gillespie WJ. Environmental hazards in the homes of older people. Age & Ageing. 1997;26(3):195–202. [PubMed: 9223715]
319.
Schieber RA, Gilchrist J, Sleet DA. Legislative and regulatory strategies to reduce childhood unintentional injuries. Future Child. 2000;10(1):111–36. [PubMed: 10911690]
320.
Lam NL, Smith KR, Gauthier A, Bates MN. Kerosene: a review of household uses and their hazards in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health. Part B Critical Reviews. 2012;15(6):396–432. [PMC free article: PMC3664014] [PubMed: 22934567]
321.
Laloë V. Epidemiology and mortality of burns in a general hospital of Eastern Sri Lanka. Burns. 2002;28(8):778–81. [PubMed: 12464477]
322.
Mashreky SR, Rahman A, Svanstrom L, Khan TF, Rahman F. Burn mortality in Bangladesh: findings of national health and injury survey. Injury. 2011;42(5):507–10. [PubMed: 20031124]
323.
Faelker T, Pickett W, Brison RJ. Socioeconomic differences in childhood injury: a population based epidemiologic study in Ontario, Canada. Injury Prevention. 2000;6(3):203–8. [PMC free article: PMC1730634] [PubMed: 11003186]
324.
Wanjeri JK, Kinoti M, Olewe T. Risk factors for burn injuries and fire safety awareness among patients hospitalized at a public hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a case control study. Burns. 2018;44(4):962–8. [PubMed: 29395410]
325.
Keall M, Baker MG, Howden-Chapman P, Cunningham M, Ormandy D. Assessing housing quality and its impact on health, safety and sustainability. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2010;64(9):765–71. [PubMed: 20515890]
326.
Keall MD, Baker MG, Howden-Chapman P, Cunningham M. Association between the number of home injury hazards and home injury. Accident; Analysis & Prevention. 2008;40(3):887–93. [PubMed: 18460355]
327.
Diamond MB, Dalal S, Adebamowo C, Guwatudde D, Laurence C, Ajayi IO, et al. Prevalence and risk factor for injury in sub-Saharan Africa: a multicountry study. Injury Prevention. 2018;24(4):272–78. [PubMed: 29118002]
328.
Phelan KJ, Khoury J, Xu Y, Liddy S, Hornung R, Lanphear BP. A randomized controlled trial of home injury hazard reduction: the HOME injury study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolscent Medicine. 2011;165(4):339–445. [PMC free article: PMC3693223] [PubMed: 21464382]
329.
LeBlanc JC, Pless IB, King WJ, Bawden H, Bernard-Bonnin A-C, Klassen T, et al. Home safety measures and the risk of unintentional injury among young children: a multicentre case-control study. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2006;175(8):883–7. [PMC free article: PMC1586091] [PubMed: 16998079]
330.
Othman N, Kendrick D. Risk factors for burns at home in Kurdish preschool children: a case-control study. Injury Prevention. 2013;19(3):184–90. [PubMed: 23024169]
331.
Kendrick D, Mulvaney C, Burton P, Watson M. Relationships between child, family and neighbourhood characteristics and childhood injury: a cohort study. Social Science & Medicine. 2005;61(9):1905–15. [PubMed: 15927334]
332.
Taira BR, Cassara G, Meng H, Salama MN, Chohan J, Sandoval S, et al. Predictors of sustaining burn injury: does the use of common prevention strategies matter? Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2011;32(1):20–5. [PubMed: 21127422]
333.
Harvey LA, Poulos RG, Sherker S. The impact of recent changes in smoke alarm legislation on residential fire injuries and smoke alarm ownership in New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Burn Care & Research. 2013;34(3):e168–75. [PubMed: 22955160]
334.
Istre GR, McCoy MA, Moore BJ, Roper C, Stephens-Stidham S, Barnard JJ, et al. Preventing deaths and injuries from house fires: an outcome evaluation of a community-based smoke alarm installation programme. Injury Prevention. 2014;20(2):97–102. [PubMed: 23873498]
335.
Mashreky SR, Rahman A, Khan TF, Svanström L, Rahman F. Determinants of childhood burns in rural Bangladesh: a nested case-control study. Health Policy. 2010;96(3):226–30. [PubMed: 20202714]
336.
Stewart J, Benford P, Wynn P, Watson MC, Coupland C, Deave T, et al. Modifiable risk factors for scald injury in children under 5 years of age: a multi-centre case-control study. Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2016;42(8):1831–43. [PubMed: 27576925]
337.
Pressley JC, Barlow B. Child and adolescent injury as a result of falls from buildings and structures. Injury Prevention. 2005;11(5):267–73. [PMC free article: PMC1730275] [PubMed: 16203834]
338.
Pearce A, Li L, Abbas J, Ferguson B, Graham H, Law C. Does the home environment influence inequalities in unintentional injury in early childhood? Findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2012;66(2):181–8. [PubMed: 22003079]
339.
Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Arshi S, Mashoufi M, Deljavan-Anvari R, Meshkini M, Mohammadi R. Household related predictors of burn injuries in an Iranian population: a case-control study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1. [PMC free article: PMC3444320] [PubMed: 22571762]
340.
Chamania S, Chouhan R, Awasthi A, Bendell R, Marsden N, Gibson J, et al. Pilot project in rural western Madhya Pradesh, India, to assess the feasibility of using LED and solar-powered lanterns to remove kerosene lamps and related hazards from homes. Burns. 2015;41(3):595–603. [PubMed: 25441542]
341.
Campbell AJ, Robertson MC, La Grow SJ, Kerse NM, Sanderson GF, Jacobs RJ, et al. Randomised controlled trial of prevention of falls in people aged > or =75 with severe visual impairment: the VIP trial. BMJ. 2005;331(7520):817. [PMC free article: PMC1246082] [PubMed: 16183652]
342.
Fitzharris MP, Day L, Lord SR, Gordon I, Fildes B. The Whitehorse NoFalls trial: effects on fall rates and injurious fall rates. Age & Ageing. 2010:afq109. [PubMed: 20817936]
343.
Kamei T, Kajii F, Yamamoto Y, Irie Y, Kozakai R, Sugimoto T, et al. Effectiveness of a home hazard modification program for reducing falls in urban community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Japan Journal of Nursing Science. 2015;12(3):184–97. [PubMed: 25212766]
344.
Leclerc BS, Bégin C, Cadieux E, Goulet L, Allaire JF, Meloche J, et al. Relationship between home hazards and falling among community-dwelling seniors using home-care services. Revue d’Epidemiol et de Sante Publique. 2010;58(1):3–11. [PubMed: 20097025]
345.
Kim D, Portillo M. Fall hazards within senior independent living: a case-control study. Herd. 2018:1937586717754185. [PubMed: 29417846]
346.
Benford P, Young B, Coupland C, Watson M, Hindmarch P, Hayes M, et al. Risk and protective factors for falls on one level in young children: multicentre case-control study. Injury Prevention. 2015;21(6):381–8. [PubMed: 26271259]
347.
Gyedu A, Stewart B, Mock C, Otupiri E, Nakua E, Donkor P, et al. Prevalence of preventable household risk factors for childhood burn injury in semi-urban Ghana: a population-based survey. Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2016;42(3):633–8. [PMC free article: PMC4880508] [PubMed: 26691868]
348.
Osborne JM, Davey TM, Spinks AB, McClure RJ, Sipe N, Cameron CM. Child injury: does home matter? Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2016;153:250–7. [PubMed: 26928586]
349.
Pereira SG, Santos CBD, Doring M, Portella MR. Prevalence of household falls in long-lived adults and association with extrinsic factors. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2017;25:e2900–e. [PMC free article: PMC5656335] [PubMed: 29069267]
350.
Ravindran RM, Kutty VR. Risk Factors for fall-related injuries leading to hospitalization among community-dwelling older persons: a hospital-based case-control study in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016;28:(1 Suppl):70S–6S. [PMC free article: PMC4796756] [PubMed: 26463576]
351.
Romli MH, Tan MP, Mackenzie L, Lovarini M, Kamaruzzaman SB, Clemson L. Factors associated with home hazards: findings from the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research Study. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2018;18(3):387–95. [PubMed: 29139186]
352.
Wing JJ, Burke JF, Clarke PJ, Feng C, Skolarus LE. The role of the environment in falls among stroke survivors. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics. 2017;72:1–5. [PMC free article: PMC5817372] [PubMed: 28482268]
353.
National Healthy Housing Standard. Washington (DC): National Center for Healthy Housing, American Public Health Association; 2014.
354.
Gillespie-Bennett J, Keall M, Howden-Chapman P, Baker MG. Improving health, safety and energy efficiency in New Zealand through measuring and applying basic housing standards. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2013;126(1379):74–85. [PubMed: 24045354]
355.
The Housing Health and Safety Rating System: operating guidance. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister; 2006.
356.
Phelan KJ, Khoury J, Xu Y, Lanphear B. Validation of a HOME injury survey. Injury Prevention. 2009;15(5):300–6. [PMC free article: PMC2759088] [PubMed: 19805597]
357.
Bennett J, Howden-Chapman P, Chisholm E, Keall M, Baker MG. Towards an agreed quality standard for rental housing: field testing of a New Zealand housing WOF tool. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2016. [PubMed: 27028959]
358.
Jacobs DE, Kelly T, Sobolewski J. Linking public health, housing, and indoor environmental policy: successes and challenges at local and federal agencies in the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115(6):976–82. [PMC free article: PMC1892139] [PubMed: 17589610]
359.
Liu Y, Mack KA, Diekman ST. Smoke alarm giveaway and installation programs: an economic evaluation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2012;43(4):385–91. [PMC free article: PMC4624218] [PubMed: 22992356]
360.
Haddix AC, Mallonee S, Waxweiler R, Douglas MR. Cost effectiveness analysis of a smoke alarm giveaway program in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Injury Prevention. 2001;7(4):276–81. [PMC free article: PMC1730770] [PubMed: 11770651]
361.
Jutkowitz E, Gitlin LN, Pizzi LT, Lee E, Dennis MP. Cost effectiveness of a home-based intervention that helps functionally vulnerable older adults age in place at home. Journal of Aging Research. 2012;680265. [PMC free article: PMC3157760] [PubMed: 21876812]
362.
Salkeld G, Cumming RG, O’Neill E, Thomas M, Szonyi G, Westbury C. The cost effectiveness of a home hazard reduction program to reduce falls among older persons. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2000;24(3):265–71. [PubMed: 10937402]
363.
Church J, Goodall S, Norman R, Haas M. The cost-effectiveness of falls prevention interventions for older community-dwelling Australians. Australia & New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 2012;36(3):241–8. [PubMed: 22672030]
364.
Frick KD, Kung JY, Parrish JM, Narrett MJ. Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of fall prevention programs that reduce fall-related hip fractures in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2010;58(1):136–41. [PubMed: 20122044]
365.
Ling C, Henderson S, Henderson R, Henderson M, Pedro T, Pang L. Cost benefit considerations of preventing elderly falls through environmental modifications to homes in Hana, Maui. Hawaii Medical Journal. 2008;67(3):65–8. [PubMed: 18512663]
366.
Kochera A. Falls among older persons and the role of the home: an analysis of cost, incidence, and potential savings from home modification. Washington (DC): AARP Public Policy Institute; 2002. [PubMed: 12026938]
367.
Towards a common language for functioning, disability and health: the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
368.
World report on disability. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
369.
World population ageing 2015. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division; 2015.
370.
The rights to adequate housing and the right to water: a need for further development. COHRE’s comments on the draft convention text produced by the Working Group for the United Nations Ad Hoc Committee on a Comprehensive and Integral International Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities. Geneva: Centre of Housing Rights and Evictions; 2004.
371.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York: United Nations; 2006. [PubMed: 29885750]
372.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
373.
Saville-Smith K, Saville J. Getting accessible housing: practical approaches to encouraging industry take-up and meeting need. Report prepared for the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. Wellington: Centre for Research, Evaluation and Social Assessment; 2012.
374.
Ubani O, Madumere K, Nkeiruka Ugwu L. Accessibility and housing needs of paraplegics in Enugu City, Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research. 2013;3(1):17–25.
375.
Smith SK, Rayer S, Smith EA. Aging and disability: implications for the housing industry and housing policy in the United States. Journal of the American Planning Association. 2008;74(3):289–306.
376.
Close J, Ellis M, Hooper R, Glucksman E, Jackson S, Swift C. Prevention of falls in the elderly trial (PROFET): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9147):93–7. [PubMed: 10023893]
377.
Whiteford G. Occupational deprivation: global challenge in the new millennium. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2000;63(5):200–4.
378.
Stanley K, Smith SR, Eleanor Smith, Zhenglian Wang, Yi Zeng. Population aging, disability and housing accessibility: implications for sub-national areas in the United States. Housing Studies. 2012;27:2:252–66.
379.
Gitlin LN, Hodgson N, Piersol CV, Hess E, Hauck WW. Correlates of quality of life for individuals with dementia living at home: the role of home environment, caregiver, and patient-related characteristics. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2014;22(6):587–97. [PMC free article: PMC4091677] [PubMed: 23890928]
380.
Petersson I, Lilja M, Hammel J, Kottorp A. Impact of home modification services on ability in everyday life for people ageing with disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2008;40(4):253–60. [PubMed: 18382820]
381.
Petersson I, Kottorp A, Bergström J, Lilja M. Longitudinal changes in everyday life after home modifications for people aging with disabilities. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2009;16(2):78–87. [PubMed: 18821447]
382.
Gitlin LN, Hauck WW, Winter L, Dennis MP, Schulz R. Effect of an in-home occupational and physical therapy intervention on reducing mortality in functionally vulnerable older people: preliminary findings. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2006;54(6):950–5. [PubMed: 16776791]
383.
Stineman MG, Ross RN, Maislin G, Gray D. Population-based study of home accessibility features and the activities of daily living: clinical and policy implications. Disability & Rehabilitation. 2007;29(15):1165–75. [PubMed: 17653990]
384.
Brunnström G, Sörensen S, Alsterstad K, Sjöstrand J. Quality of light and quality of life – the effect of lighting adaptation among people with low vision. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. 2004;24(4):274–80. [PubMed: 15228504]
385.
Fänge A, Iwarsson S. Changes in accessibility and usability in housing: an exploration of the housing adaptation process. Occupational Therapy International. 2005;12(1):44–59. [PubMed: 15962699]
386.
Gitlin LN. Testing home modification interventions: issues of theory, measurement, design, and implementation. Annual Review of Gerontology & Geriatrics 1998;18(1):190–246.
387.
Edgren J, Salpakoski A, Sihvonen SE, Portegijs E, Kallinen M, Arkela M, et al. Effects of a home-based physical rehabilitation program on physical disability after hip fracture: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2015;16(4):350.e1–7. [PubMed: 25687927]
388.
Tongsiri S, Ploylearmsang C, Hawsutisima K, Riewpaiboon W, Tangcharoensathien V. Modifying homes for persons with physical disabilities in Thailand. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2017;95(2):140–5. [PMC free article: PMC5327935] [PubMed: 28250515]
389.
Slaug B, Chiatti C, Oswald F, Kaspar R, Schmidt SM. Improved housing accessibility for older People in Sweden and Germany: short term costs and long-term gains. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health. 2017;14(9). [PMC free article: PMC5615501] [PubMed: 28846592]
390.
Tchalla AE, Lachal F, Cardinaud N, Saulnier I, Bhalla D, Roquejoffre A, et al. Efficacy of simple home-based technologies combined with a monitoring assistive center in decreasing falls in a frail elderly population (results of the Esoppe study). Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics. 2012;55(3):683–9. [PubMed: 22743136]
391.
Gitlin LN, Hauck WW, Dennis MP, Winter L, Hodgson N, Schinfeld S. Long-term effect on mortality of a home intervention that reduces functional difficulties in older adults: results from a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2009;57(3):476–81. [PMC free article: PMC2712136] [PubMed: 19187417]
392.
Ahmad J, Shakil-ur-Rehman S, Sibtain F. Effectiveness of home modification on quality of life on wheel chair user paraplegic population. Rawal Medical Journal. 2013;38(3):263–5.
393.
Heywood F. The health outcomes of housing adaptations. Disability & Society. 2004;19(2):129–43.
394.
Carlsson G, Nilsson MH, Ekstam L, Chiatti C, Malmgren Fange A. Falls and fear of falling among persons who receive housing adaptations: results from a quasi-experimental study in Sweden. Healthcare (Basel). 2017;5(4). [PMC free article: PMC5746700] [PubMed: 28961158]
395.
Norin L, Slaug B, Haak M, Jorgensen S, Lexell J, Iwarsson S. Housing accessibility and its associations with participation among older adults living with long-standing spinal cord injury. Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2017;40(2):230–40. [PMC free article: PMC5430481] [PubMed: 27636356]
396.
Rashbrooke G. Economic effects of utilizing Lifemark at a national level. Wellington: Ministry of Social Development; 2009.
397.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Disability of the Commission for Social Development 2006. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2006.
398.
ISO 21542:2011 – Building construction – Accessibility and usability of the built environment. International Organization for Standardization; 2011–12.
399.
Community-based rehabilitation guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
400.
The enabling environment for housing finance in Kenya. Washington (DC): Cities Alliance; 2003.
401.
Livable housing design guidelines. Sydney: Liveable Housing Australia; 2012.
402.
Priestley M. National accessibility requirements and standards for products and services in the European single market: overview and examples. Academic Network of European Disability experts; 2013.
403.
Guidelines for drinking-water quality (fourth edition). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. [PubMed: 28759192]
404.
General comment No. 15: The Right to Water (Arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant) E/C.12/2002/11. 20 January 2003. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights; 2003.
405.
Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene. 2017 update and SDG baseline. Geneva: World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund; 2017.
406.
Bain R, Cronk R, Hossain R, Bonjour S, Onda K, Wright J, et al. Global assessment of exposure to faecal contamination through drinking water based on a systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2014;19(8):917–27. [PMC free article: PMC4255778] [PubMed: 24811893]
407.
OECD Environmental outlook to 2050: the consequences of inaction Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development; 2012.
408.
Factsheet: drinking-water. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
409.
Guidelines for drinking-water quality (fourth edition). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. [PubMed: 28759192]
410.
Guidelines for drinking-water quality (fourth edition incorporating the first addendum). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. [PubMed: 28759192]
411.
Health aspects of plumbing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.
412.
Roberts L, Chartier Y, Chartier O, Malenga G, Toole M, Rodka H. Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: a randomized intervention trial. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001;79(4):280–7. [PMC free article: PMC2566389] [PubMed: 11357205]
413.
Ercumen A, Arnold B, Kumpel E, et al. Upgrading a piped water supply from intermittent to continuous delivery and association with waterborne illness: a matched cohort study in urban India. PLOS Medicine. 2018;12(10):e1001892. [PMC free article: PMC4624240] [PubMed: 26505897]
414.
Results of round I of the WHO International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
415.
Managing water in the home: accelerated health gains from improved water supply. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
416.
Technical notes on drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene in emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
417.
Evaluating household water treatment options: health-based targets and microbiological performance specifications. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
418.
International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
419.
Household air pollution and health [website]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (http://www​.who.int/en​/news-room/fact-sheets​/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health, accessed 30 August 2018).
420.
WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: household fuel combustion: World Health Organization; 2014. [PubMed: 25577935]
421.
WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2010. [PubMed: 23741784]
422.
WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2009. [PubMed: 23785740]
423.
Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health [website]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (http://www​.who.int/news-room​/fact-sheets​/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health, accessed 26 August 2018).
424.
Burning opportunity: clean household energy for health, sustainable development, and wellbeing of women and children. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
425.
Second-hand tobacco smoke [website]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (http://www​.who.int/tobacco​/research/secondhand_smoke/en/, accessed 26 August 2018).
426.
Öberg M, Woodward A, Jaakkola MS, Peruga A, Prüss-Ustün A. Global estimate of the burden of disease from second-hand smoke. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
427.
Burden of disease from environmental noise: quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
428.
Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, et al. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. Lancet. 2014;383(9925):1325–32. [PMC free article: PMC3988259] [PubMed: 24183105]
429.
Chrysotile asbestos. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
430.
Nielsen LS, Bælum J, Rasmussen J, Dahl S, Olsen KE, Albin M, et al. Occupational asbestos exposure and lung cancer – a systematic review of the literature. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2014;69(4):191–206. [PubMed: 24410115]
431.
Goswami E, Craven V, Dahlstrom DL, Alexander D, Mowat F. Domestic asbestos exposure: a review of epidemiologic and exposure data. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health. 2013;10(11):5629–70. [PMC free article: PMC3863863] [PubMed: 24185840]
432.
Asbestos. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012.
433.
Concha-Barrientos M, Nelson DI, Driscoll T, Steenland NK, Punnett L, Fingerhut M, et al. Selected occupational risk factors. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors Geneva: World Health Organization. 2004:1651–801.
434.
Asbestos: elimination of asbestos-related diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
435.
Factsheet: lead poisoning and health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
436.
Nussbaumer-Streit B, Yeoh B, Griebler U, Pfadenhauer LM, Busert LK, Lhachimi SK, et al. Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016(10). [PMC free article: PMC6461195] [PubMed: 27744650]
437.
Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK, Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease – a systematic review. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007;115:472–82. [PMC free article: PMC1849948] [PubMed: 17431501]
438.
Global lead exposure. In: GBD Compare [website]. Seattle (WA): Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2016 (http://vizhub​.healthdata.org/gbd-compare, accessed 26 August 2018).
439.
Ekong EB, Jaar B, Weaver V. Lead-related nephrotoxicity: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Kidney International. 2006;70(12):2074–84. [PubMed: 17063179]
440.
Muntner P, He J, Vupputuri S, Coresh J, Batuman V. Blood lead and chronic kidney disease in the general United States population: results from NHANES III. Kidney International. 2003;63(3):1044–50. [PubMed: 12631086]
441.
Patrick L. Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment. Alternative Medicine Review 2. 2006;11(1):2–22. [PubMed: 16597190]
442.
Grandjean P, Landrigan PJ. Neurobehavioural effects of developmental toxicity. Lancet Neurology. 2014;13(3):330–8. [PMC free article: PMC4418502] [PubMed: 24556010]
443.
Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Koury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children’s intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2005;113(7):894–9. [PMC free article: PMC1257652] [PubMed: 16002379]
444.
Bellinger DC. Lead. Pediatrics. 2004;113(4):1016–22. [PubMed: 15060194]
445.
Protection of the public against exposure indoors due to radon and other natural sources of radiation. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Association/World Health Organization; 2015.
446.
Clero E, Marie CL, Challeton-De Vathaire C, Laurier D, Rannou A. Evaluation des risques sanitaires induits par le radon pour les occupants d’une maison construite sur des résidus de minerais d’uranium [Assessment of radon-induced health risk for occupants of a house built on uranium ore residue]. Revue d’Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique. 2016. [PubMed: 27594696]
447.
Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9589):2224–60. [PMC free article: PMC4156511] [PubMed: 23245609]
448.
Braubach M, Jacobs DE, Ormandy D. Environmental burden of disease associated with inadequate housing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
449.
Pfadenhauer LM, Gerhardus A, Mozygemba K, Lysdahl KB, Booth A, Hofmann B, et al. Making sense of complexity in context and implementation: the Context and Implementation of Complex Interventions (CICI) framework. Implementation Science. 2017;12(1):21. [PMC free article: PMC5312531] [PubMed: 28202031]
450.
Figueras J, McKee M, editors. Health systems, health, wealth and societal well-being: assessing the case for investing in health systems. Maidenhead, United Kingdom: Open University Press; 2012.
451.
Jackson G, Thornley S, Woolston J, Papa D, Bernacchi A, Moore T. Reduced acute hospitalisation with the healthy housing programme. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2011;65(7):588–93. [PubMed: 21282140]
452.
Takaro TK, Krieger J, Song L, Sharify D, Beaudet N. The breathe-easy home: the impact of asthma-friendly home construction on clinical outcomes and trigger exposure. American Journal of Public Health. 2011;101(1):55–62. [PMC free article: PMC3000722] [PubMed: 21148715]
453.
Galiani S, Gertler PJ, Undurraga R, Cooper R, Martínez S, Ross A. Shelter from the storm: upgrading housing infrastructure in Latin American slums. Journal of Urban Economics. 2017;98:187–213.
454.
Sundell J, Levin H, Nazaroff WW, Cain WS, Fisk WJ, Grimsrud DT, et al. Ventilation rates and health: multidisciplinary review of the scientific literature. Indoor Air. 2011;21(3):191–204. [PubMed: 21204989]
455.
Beck AF, Huang B, Chundur R, Kahn RS. Housing code violation density associated with emergency department and hospital use by children with asthma. Health Affairs (Project Hope). 2014;33(11):1993–2002. [PMC free article: PMC4458371] [PubMed: 25367995]
456.
Krieger J, Jacobs D. Healthy housing. In: Dannenberg AL, Frumkin H, Jackson RJ, editors. Making healthy places: designing and building for health, well-being, and sustainability. Washington (DC): Island Press; 2011.
457.
Rozendaal JA. Vecto control: methods for use by individuals and communities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.
458.
Stranden E, Kolstad AK, Lind B. The influence of moisture and temperature on radon exhalation. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 1984;7(1–4):55–8.
459.
Brown MJ. Costs and benefits of enforcing housing policies to prevent childhood lead poisoning. Medical Decision Making. 2002;22(6):482–92. [PubMed: 12458978]
460.
Dixon SL, Jacobs DE, Wilson JW, Akoto JY, Nevin R, Scott Clark C. Window replacement and residential lead paint hazard control 12 years later. Environmental Research. 2012;113:14–20. [PubMed: 22325333]
461.
Gould E. Childhood lead poisoning: conservative estimates of the social and economic benefits of lead hazard control. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009;117(7):1162–7. [PMC free article: PMC2717145] [PubMed: 19654928]
462.
Nevin R, Jacobs DE, Berg M, Cohen J. Monetary benefits of preventing childhood lead poisoning with lead-safe window replacement. Environmental Research. 2008;106(3):410–9. [PubMed: 17961540]
463.
Pichery C, Bellanger M, Zmirou-Navier D, Glorennec P, Hartemann P, Grandjean P. Childhood lead exposure in France: benefit estimation and partial cost-benefit analysis of lead hazard control. Environmental Health. 2011;10:44. [PMC free article: PMC3123267] [PubMed: 21599937]
464.
Chapman R, Howden-Chapman P, Viggers H, O’Dea D, Kennedy M. Retrofitting houses with insulation: a cost–benefit analysis of a randomised community trial. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 2009;63(4):271–7. [PubMed: 19299400]
465.
Levy JI, Nishioka Y, Spengler JD. The public health benefits of insulation retrofits in existing housing in the United States. Environmental Health. 2003;2(1):4. [PMC free article: PMC155901] [PubMed: 12740041]
466.
Hutton G, Haller L, Bartram J. Global cost-benefit analysis of water supply and sanitation interventions. Journal of Water Health. 2007;5(4):481–502. [PubMed: 17878562]
467.
Aiga H, Umenai T. Impact of improvement of water supply on household economy in a squatter area of Manila. Social Science & Medicine. 2002;55(4):627–41. [PubMed: 12188468]
468.
Cattaneo MD, Galiano S, Gertler PJ, Martinez S, Titiunik R. Housing, health, and happiness. Policy, research working paper 4214. Washington, (DC): World Bank; 2007.
469.
Nurmagambetov TA, Barnett SB, Jacob V, Chattopadhyay SK, Hopkins DP, Crocker DD, et al. Economic value of home-based, multi-trigger, multicomponent interventions with an environmental focus for reducing asthma morbidity: a community guide systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2011;41(2 Suppl 1):S33–47. [PubMed: 21767734]
470.
Campbell JD, Brooks M, Hosokawa P, Robinson J, Song L, Krieger J. Community health worker home visits for Medicaid-enrolled children with asthma: effects on asthma outcomes and costs. American Journal of Public Health. 2015;105(11):2366–72. [PMC free article: PMC4605150] [PubMed: 26270287]
471.
Woods ER, Bhaumik U, Sommer SJ, Ziniel SI, Kessler AJ, Chan E, et al. Community asthma initiative: evaluation of a quality improvement program for comprehensive asthma care. Pediatrics. 2012;129(3):465–72. [PubMed: 22351890]
472.
Bhaumik U, Norris K, Charron G, Walker SP, Sommer SJ, Chan E, et al. A cost analysis for a community-based case management intervention program for pediatric asthma. Journal of Asthma. 2013;50(3):310–7. [PubMed: 23311526]
473.
Eurofound. Inadequate housing in Europe: costs and consequences. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2016.
474.
Waters SF, Boyce WT, Eskenazi B, Alkon A. The impact of maternal depression and overcrowded housing on associations between autonomic nervous system reactivity and externalizing behavior problems in vulnerable Latino children. Psychophysiol. 2016; 53(1): 97–104. [PMC free article: PMC4685726] [PubMed: 26681621]
475.
Perry S, de la Luz Sanchez M, Hurst PK, Parsonnet J. Household Transmission of Gastroenteritis. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2005; 11:1093–1096. [PMC free article: PMC3371819] [PubMed: 16022787]
476.
Asamoah B, Kjellstrom T, Östergren PO. Is ambient heat exposure levels associated with miscarriage or stillbirths in hot regions? A cross-sectional study using survey data from the Ghana Maternal Health Survey 2007. Int J Biometeorol 2018; 62: 319–30. [PMC free article: PMC5854714] [PubMed: 28748383]
© World Health Organization 2018.

Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see http://apps.who.int/bookorders. To submit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see http://www.who.int/about/licensing.

Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).

Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided the work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original English edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”.

Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Bookshelf ID: NBK535280

Views

Related information

  • PMC
    PubMed Central citations
  • PubMed
    Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...