Anatomy, Head and Neck, Coronal Suture

Introduction

Cranial sutures are syndesmosis between the cranial bones. A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint between 2 bones. The coronal suture is oblique in direction and extends between the frontal and the parietal bones (see Image. Coronal Suture). The term is derived from the Latin word "corona" and the Ancient Greek word "korone," both translating to “garland” or “crown,” referring to the anatomical location where a crown would be placed. It is one of the four major skull sutures alongside the metopic (also known as a frontal suture), sagittal, and lambdoid sutures (see Image. Coronal Suture, Labeled).

The coronal suture extends cephalad (toward the apex of the skull) and meets the sagittal suture. This point is called the "bregma" and indicates the position of the anterior fontanel. The coronal suture extends caudal (toward the base of the skull) to the pterion. The pterion is the area where four bones, the parietal and frontal bones, the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and the squamous part of the temporal approach each other. Several minor sutures, such as the sphenoparietal suture, sphenosquamous suture, and sphenofrontal suture, are at the pterion. The pterion is deemed the skull's weakest part.[1]

Structure and Function

The coronal suture is a dense and fibrous association of connection tissue located between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the sutures decrease in size (molding) and make the skull smaller. In children, the suture enables the skull to expand with the rapidly growing brain. The suture will close and fuse around age 24. The coronal suture is one of the three sutures whose juncture forms the anterior fontanelle. This fontanelle originates at the intersection of the frontal suture, the coronal suture, and the sagittal suture. This fontanelle is open at birth and generally fuses around 18 to 24 months after birth.

Embryology

The coronal suture, sclerotome, myotome, syndotome, dermatome, and endothelial cells are all derived from the paraxial mesoderm.

Blood Supply and Lymphatics

Due to the fibrous-like nature of the tissue, the coronal suture lacks significant blood supply, deriving its needs from microvasculature in surrounding tissues. However, the coronal suture protects an important blood supply to other tissues: the middle meningeal artery. While there is minor anatomical variation, the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery crosses the squamous suture as it intersects the coronal suture at the pterion. Trauma to this location is worrisome for an injury to the middle meningeal artery or one of its branches, which can secondarily result in an epidural hematoma.

Muscles

The coronal suture does not serve as a marker for any specific muscle groups; however, it is overlaid laterally by the temporalis muscle and superiorly by the epicranial aponeurotica.

Physiologic Variants

Wormian bones are accessory bones within a suture, most commonly in the posteriorly positioned sutures. They are considered normal variants, but the presence of multiple wormian bones may indicate an underlying pathologic process.

Surgical Considerations

Craniosynostosis is a condition where the sutures prematurely close. The condition is known as anterior plagiocephaly when the coronal suture closes prematurely. When the lambdoidal suture closes prematurely, the condition is called posterior plagiocephaly. This term arises from the ancient Greek word “plagios,” meaning oblique or slanting. The premature closure of the sutures may occur unilaterally or bilaterally. Premature fusion of one of the coronal sutures may cause the skull to flatten on the affected side. This may lead to the superior orbital rim deviation on the affected side. Radiographs of the skull may reveal the “harlequin eye deformity.”[2] This description is based on the eyes having exaggerated superior orbital margins. When both sides are prematurely closed, the head will appear short and wide. Craniosynostosis can cause problems with brain growth and head shape. The child’s physician will determine specific treatment; however, surgery is often recommended.[3] This premature closure of the coronal or lambdoidal suture must be differentiated from positional plagiocephaly resulting from external forces such as lying in one position for too long.[4] This type of plagiocephaly does not possess underlying suture dysfunction.[4]

Clinical Significance

The anterior fontanelle is found at the sagittal, coronal, and frontal suture intersection; this is the largest fontanelle of the skull, rhomboid-shaped, and measures approximately 4 cm anterior-posterior and 2.5 cm transverse. The anterior fontanelle closes between 12 and 18 months. The median age of closure is 13.8 months. The anterior fontanelle can provide clinical information, such as a sunken anterior fontanelle indicating dehydration. Bulging anterior fontanelle may indicate increased intracranial pressure or meningitis. Anterior fontanelle closure delay is seen in several conditions, most notably achondroplasia, Down syndrome, and congenital hypothyroidism. The average age of coronal suture closure is 24 years; however, numerous diseases and factors may cause the dysfunction of a suture. The most common dysfunction is early closure or abnormal closure of a suture or group of skull sutures. Premature ossification of the sutures is referred to as craniosynostosis. Depending on which suture or combination of sutures have fused, several types of craniosynostosis can develop.

Other Issues

Trauma to the coronal suture may present in various manners, from lateral blows to the head to falls and superior impacts. Trauma to the region of the coronal suture and pterion is of great concern as both displaced cranial fractures and non-displaced fractures may result in an injury to the middle meningeal artery or one of its branches.[5][6][7] The anterior division of the middle meningeal arch crosses or runs parallel to the coronal suture rising above the pterion. Trauma to this location is concerning for a life-threatening epidural hematoma, a bleed located between the dura mater (outer membrane covering the brain) and the inner table of the skull. An epidural hematoma may present with a “lucid interval,” during which the patient may display minimal symptoms. Diagnosis typically involves a head computed tomography scan (CT) or brain magnetic resonance image (MRI). Imaging will most often reveal a convex hematoma along the inner table of the skull. The convex shape of the epidural hematoma is formed by the pressure required to strip the dura mater from the skull's inner table. This type of hematoma often requires neurosurgical consultation and intervention due to the arterial etiology.

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References

1.

Anderson BW, Kortz MW, Black AC, Al Kharazi KA. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): Nov 9, 2023. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Skull. [PubMed: 29763009]

2.

Schweitzer T, Kunz F, Meyer-Marcotty P, Müller-Richter UD, Böhm H, Wirth C, Ernestus RI, Linz C. Diagnostic features of prematurely fused cranial sutures on plain skull X-rays. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015 Nov;31(11):2071-80. [PubMed: 26298825]

3.

Runyan CM, Xu M D W, Alperovich M, Massie M D JP, Paek G, Cohen BA, Staffenberg DA, Flores RL, Taylor JA. Minor Suture Fusion in Syndromic Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Sep;140(3):434e-445e. [PubMed: 28574949]

4.

Ballardini E, Sisti M, Basaglia N, Benedetto M, Baldan A, Borgna-Pignatti C, Garani G. Prevalence and characteristics of positional plagiocephaly in healthy full-term infants at 8-12 weeks of life. Eur J Pediatr. 2018 Oct;177(10):1547-1554. [PubMed: 30030600]

5.

Bennett KG, Hespe GE, Vercler CJ, Buchman SR. Short- and Long-Term Outcomes by Procedure Type for Nonsagittal Single-Suture Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2019 Mar/Apr;30(2):458-464. [PMC free article: PMC6541498] [PubMed: 30640851]

6.

Hassanpour SE, Abbasnezhad M, Alizadeh Otaghvar H, Tizmaghz A. Surgical Correction of Unicoronal Craniosynostosis with Frontal Bone Symmetrization and Staggered Osteotomies. Plast Surg Int. 2018;2018:3793592. [PMC free article: PMC6231357] [PubMed: 30510799]

7.

Yang T. Traumatic nondisplaced coronal suture fracture causing delayed intracranial hemorrhage in a pediatric patient. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017 Jul;20(1):77-80. [PubMed: 28452656]

Disclosure: William Russell declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Mark Russell declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.