Openness and sharing of information are fundamental to the progress of science and to the effective functioning of the research enterprise. The advent of scientific journals in the 17th century helped power the Scientific Revolution by allowing researchers to communicate across time and space, using the technologies of that era to generate reliable knowledge more quickly and efficiently. Harnessing today's stunning, ongoing advances in information technologies, the global research enterprise and its stakeholders are moving toward a new open science ecosystem. Open science aims to ensure the free availability and usability of scholarly publications, the data that result from scholarly research, and the methodologies, including code or algorithms, that were used to generate those data.

Open Science by Design is aimed at overcoming barriers and moving toward open science as the default approach across the research enterprise. This report explores specific examples of open science and discusses a range of challenges, focusing on stakeholder perspectives. It is meant to provide guidance to the research enterprise and its stakeholders as they build strategies for achieving open science and take the next steps.

Contents

• The National Academies of SCIENCES • ENGINEERING • MEDICINE
• COMMITTEE ON TOWARD AN OPEN SCIENCE ENTERPRISE
• BOARD ON RESEARCH DATA AND INFORMATION
• Preface
• Abbreviations and Acronyms
• Summary
  • BENEFITS AND MOTIVATIONS
  • BARRIERS AND LIMITATIONS
  • ABOUT THE STUDY
  • AN INFLECTION POINT
  • OPEN SCIENCE BY DESIGN
  • ACCELERATING PROGRESS
• 1. Introduction
  • CONTEXT FOR THE STUDY
  • STUDY PROCESS
  • STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
• 2. Broadening Access to the Results of Scientific Research
  • SUMMARY POINTS
  • ORIGINS AND SIGNIFICANCE OF OPEN SCIENCE
  • MOTIVATIONS FOR OPEN SCIENCE
  • BARRIERS TO OPEN SCIENCE
• 3. The State of Open Science
  • SUMMARY POINTS
  • GENERAL STATE OF OPEN SCIENCE
  • CURRENT APPROACHES TO OPEN SCIENCE
• 4. A Vision for Open Science by Design
  • SUMMARY POINTS
  • PRINCIPLES OF OPEN SCIENCE BY DESIGN
  • PRACTICING OPEN SCIENCE BY DESIGN
  • ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR OPEN SCIENCE BY DESIGN
  • STRENGTHENING TRAINING FOR OPEN SCIENCE BY DESIGN
  • OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
• 5. Transitioning to Open Science by Design
  • SUMMARY POINTS
  • BARRIERS AND LIMITATIONS
  • LEGAL FRAMEWORK
  • RESEARCH FUNDER POLICIES
  • STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVING OPEN SCIENCE BY DESIGN
• 6. Accelerating Progress to Open Science by Design
  • RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
  • FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS
• References
• APPENDIXES
  • Appendix A. Committee Member Biographies
  • Appendix B. Glossary
  • Appendix C. Office of Science and Technology Policy 2013 Memorandum: Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research
  • Appendix D. Office of Science and Technology Policy 2014 Memorandum: Improving the Management of and Access to Scientific Collections
  • Appendix E. Committee Meeting Agendas

Suggested citation:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Open Science by Design: Realizing a Vision for 21st Century Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/25116.