Cardiovascular, respiratory, and related conditions cause more than 40 percent of all deaths globally, and their substantial burden is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Their burden extends well beyond health effects to include significant economic and societal consequences. Most of these conditions are related, share risk factors, and have common control measures at the clinical, population, and policy levels. Lives can be extended and improved when these diseases are prevented, detected, and managed.

This volume summarizes current knowledge and presents evidence-based interventions that are effective, cost-effective, and scalable in LMICs.

Contents

• Disease Control Priorities • Third Edition
• Disease Control Priorities
• Foreword
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• 1. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Related Disorders: Key Messages and Essential Interventions to Address Their Burden in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
  Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Shuchi Anand, David A Watkins, Thomas A Gaziano, Yangfeng Wu, Jean-Claude Mbanya, and Rachel Nugent.
  • Introduction
  • High Risk for Death, Disability, and Impoverishment
  • Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Prevention and Treatment Interventions for CVRDS
  • Pathways to Addressing CVRDS in LMICS
  • Central Role for Primary Care Centers
  • Measuring the Benefits from Universal Health Care for CVRDS
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • Annex
  • Note
  • References
• 2. Relationships among Major Risk Factors and the Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes, and Chronic Lung Disease
  Vamadevan S Ajay, David A Watkins, and Dorairaj Prabhakaran.
  • Introduction
  • Trends in CVRD Mortality and Morbidity
  • Specific CVRDS
  • Relationships Between Risk Exposure and Disease Burden
  • Social and Ecological Determinants of Risk
  • A Framework for Addressing the Challenge of CVRDS
  • Conclusions
  • Annex
  • Notes
  • References
• 3. Early Origins of Cardiometabolic Disease
  Kalyanaraman Kumaran, Clive Osmond, and Caroline H D Fall.
  • Introduction: Birth Weight and Adult Cardiovascular Disease
  • Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
  • Developmental Origins of Health and Disease
  • Gestational Diabetes, Maternal Obesity, and Fuel-Mediated Teratogenesis
  • Childhood Weight Gain and Growth
  • Other Early Life Exposures
  • Alternative Explanations for Associations Between Size in Early Life and Later Health
  • Evidence from Intervention Studies
  • Public Health Implications
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
• 4. Tobacco and Cardiovascular Disease: A Summary of Evidence
  Ambuj Roy, Ishita Rawal, Samer Jabbour, and Dorairaj Prabhakaran.
  • Introduction
  • Tobacco Use and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
  • Tobacco Use and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
  • Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes and Manifestations of Tobacco Use
  • Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Other Forms of Tobacco Use
  • Socioeconomic Dimensions of Tobacco-Use-Related Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Cardiovascular Benefits of Tobacco Use Cessation
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
• 5. Physical Activity for the Prevention of Cardiometabolic Disease
  Fiona Bull, Shifalika Goenka, Vicki Lambert, and Michael Pratt.
  • Introduction
  • Prevalence and Burden of Physical Inactivity
  • Physical Inactivity and Cardiometabolic Risk
  • Economic Costs of Physical Inactivity
  • Interventions to Increase Population-Level Physical Activity
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions
  • Global Progress in Public Policy
  • Conclusions
  • Annexes
  • Notes
  • References
• 6. Effectiveness of Dietary Policies to Reduce Noncommunicable Diseases
  Ashkan Afshin, Renata Micha, Michael Webb, Simon Capewell, Laurie Whitsel, Adolfo Rubinstein, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Marc Suhrcke, and Dariush Mozaffarian.
  • Introduction
  • Dietary Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases
  • Effectiveness of Population Interventions to Improve Diet
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Population Interventions to Improve Diet
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 7. Obesity Prevention
  Vasanti S Malik and Frank B Hu.
  • Introduction
  • Global Burden of Obesity
  • Risk Factors for Obesity
  • Interventions and Policies for Obesity Prevention and Treatment
  • Cost-Effectiveness for Select Interventions
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
• 8. Ischemic Heart Disease: Cost-Effective Acute Management and Secondary Prevention
  Sagar B Dugani, Andrew E Moran, Robert O Bonow, and Thomas A Gaziano.
  • Introduction
  • Manifestations of Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Global Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Economic Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Interventions
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 9. Stroke
  Lijing L Yan, Chaoyun Li, Jie Chen, Rong Luo, Janet Bettger, Yishan Zhu, Valery Feigin, Martin O’Donnell, J Jaime Miranda, Dong Zhao, and Yangfeng Wu.
  • Introduction
  • Disease Burden
  • Social and Economic Burden
  • Risk Factors
  • Other Risk Factors
  • Prevention and Treatment of Stroke
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Note
  • References
• 10. Heart Failure
  Mark D Huffman, Greg A Roth, Karen Sliwa, Clyde W Yancy, and Dorairaj Prabhakaran.
  • Introduction
  • Causes of Heart Failure
  • Burden of Disease
  • Heart Failure Interventions
  • Health Service Arrangements
  • Cost-Effectiveness and Extended Cost-Effectiveness of Potential Interventions
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 11. Structural Heart Diseases
  David A Watkins, Babar Hasan, Bongani Mayosi, Gene Bukhman, J Antonio Marin-Neto, Anis Rassi Jr, Anis Rassi, and R Krishna Kumar.
  • Introduction
  • Congenital Heart Disease
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease
  • Chagas Heart Disease
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
• 12. Diabetes: An Update on the Pandemic and Potential Solutions
  Mohammed K Ali, Karen R Siegel, Eeshwar Chandrasekar, Nikhil Tandon, Pablo Aschner Montoya, Jean-Claude Mbanya, Juliana Chan, Ping Zhang, and K M Venkat Narayan.
  • Introduction
  • Global Burden
  • Considerations in Lmics
  • Effectiveness of Interventions
  • Translating Evidence Into Action
  • Economic Evaluations of Diabetes Interventions
  • Priority Interventions to Address Diabetes
  • Knowledge Gaps
  • Recommendations
  • Conclusions
  • Annexes
  • Note
  • References
• 13. Kidney Disease
  Shuchi Anand, Bernadette Thomas, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Miguel Riella, Meguid El Nahas, Saraladevi Naicker, and John Dirks.
  • Introduction
  • Acute Kidney Injury
  • Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease
  • Conclusions
  • Annexes
  • Note
  • References
• 14. Peripheral Artery Disease
  Uchechukwu K A Sampson, F Gerald R Fowkes, Nadraj G Naidoo, and Michael H Criqui.
  • Introduction
  • Cause and Diagnosis
  • Epidemiology
  • Effectiveness of Interventions
  • Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 15. Chronic Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases
  Peter Burney, Rogelio Perez-Padilla, Guy Marks, Gary Wong, Eric Bateman, and Deborah Jarvis.
  • Introduction
  • Distribution of Disease, Disease Burden, Risk Factors, and Primary Prevention
  • Primary Prevention of Chronic Lung Diseases
  • Principles Of Care
  • Management of Chronic Lung Diseases
  • Systems and Organization of Care
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 16. Integrated Public Health and Health Service Delivery for Noncommunicable Diseases and Comorbid Infectious Diseases and Mental Health
  Matthew Magee, Mohammed Ali, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, Vamadevan S Ajay, and K M Venkat Narayan.
  • Introduction
  • Global Burden of Coexisting Diabetes with Depression, Tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS
  • Opportunities and Challenges to Integration
  • Case Studies of Successful Models or Models Worthy of Evaluation
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 17. Innovations in Community-Based Health Care for Cardiometabolic and Respiratory Diseases
  Rohina Joshi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Fred Hersch, Mary Beth Weber, Helen McGuire, and Anushka Patel.
  • Introduction
  • Task-Shifting for Cardiometabolic and Respiratory Diseases in Lmics
  • Self-Management: Engaging Patients and Caregivers
  • Conclusions
  • Case Study 17.1: Investigating an Nphw-Led Cardiovascular Disease Risk Management Model in Rural India
  • Case Study 17.2: Investigating a Community-Based Diabetes Care Model: The Mopotsyo Model in Cambodia
  • Annex
  • Notes
  • References
• 18. Quality Improvement in Cardiovascular Disease Care
  Edward S. Lee, Rajesh Vedanthan, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Jemima H Kamano, Preeti Kudesia, Vikram Rajan, Michael Engelgau, and Andrew E Moran.
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • System-Level Interventions
  • Patient-Provider-Level Interventions
  • Conclusions
  • Annex
  • Notes
  • References
• 19. Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions and Policies to Prevent and Treat Cardiovascular and Respiratory Diseases
  Thomas A Gaziano, Marc Suhrcke, Elizabeth Brouwer, Carol Levin, Irina Nikolic, and Rachel Nugent.
  • Introduction
  • Population-Level Interventions and Policy
  • Individual-Level Care and Management of Chronic Disease
  • Costs of Prevention and Treatment of CVRDs in LMICs
  • Critical Research Gaps
  • Conclusions
  • Annex
  • Notes
  • References
• 20. Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analyses of Cardiovascular Risk Factor Reduction Policies
  David A Watkins, Rachel Nugent, and Stéphane Verguet.
  • Introduction
  • Summaries of the ECEAs
  • New Insights From The ECEAs
  • Crosscutting Themes of the ECEAs
  • Limitations and Future Research Topics
  • Conclusions
  • Note
  • References
• 21. Priority-Setting Processes for Expensive Treatments for Chronic Diseases
  Yuna Sakuma, Amanda Glassman, and Claudia Vaca.
  • Introduction
  • Framing the Issues
  • Case Study 1: Type 2 Diabetes
  • Case Study 2: Dialysis in Thailand
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgment
  • Notes
  • References
• 22. Management of Hypertension and Dyslipidemia for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
  Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rajeev Gupta, Churchill Onen, Alma Adler, Thomas A Gaziano, Dorairaj Prabhakaran, and Neil Poulter.
  • Introduction
  • Burden of High Blood Pressure
  • Burden of Hypercholesterolemia
  • Interventions for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
  • Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
  • Research and Development
  • Recommendations for Resource-Poor Settings
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • References
• DCP3 Series Acknowledgments
• Volume and Series Editors
• Contributors
• Advisory Committee to the Editors
• Reviewers
• Policy Forum Participants
• Environmental Benefits Statement

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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Prabhakaran, D., S. Anand, T. A. Gaziano. J.-C. Mbanya, Y. Wu, and R. Nugent. 2017. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Related Disorders. Disease Control Priorities, (third edition), Volume 5. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0518-9. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

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