This volume evaluates the carcinogenic risk to humans posed by the consumption of chlorinated drinking-water, by two chemicals used in the chlorination of drinking-water, by a number of halogenated by-products formed when chlorine interacts with organic matter in water, and by a selection of other halogenated compounds found in drinking-water. Chlorination was selected for evaluation because of its widespread use and because potentially carcinogenic by-products have been measured in chlorinated water. The book also includes a separate monograph on cobalt and cobalt compounds.

The volume opens with a discussion of the many methodological problems that complicate efforts to assess the carcinogenicity of chlorinated water. Against this background, the book evaluates the design and findings of all studies relevant to the carcinogenicity assessment of chlorinated drinking-water, two chemicals (sodium chlorite and hypochlorite salts) used in the chlorination of water, eight of the by-products most frequently measured in drinking-water, and three additional halogenated chemicals detected in drinking-water. Because of the formidable methodological obstacles faced by all investigations, only one of these substances could be classified: bromodichloromethane was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans.

The final monograph considers data on metallic cobalt, cobalt alloys, including cobalt-containing surgical implants and dental devices, and cobalt compounds. In view of the strength of evidence linking cobalt metal powder and cobalt[II] oxide to cancer in experimental animals, cobalt and cobalt compounds were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
• PREAMBLE
• GENERAL REMARKS
• THE MONOGRAPHS
  • Chlorinated drinking-water
    • 1. Description of the Process
    • 2. Occurrence and Analysis of Compounds Formed by the Chlorination of Drinking-water
    • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
    • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
    • 5. References
  • Some Chemicals Used in the Chlorination of Drinking-Water
    • Sodium Chlorite
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
    • Hypochlorite Salts
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
  • Chlorination by-products
    • Bromodichloromethane
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
    • Bromoform
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
    • Chlorodibromomethane
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
    • Halogenated Acetonitriles
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
  • Some other halogenated chemicals
    • Bromoethane
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
    • Chloroethane
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
    • 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
      • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
      • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
      • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
      • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
      • 5. References
  • Cobalt and cobalt compounds
    • 1. Chemical and Physical Data
    • 2. Production, Use, Occurrence and Analysis
    • 3. Biological Data Relevant to the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans
    • 4. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
    • 5. References
• SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
• APPENDIX 1 SUMMARY TABLES OF GENETIC AND RELATED EFFECTS
• APPENDIX 2 ACTIVITY PROFILES FOR GENETIC AND RELATED EFFECTS
• SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1-51
• PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
• IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS

Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php

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