Conclusions FASD is a controversial term referring to several conditions, characterized by a spectrum of symptoms ranging from physical birth defects to neurodevelopmental disorders, which may be caused by the expectant mother consuming alcohol during pregnancy. FASD is not an accepted medical diagnosis in Sweden. However, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is one of several conditions classified as FASD, is a valid medical diagnosis. FAS is characterized by a complex combination of physical, psychological and cognitive anomalies.

• With the exception of FAS, definitions of the FASD-related conditions are still developed through research, and the consequences of applying them in practice for health and social services are not clear. The best course of action is therefore to provide help and support based on the specific needs of the individual and his/her family. It is also important to follow the development of interventions for other disorders with overlapping symptoms, e.g., ADHD, autism or intellectual disability.
• Individuals with symptoms consistent with FASD, and their parents, would like professionals within the healthcare, social services and education systems to have more knowledge about FASD and offer more understanding and support.
• Research is needed that explores whether identifying an FASD-related condition benefits the individual, as is an analysis of the potential risks and costs. Existing studies provide no guidance in selecting the specific forms of interventions that should be offered to children with FASD-related conditions.