| Factor | Brownson et al. (1992a) | Stockwell et al. (1992) | Liu et al. (1993) | Fontham et al. (1994) | Wang et al. (1994a) | Kabat et al. (1995) | Cardenas et al. (1997) | Boffetta et al. (1998) | Jöckel et al. (1998) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study design | Population-based, case-control study | Population-based, case-control study | Hospital-based case-control study | Population-based, case-control study | Hospital-based case-control study | Hospital-based case-control study | Propsective Cohort study | Mixed hospital and population-based, case-control study | Population-based, case-control study |
| Country | United States | United States | China | United States | China | United States | United States | 7 European countries | Germany |
| Number of cases (women nonsmokers) | 432 | 210 | 38 | 653 | 55 | 69 | 150 * | 509 | 53 |
| Type of interview | Telephone | In-person, in home 41% of cases 54% of controls Telephone 51% of cases 46% of cases 8% of cases 0.3% of cases | In-person | In-person, in home | In person | In-person, in hospital | Questionnaire self-administred by spouse of nonsmoker | ||
| Respondent type | Cases: 35% self 65% proxy Controls: 100% self | Cases: 33% self 67% proxy Controls: 100% self | Cases 100% self Controls: 100% self | Cases: 63% self 37% proxy Controls: 100% self | Cases 100% self Controls: 100% self | Cases 100% self Controls: 100% self | Cohort: 100% self | Cases 100% self Controls: 100% self | Cases 100% self Controls: 100% self |
| Pathologic confirmation | 100% | 100% | 32% | 100% | 100% | 100% | Death certificate only | 96.5% | 100% |
| Percentage with independent slide review | 76% | Not done | Not done | 85% | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done | Not done |
| Adjusted factors | Age, previous lung disease (dietary beta-carotene and fat also evaluated | Age, race, education | Education, occupation, living area | Age, race, study area, edication, family history of lung cancer, employement in high-risk occupation, dietary cholesterol, fruits, vegetables, supplemental vitamins (previous lung disease, dietary beta- carotena, vitamin C, vitamin E also evaluated) | Name | Age, education, type of hospital | Age, race, education, weekly vegetable and citrus fruit intake, dietary fat, self-reported history of chronic lung disease, occupational exposure to asbestos, blue-collar employement. | Age, interaction between sex and study center | Age, sex, region |
| Estimated relative risk 95% confidence interval) for lung cancer | |||||||||
| ETS exposure through spouse | Ever: 1.1 (0.8-1.3) >40 pack-years ** § 1.3 (1.0-1.7) | Ever: 1.6 (0.8-3.0) | > 20 cigatettes/day:
**
2.9 (1.2-7.3) p for trend =0.03 | Ever: 1.3 (1.04-1.6) > 80 pack-years: ** | Ever: 1.1 (0.6-1.9) > 11 cigarettes/day: ** 1.1 (0.5-2.3) | Ever: 1.2 (0.8-1.6) > 40 cigarettes/day: ** 1.9 (1.0-3.6) p for trend = 0.03 | Ever: 1.1 (0.9-1.4) High (years x hours/day): 1.7 (1.1-2.8) | Ever: 1.1 (0.5-2.3) High: 1.9 (0.5-7.7) | |
| Other measures of ETS exposure | Adult household exposure (>40 pack-years vs. no exposure): 1.3 (1.0-1.8) Childhood exposure to parental smoking: 0.7 (0.5-0.9) Adult workplace exposure (highest quartile): 1.2 (0.9-1.7) | Adult household exposure (> 40 smoke-years >§<§ vs. no exposure): 2.4 (1.1-5.3) Lifetime household exposure (> 40 smoke-years): 2.3 (1.1-4.6) Childhood/adolescent household exposure (> 22 smoke-years): 2.4 (1.1-5.4) Adult workplace exposure: no increased risk (data not shown) Adult social exposure: no increased risk (data not shown) | Childhood household exposure: 0.9 (0.7-1.1) Adult household exposure: Ever, 1.2 (0.96-1.6) High,¶ 1.2 (0.9-1.7) Adult workplace exposure: Ever, 1.4 (1.1-1.7) High, 1.9 (1.2-2.8) Adult societal exposure: Ever, 1.5(1.2-1.9) High, 1.5 (0.9-2.5) | Residential exposure, risk by age at exposure: 0-6 years, 3.6 (1.2-13.3) 7-14 years, 3.4 (1.1-12.7) 15-22 years, 2.4 (0.9-7.3) 23-30 years, 0.9 (0.4-2.3) 31-6 0.9 (0.3-2.5) | Childhood household exposure: Any, 1.6 (0.95-2.8) High, 2.2 (1.1-4.5) Adult household exposure: Any, 0.95 (0.5-1.7) High, 1.1 (0.6-2.3) Adult workplace exposure: Any, 1.2 (0.6-2.1) High, 1.4 (0.6-2.8) | Childhood household exposure Ever, 0.8
(0.6-0.96) High, 1.1 (0.7-1.9) Adult workplace exposure: Ever, 1.2 (0.9-1.5) High (years), 1.2 (0.7-2.3) High (years×hours/ day×level of smokiness), 1.9 (1.1-3.2) | Childhood household exposure: High, 2.0 (0.6-6.8) Adulthood other sources: High, 3.1 (1.1-8.6) Total cumulative exposure: High, 3.2 (1.4-7.3) | ||
| Power to detect relative
risk=1.2 (α=0.05) for ETS exposure through spouse | 24 | 13 | <5 | 34 | <5 | 5 | 15 | <30 | < 5 |
Lung cancer deaths.
Highest level of ETS exposure examined.
Pack-years = number of years of smoking multiplied by the number of packs of cigarettes smoked.
Sum of reported years of exposure to ETS from variety of sources; does not represent years perse, because these exposures may occur concurrently.
>30 years.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
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