| Study | Population | Number of years of follow-up | Outcome | Number of cases | Smoking status | Relative risk (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Omenn et al. 1990 | 5,386 U.S. women Aged >35 years§ | 10 | Death from CHD | NR * ** | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers | 1.7(1.3-2.3) | |||||
| Former smokers Cessation for: | ||||||
| < 1 year | 1.3 (0.96-1.9) | |||||
| 2-9 years | 1.3 (0.9-1.8) | |||||
| 10-19 years | 1.1 (0.7-1.9) | |||||
| > 20 years | 0.9 (0.4-1.8) | |||||
| LaCroix et al. 1991 | 4,469 women Aged > 65 years 3 U.S. communities | 5 | Death from cardiovascular disease | NR >§<§ | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers | 1.7 (1.3-2.4) | |||||
| Former smokers Cessation for: | ||||||
| < 5 years | 1.0 (0.5-2.1) | |||||
| 6-10 years | 1.0 (0.5-2.0) | |||||
| 11-20 years | 0.5 (0.2-1.1) | |||||
| >20 years | 0.8 (0.4-1.4) | |||||
| Kawachi et al. 1994 | 117,006 U.S. women
nurses Aged 30-55 years | 12 | Nonfatal myocardial infarction | 418 166 138 36 22 26 13 41 | Current smokers | 1.0 |
| Never smoked | 0.2 (0.2-0.3) | |||||
| Former smokers Cessation for: | ||||||
| < 2 years | 0.8 (0.5-1.3) | |||||
| 2-4 years | 0.4 (0.3-0.7) | |||||
| 5-9 years | 0.4 (0.2-0.6) | |||||
| 10-14 year | 0.3 (0.1-0.5) | |||||
| > 15 years | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | |||||
| Death from CHD | 123 | Current smokers | 1.0 | |||
| 49 | Never smoked | 0.2 (0.2-0.4) | ||||
| 47 | Former smokers Cessation for: | |||||
| 7 | < 2 years | 1.5 (0.4-5.2) | ||||
| 9 | 2-4 years | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | ||||
| 14 | 5-9 years | 0.7 (0.4-1.4) | ||||
| 4 | 10-14 years | 0.3 (0.1-0.9) | ||||
| 13 | > 15 years | 0.3 (0.2-0.7) | ||||
| Kawachi et al. 1994 (continued) | CHD | 541 | Current smokers | 1.0 | ||
| 215 | Never smoked | 0.2 (0.2-0.3) | ||||
| 185 | Former smokers Cessation for: | |||||
| 43 | <2 years | 0.8 (0.5-1.2) | ||||
| 31 | 2-4 years | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) | ||||
| 40 | 5-9 years | 0.4 (0.3-0.7) | ||||
| 17 | 10-14 years | 0.3 (0.1-0.5) | ||||
| 54 | > 15 years | 0.3 (0.2-0.4) | ||||
| Paganini-Hill and Hsu 1994 | 8,869 women Median age, 73 years U.S. retirement community | 10 | Death from CHD | NR | Never smoked Current smokers Former smokers Cessation for: | 1.0 1.5 (1.1-2.0) |
| < 5 years | 1.3 (0.8-2.0) | |||||
| 6-10 years | 1.4 (0.9-2.2) | |||||
| 11-20 years | 1.5 (1.1-2.0) | |||||
| > 21 years | 1.1 (0.8-1.4) | |||||
| Burns et al. 1997b | 594,551 women Aged >30 years 25 U.S. states | 12 | Death from CHD | NR | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers | 1.4 (1.3-1.5) | |||||
| Former smokers Cessation for¶ : | ||||||
| 2-4 years | 2.2¶¶ | |||||
| 5-9 years | 1.5¶¶ | |||||
| 10-14 years | 1.0¶¶ | |||||
| 15-19 years | 0.8¶¶ | |||||
| 20-24 years | 0.9¶¶ | |||||
| 25-29 years | 1.0¶¶ | |||||
| 30-34 years | 0.6¶¶ | |||||
| 35-39 years | 0.6¶¶ | |||||
| Friedman et al. 1997 | 36,035 U.S. women Aged > 35 years Enrolled in health maintenance organization | 6 | Death from CHD | 134 | Never smoked | 1.0 |
| Current smokers | ||||||
| 7 | < 19 cigarettes/day | 1.4¶¶ | ||||
| 13 | > 20 cigarettes/day | 2.2¶¶ | ||||
| Former smokers Cessation for: | ||||||
| 9 | 2-10 years | 1.4¶¶ | ||||
| 14 | 11-20 years | 1.4¶¶ | ||||
| 12 | >20 years | 1.1¶¶ |
NR = Value not specified in report of study.
392 deaths from CHD among all women (never smokers, current smokers, and former smokers).
75% had coronary artery disease.
729 deaths from cardiovascular disease among men and women.
Data are for white women only; number of black former smokers was insufficient for separate analyses.
95% confidence interval was not reported.
From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women
NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.