Figure 3.3. Age-adjusted total mortality ratios among women (and 95% confidence interval) for current smokers compared with lifelong nonsmokers, prospective studies.

Figure 3.3. Age-adjusted total mortality ratios among women (and 95% confidence interval) for current smokers compared with lifelong nonsmokers, prospective studies

Note: All confidence intervals shown represent 95% except the study in Japan (90%). Age standardized to 1980 U.S. population.

*Data for white women.

ߤData not available to compute 95% confidence intervals.

Sources: British doctors' study:Doll et al. 1980. CPS-I and CPS-II:Thun et al. 1995. Japanese study of 29 health districts:Hirayama 1990. U.S. Nurses' Health Study:Kawachi et al. 1993a, 1997b. Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Study:Friedman et al. 1997. Leisure World Cohort Study:Paganini-Hill and Hsu 1994. Study of three U.S. communities:LaCroix et al. 1991. Framingham study:Shurtleff 1974; Cupples and D'Agostino 1987; Freund et al. 1993. Canadian pensioners' study:Best et al. 1961; Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare 1966. British-Norwegian migrant study:Pearl et al. 1966; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1980. Swedish study:Cederlöf et al. 1975.

From: Chapter 3. Health Consequences of Tobacco Use Among Women

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Women and Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General.
Office on Smoking and Health (US).
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