Cytokine | Source of cytokine | Cytokine receptor | Biologic effects of cytokine |
TNF-alpha | Macrophages, FLS, Endothelial cells | TNFRSF1, TNFRSF2 |
FLS activation and proliferation, resulting in pannus, activation of chondrocytes, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells.
|
IFN-gamma | T cells, NK cells, Macrophages, B cells, Dendritic cells | IFNGR1, IFNGR2 | Activation of antigen-presenting cells by upregulating MHC Class II genes. |
IL-1 | Macrophages, FLS, Chondrocytes | IL-1R1, IL-1R2 | Activates FLS, macrophages, neutrophils, T and B cells, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, promoting TNF-alpha and IL-6 production, PGE2 production, and production of MMPs. |
IL-6 | Macrophages, FLS, T cells, endothelial cells | Heterodimer of IL-6R-alpha and gp 130 | B cell activation and differentiation, Th17 activation and differentiation, osteoclast formation, and stimulates the liver to synthesize acute phase proteins. |
IL-15 | Macrophages, Dendritic cells, endothelial cells, FLS | Heterotrimer of IL-15R-alpha, IL-15R-beta, and gamma-c | Chemotactic and activation factor for T cells induces the production of TNF-alpha, MMP, MCP-1, and IL-8. |
IL-17 | Th17 cells, ILC3 | Hertodimer of IL-17RA and IL-17RB, IL-17C, or IL-17E | Activates and attracts T cells and neutrophils, activates FLS, macrophages, endothelial cells, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes, stimulates the production of TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, chemokines, nitric oxide (NO), PG, GM-CSF, MMPs, promotes RANKL |
IL-18 | Macrophages, Dendritic cells, FLS | Heterodimer of IL-18R-alpha and IL-18R-beta | Stimulates macrophages, T cells, and NK cells to produce TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta, and GM-CSF, which activates neutrophils. |
IL-23 | Macrophages, Dendritic cells, B cells | Heterodimer of IL-23R and IL-23R and IL-12R-beta-1 | Induces differentiation of Th17 cells and osteoclasts, production of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta, and chemokines. |
IL-8 (Chemokine CXCL8) | Macrophages, FLS, endothelial cells | CXCR1, CXCR2 | Chemotactic and activation factors for neutrophils, T cells, and NK cells. |
Other chemokines in the CXC and CC families | Neutrophils, Macrophages, FLS, T cells, etc. | Various CXC and CC receptors | Attracts and promotes activation of neutrophils, macrophages, T cells, FLS, etc. |