This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of some organophosphate pesticides, including diazinon, glyphosate, malathion, parathion, and tetrachlorvinphos.

Diazinon acts on a wide range of insects on crops, gardens, livestock, and pets, but most uses have been restricted in the USA, Canada, and the European Union since the 1980s. Glyphosate is the most heavily used agricultural and residential herbicide in the world, and has been detected in soil, air, surface water, and groundwater, as well as in food. Malathion is one of the oldest and most widely used organophosphate insecticides, and has a broad spectrum of applications in agriculture and public health, notably mosquito control. The insecticide parathion has been largely banned or restricted throughout the world due to toxicity to wildlife and humans. Tetrachlorvinphos is banned in the European Union, but continues to be used in the USA and elsewhere as an insecticide on animals, including in pet flea collars.

The IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of these agents.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• List of Participants
• PREAMBLE
• General Remarks
• MALATHION
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Scope of available epidemiological studies
    • 2.2. Summary of frequently cited epidemiological studies
    • 2.3. Cohort studies
    • 2.4. Case–control studies on lympho-haematopoietic cancers
    • 2.5. Case–control studies on other cancers
    • 2.6. Meta-analysis
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Other Relevant Data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• PARATHION
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Introduction
    • 2.2. Cohort studies
    • 2.3. Case–control studies
    • 2.4. Meta-analyses
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Toxicokinetic data
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• DIAZINON
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Summary of frequently cited epidemiological studies
    • 2.2. Cohort studies
    • 2.3. Case–control studies on lympho-haematopoietic cancers
    • 2.4. Case–control studies on other cancers
    • 2.5. Meta-analysis
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Toxicokinetic data
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• GLYPHOSATE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.0. General discussion of epidemiological studies
    • 2.1. Cohort studies
    • 2.2. Case–control studies on non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukaemia
    • 2.3. Case–control studies on other cancer sites
    • 2.4. Meta-analysis
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Toxicokinetic data
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Cancer susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
    • 6.4. Rationale
  • References
• TETRACHLORVINPHOS
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Summary of frequently cited epidemiological studies
    • 2.2. Cohort studies
    • 2.3. Case–control studies on lympho-haematopoietic cancers
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Toxicokinetic data
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
    • 4.4. Susceptibility
    • 4.5. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of data reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Animal carcinogenicity data
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• ANNEX 1. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL FOR TOXCAST/TOX21
  • References
• List of abbreviations

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 3–10 March 2015

Lyon, France - 2017

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs, and Inclusion, initially by the Unit of Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work, and since 2014 by the European Union Programme for Employment and Social Innovation “EaSI” (2014–2020) (for further information please consult: http://ec.europa.eu/social/easi). Support has also been provided since 1992 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this volume are solely the responsibility of the Working Group and do not necessarily represent the official views of the United States National Cancer Institute, the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, or the European Commission.

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• Online publication, 26 January 2017
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