COMMISSION MEMBERS

Peter Sands, M.P.A. (Chair) is a senior fellow at the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at Harvard Kennedy School. He is also lead non-executive director of the Board of the United Kingdom's Department of Health. Mr. Sands was Group Chief Executive of Standard Chartered Bank from November 2006 to June 2015. He joined the Board of Standard Chartered PLC as Group Finance Director in May 2002. Before his appointment as Group Chief Executive he was responsible for Finance, Strategy, Risk and Technology and Operations. Prior to joining Standard Chartered, Mr. Sands was a director with worldwide consultants McKinsey & Company. He had been with McKinsey since 1988 where he worked extensively in the banking and technology sectors in a wide range of international markets. He was elected a partner in 1996 and became a director in 2000. Prior to joining McKinsey, he worked for the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Mr. Sands graduated from Oxford University and holds a Master's in Public Administration from Harvard University, where he was a Harkness Fellow.

Oyewale Tomori, D.V.M., Ph.D. (Vice Chair) is President of the Nigerian Academy of Science and pioneer Vice-Chancellor of Redeemer's University, Nigeria. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Science of Nigeria, a Fellow of the College of Veterinary Surgeons of Nigeria, Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists of the United Kingdom, and Fellow of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Dr. Tomori received his D.V.M. from the Ahmadu Bello University in 1971 and his Ph.D. in Virology of the University of Ibadan in 1976.

He became the Head of the Department of Virology at the University of Ibadan in 1984, leading research efforts that focused on field and laboratory investigations of viral infections in Nigeria. Dr. Tomori's research interests include a wide range of human viruses, and zoonotic and veterinary viruses including the Yellow fever virus, the Lassa fever virus, the poliomyelitis virus, the measles virus, the Ebola virus and a hitherto unknown virus, the Orungo virus, the properties of which he elucidated, and registered with the International Committee of Virus Taxonomy.

In 1994, he was appointed as the Regional Virologist for the World Health Organization (WHO) Africa Region (AFRO). During a 10-year tenure with WHO-AFRO, he set up the African Regional Polio Laboratory Network, comprised of 16 laboratories, providing diagnostic support to the global polio eradication initiative. The Network was a forerunner of other regional diagnostic laboratory networks for measles, Yellow fever, and other viral hemorrhagic fevers. It was while he was with WHO-AFRO that he participated in the investigation of viral infections, such as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, Yellow fever, and Marburg in various African countries—including Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia, Nigeria, and Uganda.

Dr. Tomori is the recipient of several awards and honors. He was recognized in 1981 by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Certificate for contribution to Lassa fever research, and in 1990 he was the recipient of the Nigerian National Ministry of Science and Technology Merit Award for excellence in medical research. In 2002, he received the Nigerian National Order of Merit (NNOM), the country's highest award for academic and intellectual attainment and national development.

Dr. Tomori has served on several advisory bodies including the Board of the BioVaccines Limited in Nigeria, WHO Eastern Mediterranean Regional Polio Certification Committee and WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE). He currently serves on the Nigerian Expert Review Committee on Polio Eradication and Routine Immunization, WHO Africa Regional Polio Certification Committee, WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research, WHO Polio Research Committee, WHO Group of Experts on Yellow Fever Disease and the International Steering Committee of the International Consortium on Antivirals (ICAV), Canada.

Ximena Aguilera, M.D., is Director of the Centre of Epidemiology and Public Health Policies at the Faculty of Medicine Clínica Alemana–Universidad del Desarrollo in Chile. She was Senior Advisor in Communicable Diseases at the WHO Regional Office for the Americas (2008–2010) where among other duties she coordinated the technical response to the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Previously she was the Chief of Health Planning Division at the Ministry of Health in Chile (2005–2008) and Head of the Department of Epidemiology at the same institution (1999–2005). Dr. Aguilera was the Chilean representative during the negotiations on the revision of the International Health Regulations (IHR), and official delegate for Asia-Pacific Economic Forum Health Working Group, and for Mercosur sub-working group on health. In addition, she was primarily responsible for pandemic preparedness and for the implementation of the IHR (2005) at the Ministry of Health of Chile. Dr. Aguilera has worked as consultant for the WHO Regional Office for the Americas, the United Nations Development Fund, the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank in several countries in Latin America and participated in the WHO mission in response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in China (2003). She has been a member of the Advisory Committee of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network of WHO.

Irene Akua Agyepong, Dr.P.H., MBChB, M.P.H., FGCPS, is a public health physician from Ghana employed by the Ghana Health Service. She has also taught and supervised students part time in the University of Ghana School of Public Health since its inception in 2004. In 2012, the Ghana Health Service seconded her full time to the Department of Health Policy, Planning, and Management of the University of Ghana's School of Public Health. Prior to this she was Regional Director of Health Services in the Ghana Health Service Greater Accra region from 2004 to 2012, and before that District Director of Health for the Dangme West district. She was Professor to the Prince Claus Chair in Development and Equity from 2008 to 2010 at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, based in the Julius Center of the University Medical Center. She was chair of the 11-member Board of Health Systems Global, an international membership society for the promotion and development of the field of health policy and systems research globally from 2012 to 2014. She has been a member (since 2006) and Chair (2009–2013) of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee of the Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research.

Dr. Agyepong has an MBChB from the University of Ghana Medical School, a Master's of Public Health from the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Part I of the West Africa College of Physicians and Surgeons in Public Health, and a Doctorate in Public Health from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Public Health. She is a Foundation Fellow of the Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Yvette Chesson-Wureh, J.D., obtained a Juris Doctorate law degree with honors from the North Carolina Central University (NCCU) School of Law where she was also featured in “Who's Who in American Law Schools” 1988 Edition. She is a recipient of several awards and certifications including a certificate in Mediation/Arbitration from Bowie State University. A member of several professional associations both in the United States and Liberia, Dr. Chesson-Wureh is a member of the United States Supreme Court Bar, The U.S. Federal District Bar, The Association of Female Lawyers of Liberia (AFELL) where she serves on the Board, and a current member of the Board of Tax Appeals of Liberia, the first such board in Liberia. She is Board President of Isis-Women's International Cross Cultural Exchange (Isis-WICCE), based in Uganda.

An advocate and a champion of women's rights and gender equality, she was the Manager in 2009 of the International Women's Colloquium for Women's Empowerment, Leadership Development, International Peace and Security, which was co-convened by H.E. President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia and H.E. President Tarja Halonen of Finland. Dr. Chesson-Wureh successfully collaboratively plans and manages highly visible national and international events such as the UN High Level Panel meeting in Liberia, ECOWAS 20 years of Peace Meeting, and The Inauguration of the President of Liberia. She is a successful advocate and lobbyist for immigration reforms at the U.S. Congress, U.S. Department of State, and White House.

Dr. Chesson-Wureh is currently the Establishment Coordinator of the Angie Brooks International Centre (ABIC) for Women's Empowerment, Leadership Development, International Peace and Security headquartered in Liberia, which is the concrete outcome of the International Colloquium. Dr. Chesson-Wureh initiated the “Women's Situation Room” (WSR) and implemented it in collaboration with more than 40 women and youth groups for the Liberian elections in 2011.

As the chief executive officer of ABIC, Dr. Chesson-Wureh ensured that ABIC was situated on the front line of the Ebola response in Liberia. As a nongovernmental organization (NGO) ABIC initiated projects on awareness and sensitization in both urban and rural communities with partners such as United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, African Women's Development Fund, Urgent Action Fund, The African Union and the Liberian Ministry of Health. Dr. Chesson-Wureh serves on the Presidential Advisory Council on Ebola, gives legal advice to the Government of Liberia on the Ebola vaccine and is Legal Advisor to the Traditional Council of Liberia. ABIC also supported the work of the Liberian doctors treating Ebola.

Paul Farmer, M.D., Ph.D., chairs the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard Medical School and is a co-founder and Chief Strategist of Partners In Health (PIH), an international nonprofit organization that since 1987 has provided direct health care services and undertaken research and advocacy activities on behalf of those who are sick and living in poverty. He also is professor of medicine and chief of the Division of Global Health Equity at Brigham and Women's Hospital.

Dr. Farmer began his lifelong commitment to Haiti in 1983 while still a student, working with dispossessed farmers in Haiti's Central Plateau. He served there for 10 years as medical director of a charity hospital, L'Hôpital Bon Sauveur. With PIH over the past 26 years, Dr. Farmer has led colleagues working in 12 sites throughout Haiti and 12 additional countries around the globe. For more than a decade, the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine has integrated research and teaching programs with PIH service activities, establishing direct feedbacks between clinical interventions and bio-social analyses. The work has become a model for health care for poor communities worldwide and provides the basis for developing a science of global health delivery implementation.

Dr. Farmer is the recipient of numerous honors, including the Margaret Mead Award from the American Anthropological Association, the American Medical Association's Outstanding International Physician (Nathan Davis) Award, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, and, with his PIH colleagues, the Hilton Humanitarian Prize. He is a member of the National Academy of Medicine and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Farmer holds M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University. In addition to his leadership roles at Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Partners In Health, he is the United Nations Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Community Based Medicine and Lessons from Haiti.

Maria Freire, Ph.D., is the President of Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. She comes to the Foundation from the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation, where she served as President since 2008. Prior to joining the Lasker Foundation, Dr. Freire served as President and CEO of the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development from 2001 to 2008, Director of the Office of Technology Transfer at the National Institutes of Health from 1995 to 2001, and led the Office of Technology Development at the University of Maryland at Baltimore and the University of Maryland Baltimore County from 1989 to 1995. Dr. Freire received her Bachelor of Science degree at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru, and her Ph.D. in Biophysics from the University of Virginia. She has also completed post-graduate work in immunology and virology at the University of Virginia and the University of Tennessee, respectively. Dr. Freire has devoted her career to improving health and health research on a global scale.

Julio Frenk, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D., became the sixth President of the University of Miami on August 16, 2015. From 2009 to 2015, he was Dean of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and T & G Angelopoulos Professor of Public Health and International Development, a joint appointment with the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Dr. Frenk served as Minister of Health of Mexico from 2000 to 2006, where he pursued an ambitious agenda to reform the health system, with an emphasis on redressing social inequality. He was the founding Director-General of the National Institute of Public Health of Mexico and has held leadership positions at the Mexican Health Foundation, the World Health Organization, The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the Carso Health Institute. Dr. Frenk holds a medical degree from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, as well as a Master's of Public Health and a joint doctorate in Medical Care Organization and in Sociology from the University of Michigan. He has received five honorary doctorates and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the U.S. National Academy of Medicine, and the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico. Dr. Frenk is the author of 34 books and monographs, 75 book chapters, 152 articles in academic journals, and 126 articles in cultural periodicals and newspapers. In September of 2008, he received the Clinton Global Citizen Award for changing “the way practitioners and policy makers across the world think about health.”

Lawrence O. Gostin, J.D., is University Professor, Georgetown University's highest academic rank conferred by the University President. Dr. Gostin directs the O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law and is the Founding O'Neill Chair in Global Health Law. He served as Associate Dean for Research at Georgetown Law from 2004 to 2008. He is Professor of Medicine at Georgetown University and Professor of Public Health at the Johns Hopkins University.

Dr. Gostin is the Director of the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center on Public Health Law & Human Rights. The WHO Director-General has appointed Dr. Gostin to high-level positions, including the International Health Regulations Roster of Experts and the Expert Advisory Panel on Mental Health. He served on the Director-General's Advisory Committee on Reforming the World Health Organization, as well as numerous expert advisory committees on the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework, smallpox, and genomic sequencing data. He is a member of the WHO/Global Fund Blue Ribbon Expert Panel entitled The Equitable Access Initiative to develop a global health equity framework. Dr. Gostin also serves on the Independent Panel on the Global Response to Ebola (Harvard University/London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine).

Dr. Gostin holds a number of international academic professorial appointments: Visiting Professor (Faculty of Medical Sciences) and Research Fellow (Centre for Socio-Legal Studies) at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom; the Claude Leon Foundation Distinguished Scholar and Visiting Professor at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; and the Miegunyah Distinguished Visiting Fellow and Founding Fellow of the Centre for Advanced Studies (Trinity College), University of Melbourne. Dr. Gostin serves as Secretary and a member of the Governing Board of Directors of the Consortium of Universities for Global Health.

Dr. Gostin holds numerous editorial appointments in leading academic journals throughout the world. His principal position is the Health Law and Ethics Editor, Contributing Writer, and Columnist for the Journal of the American Medical Association. He is also Founding Editor-in-Chief of Laws (an international open access law journal). He was formerly the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics.

Dr. Gostin holds four honorary degrees. In 1994, the Chancellor of the State University of New York conferred an Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree. In 2006, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and the Vice Chancellor awarded Cardiff University's (Wales) highest honor, an Honorary Fellow. In 2007, the Royal Institute of Public Health (United Kingdom) designated Dr. Gostin as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Public Health (FRSPH). In 2012, the Chancellor of the University of Sydney—on the nomination of the Deans of the Law and Medical Schools—conferred a Doctor of Laws (honoris causa) in the presence of two Justices of Australia's highest court—Justices Kirby and Haydon.

Dr. Gostin is an elected lifetime member of the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine). He has served on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Health Sciences Policy, the Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, the Human Subjects Review Board, and the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law. He chaired the Academies' Committee on Global Solutions to Falsified, Substandard, and Counterfeit Medicines. He has chaired Academies' committees on national preparedness for mass disasters, health informational privacy, public health genomics, and human subject research on prisoners.

The National Academy of Medicine awarded Dr. Gostin the Adam Yarmolinsky Medal for distinguished service to further its mission of science and health. He received the Public Health Law Association's Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award “in recognition of a career devoted to using law to improve the public's health” presented at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The New York Public Health Law Association conferred the Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award for extraordinary service to improve the public's health.

Dr. Gostin is also a lifetime elected Member of the Council of Foreign Relations (providing independent advice to governments on foreign policy) and a Fellow of the Hastings Center (for bioethics and public policy). Internationally, Dr. Gostin received the Rosemary Del-bridge Memorial Award from the National Consumer Council (United Kingdom) for the person “who has most influenced Parliament and government to act for the welfare of society.” He also received the Key to Tohoko University (Japan) for distinguished service for human rights in mental health.

Dr. Gostin has led major law reform initiatives in the United States, including the drafting of the Model Emergency Health Powers Act (MEHPA) to combat bioterrorism and the “Turning Point” Model State Public Health Act. He is also leading a drafting team for the World Health Organization and International Development Law Organization, Advancing the Right to Health Through Public Health Law.

Dr. Gostin's proposal for a Framework Convention on Global Health—an international treaty ensuring the right to health—is now part of a global campaign, endorsed by the United Nations (UN) Secretary-General and Director of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).

In the United Kingdom, Dr. Gostin was the Legal Director of the National Association for Mental Health, Director of the National Council of Civil Liberties (the United Kingdom equivalent of the ACLU), and a Fellow at Oxford University. He drafted the current Mental Health Act (England and Wales) and brought several landmark cases before the European Court of Human Rights.

Dr. Gostin's latest books are Global Health Law (Harvard University Press, 2014; Chinese translation due in 2016); Public Health Law: Power, Duty, Restraint (University of California Press, 3rd ed. forthcoming 2016); Public Health Law and Ethics: A Reader (University of California Press, 2nd ed., 2010); Law and the Health System (Foundation Press, 2014); Principles of Mental Health Law & Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010).

Paul Farmer, Partners In Health, says of his latest book: Global Health Law is “more than the definitive book on a dynamic field. Gostin harnesses the power of international law and human rights as tools to close unconscionable health inequities—the injustices that burden marginalized populations throughout the world. Gostin presents a forceful vision, one that deserves a wide embrace.”

In a 2012 systematic empirical analysis of legal scholarship, independent researchers ranked Dr. Gostin 1st in the nation in productivity among all law professors, and 11th in impact and influence.

Gabriel Leung, M.D., M.P.H., became the 40th Dean of the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at The University of Hong Kong in 2013. Dr. Leung, a clinician and a respected public health authority, concurrently holds the Chair of Public Health Medicine. Previously he was Professor and Head of Community Medicine at the University and served as Hong Kong's first Under Secretary for Food and Health and fifth Director of the Chief Executive's Office in government.

Dr. Leung is one of Asia's leading epidemiologists, having authored more than 400 scholarly papers and edited numerous journals. His research defined the epidemiology of two novel viral epidemics, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus in 2003 and influenza A (H7N9) in 2013. While in government, he led Hong Kong's policy response against the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Dr. Leung currently directs the University's World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control. He was inaugural Chair of the Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems and Policies during 2010–2014. He regularly advises national and international agencies, including WHO, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

Francis Omaswa, MBChB, MMed, FRCS, FCS, is the Executive Director of the African Centre for Global Health and Social Transformation (ACHEST), an initiative based in Uganda and promoted by a network of African and international leaders in health and development. Until May 2008, Dr. Omaswa was Special Adviser to the WHO Director General and founding Executive Director of the Global Health Workforce Alliance (GHWA). Before joining GHWA, he was the Director General for Health Services in the Ministry of Health in Uganda during which time he was responsible for coordinating and implementing major reforms in the health sector in Uganda which included the introduction of Sector-Wide Approaches (SWAps), quality assurance, and decentralization. Dr. Omaswa has a keen interest in access of the poor to basic health care and spent 5 years in the rural Ngora hospital testing approaches for this. He is active in the global health community, and served as founding Chair, and later served as Vice-Chairman, of the Global Stop TB Partnership Board; was one of the architects of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and served as Chair of the Portfolio and Procurement Committee of the Global Fund Board; was a member of the steering committee of the High Level Forum on Health-Related Millennium Development Goals; and participated in the drafting the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Dr. Omaswa is a graduate of Makerere Medical School, Kampala, Uganda, a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, founding President of the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa, is a Senior Associate at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, International Member of the National Academy of Sciences, USA and Fellow of the Uganda Academy of Science.

Melissa Parker, DPhil, is Reader in Medical Anthropology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. During the Ebola outbreak, she created an online portal—the Ebola Response Anthropology Platform—that helps health workers and anthropologists work more effectively together by providing rapid, practical information about the socio-cultural, historical, economic, and political dimensions of Ebola. Over the past 25 years, she has undertaken multi-disciplinary and collaborative research in African and European settings. A unifying theme is the study of global health and international development. Research questions have typically emerged from extensive periods of ethnographic fieldwork, and engage with global health policies and practice. Topics investigated include HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom, mental health in war zones, health-related quality of life in Kenya, female circumcision in Sudan, and the control of neglected tropical diseases in Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Sujatha Rao, M.A., M.P.A., joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1974. In her career span of 36 years, she worked in the health sector since 1988–1993 when she was deputed to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India as Director and later as Joint Secretary. From 1993–1996 she worked as Secretary, Family Welfare in Government of Andhra Pradesh and from 1998–2003 she was deputed again to work as Joint Secretary in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. In 2004 she was nominated by the Government of India as Member Secretary of the National Commission on Macroeconomics, which was co-chaired by Union Ministers of Health and Finance. The report of this commission became the basis for much of the health sector reform. In 2005, after a short stint as Secretary of Health in the state government, she was back again to the federal government as Additional Secretary and later Secretary and Director General Department of AIDS Control from 2005 until 2009. Ms. Rao was posted as Union Secretary, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 2009 until her retirement from government service on November 30, 2010.

Ms. Rao was nominated as Vice-Chairman of the Global Advisory Group on Nursing and Midwifery by WHO as a public health expert for 2000–2001. She was elected as chairperson of the Portfolio Committee of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria for two years (2007–2009). In 2008, she was invited to be a member of the six-member Global Advisory Panel of The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, on which she served until 2011. She was the founding board member of the Public Health Foundation of India and worked on its board from its inception in 2006 until 2011. She was Co-chair of WHO's Advisory Panel on Developing a Global Health Systems Research Strategy, Geneva, 2011. She represented India on the Boards of WHO, Global Fund, and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.

She is currently a Trustee of the Population Council International, New York, 2011; Member of the Advisory Board of the Ministerial Leadership Program of the Harvard School of Public Health, Member of the Economic Reference Group on HIV/AIDS, and Member of the Chief Minister's Advisory Council on Health.

Ms. Rao did her post-graduation from Delhi University and has a Master's Degree in Public Administration from Harvard University. She was also a Takemi Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health during 2001–2002. In 2012, she was a Gro Harlam Brundtland Senior Leadership Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health, USA. Ms. Rao has published several papers and articles on health and public policy matters. She was a co-author of the India Health Report published by Oxford University Press in 2003.

Daniel Ryan, M.A.,¹ is head of R&D–Life, Health & Big Data at Swiss Re, having joined in August 2010. He was previously head of Mortality Consulting and Research at Towers Watson, and was the founder and principal investigator for 8 years of an innovative research group for insurers and reinsurers that addressed key issues on mortality and morbidity risk, product innovation and forward-looking scenario development. Mr. Ryan leads a multi-disciplinary group that is engaged in research collaborations on such topics as pandemic risk modeling, behavioral economics, genetic testing, and the relative importance of risk factors and treatments in different diseases in driving further increases in life expectancy. His research group was expanded in 2014 with the establishment of the Big Data & Smart Analytics Centre. The Centre has responsibility across the different risk classes covered by Swiss Re from individual risk to natural catastrophes to corporate liability. The Centre acts as a catalyst on the use of structured and unstructured data sources by Swiss Re to develop new analytical techniques that enhance underwriting capabilities. Mr. Ryan has an M.A. in Medical Sciences from Cambridge University, and was on the World Economic Forum's Global Agenda Council for Ageing for 4 years.

Jeanette Vega, M.D., M.P.H., Ph.D., has been the Director of Fonasa, the National Chilean Public Health Insurance Agency since March 2014. Dr. Vega has more than 20 years of experience in international health. Her areas of expertise include social determinants of health, health equity, and health systems. Prior to being appointed as Director of Fonasa by President Michelle Bachelet, Dr. Vega served as Managing Director of Health at The Rockefeller Foundation. She was Vice Minister of Health in Chile, between 2008 and 2010, leading the country's 13-step agenda for equity in health. Before that, Dr. Vega served as a Director at the World Health Organization in Geneva, where she led the equity in health agenda, looking at the social determinants of health and health systems. Dr. Vega started her career as a medical doctor in Chile specializing in Family Medicine. She has a master's degree in Public Health from the Universidad de Chile and a Ph.D. in Public Health from the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Suwit Wibulpolprasert, M.D., is a general practitioner, public health specialist, administrator, and policy advocate. He began his career as a director and practitioner in four rural district hospitals in Thailand from 1977–1985. Later, he was the Director of the North Eastern Public Health College, Director of the Food and Drug Administration Technical Division, Director of the Bureau of Health Policy and Plan, Assistant Permanent Secretary, Deputy Permanent Secretary, and the senior expert in Disease Control of the Ministry of Public Health. His current position is the vice chair of the International Health Policy Foundation.

He has been proactively working in public health area for more than three decades from the grassroots of the health system to the highest policy level. In parallel with working for the development of health in country, he is a global health leader who is well-known in the public eye as the forefront fighter to protect the benefit of the poor. His experiences which gain from real actions and hard work contribute significantly in Thailand's health system development.

He plays important roles in many humanitarian emergencies in Thailand as follows:

1.

In Avian influenza outbreak in Asia, there was a breakthrough strategy in disease surveillance which never occurred before. The first joint investigation between two neighboring countries was done and the information was shared transparently under support from the Mekong Basin Disease Surveillance Network (MBDS) and he is a key person who facilitates this initiation and bilateral collaboration as a co-founder of MBDS.

2.

In Thailand's policy development and implementation in pandemic influenza preparedness, as the chair of the National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness (PIP) Plan Development Committee, he and relevant stakeholders recognized the importance of the preparedness in the systematic approach to prepare for Thailand's capacity in all key areas. It started from the development of the first national plan for PIP, including other emerging infectious diseases and considering this plan to build on the country's capacity in dealing with other humanitarian emergencies. All jigsaws have been mapped including research and development, strengthening surveillance and the International Health Regulations core capacities, improving the health care system and human resources for health based on One Health concept. A good example of this comprehensive strategy is Thailand's long vision on vaccine security in pandemic crisis. The domestic development of influenza vaccines has been launched in parallel with the policy to drive vaccine demand.

3.

As the co-founder and the first chair of APAIR (Asia Pacific Avian Influenza Research), he and his team have been working on multinational and multidisciplinary researches ranging from biomedical, health economics, and social sciences. This research will be the essential input for national policy development and support the implementation in our country.

4.

In terms of health system development and strengthening, he is one of the most experienced health system specialists and has involved and contributed in Thailand's health system development. He always reiterates that Thailand's health system has to be resilient and capable to support and deal with health emergencies. Therefore many programs have been implemented to prepare health facilities and health system to be well-established for humanitarian crisis.

At global level, he was the Vice Chair of the WHO Executive Board and the Vice Chair of the board of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. He is a member of the Chatham House “GH governance in the future.” He is knowledgeable and well understood in GH governance. His valuable experience at the global level, his dedication for Thailand's health system development, and his work to support developing countries will be beneficial for the further development of the global risk framework. He is the real actor from the ground who believes that “The secret of getting things done is to act.”

Tadataka “Tachi” Yamada, M.D.,² is a Venture Partner with Frazier Healthcare Partners. Prior to joining Frazier he was Executive Vice-President, Chief Medical and Scientific Officer and a Board Member of Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Yamada has served as President of The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Health Program. In this position, he oversaw grants totaling more than $9 billion in programs directed at applying technologies to address major health challenges of the developing world, including tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, and other infectious diseases, malnutrition, and maternal and child health. He was formerly Chairman, Research and Development, and a member of the Board of Directors of GlaxoSmithKline and before that he was Chair of the Department of Internal Medicine and Physician-in-Chief at the University of Michigan Medical Center.

Dr. Yamada holds a bachelor's degree in history from Stanford University and obtained his M.D. from New York University School of Medicine. In recognition of his contributions to medicine and science he has been elected to membership in the National Academy of Medicine (United States), the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom), and the National Academy of Medicine (Mexico) and he has received an honorary appointment as Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (KBE). He is a Past-President of the Association of American Physicians and of the American Gastroenterological Association and he has served as a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and the Advisory Committee to the Director of the National Institutes of Health. He is currently Vice Chair of the Council of the National Academy of Medicine and serves on the Board of Directors of the Clinton Health Access Initiative.

INTERNATIONAL OVERSIGHT GROUP

Victor J. Dzau, M.D. (Chair) is the President of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), formerly the Institute of Medicine (IOM). He is Chancellor Emeritus and James B. Duke Professor of Medicine at Duke University and the past President and CEO of the Duke University Health System. Previously, Dr. Dzau was the Hersey Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine and Chairman of Medicine at Harvard Medical School's Brigham and Women's Hospital, as well as Chairman of the Department of Medicine at Stanford University.

Dr. Dzau has made a significant impact on medicine through his seminal research in cardiovascular medicine and genetics, his pioneering of the discipline of vascular medicine, and his leadership in health care innovation. His important work on the renin angiotensin system (RAS) paved the way for the contemporary understanding of RAS in cardiovascular disease and the development of RAS inhibitors as widely used, lifesaving drugs. Dr. Dzau also pioneered gene therapy for vascular disease, and his recent work on stem cell paracrine mechanisms and the use of microRNA in direct reprogramming provides novel insight into stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.

In his role as a leader in health care, Dr. Dzau has led efforts in health care innovation. His vision is for academic health sciences centers to lead the transformation of medicine through innovation, translation, and globalization. Leading this vision at Duke, he and his colleagues developed the Duke Translational Medicine Institute, the Duke Global Health Institute, the Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, and the Duke Institute for Health Innovation.

As one of the world's preeminent academic health leaders, Dr. Dzau advises governments, corporations, and universities worldwide. He has been a member of the Council of the IOM and the Advisory Committee to the Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), as well as Chair of the NIH Cardiovascular Disease Advisory Committee and the Association of Academic Health Centers. He served on the Governing Board of the Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School and the Board of Health Governors of the World Economic Forum and chaired its Global Agenda Council on Personalized and Precision Medicine. He also served as the Senior Health Policy Advisor to Her Highness Sheikha Moza (Chair of the Qatar Foundation). Currently, he is a member of the Board of Directors of the Singapore Health System, the Expert Board of the Imperial College Health Partners, United Kingdom, and the International Advisory Board of the Biomedical Science Council of Singapore. In 2011, he led a partnership between Duke University, the World Economic Forum, and McKinsey, and he founded the International Partnership for Innovative Healthcare Delivery and currently chairs its Board of Directors.

Among his honors and recognitions are the Gustav Nylin Medal from the Swedish Royal College of Medicine; the Max Delbruck Medal from Humboldt University, Charité, and the Max Planck Institute; the Commemorative Gold Medal from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; the Inaugural Hatter Award from the Medical Research Council of South Africa; thePolzer Prize from the European Academy of Sciences and Arts; the Novartis Award for Hypertension Research; the Distinguished Scientist Award from the American Heart Association (AHA); and the AHA Research Achievement Award for his contributions to cardiovascular biology and medicine. He has received numerous honorary doctorates and has been named among Modern Healthcare's 50 Most Influential Physician Executives and Leaders, as well as among the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare. Recently, he was awarded the Public Service Medal by the President of Singapore.

Judith Rodin, Ph.D. (Vice Chair) is President of The Rockefeller Foundation, one of the world's leading philanthropic organizations. She was previously President of the University of Pennsylvania, and provost of Yale University. Since joining the Foundation in 2005, Dr. Rodin has recalibrated its focus to meet the challenges of the 21st century and today the Foundation supports and shapes innovations to expand opportunity worldwide and build greater resilience by helping people, communities and institutions prepare for, withstand, and emerge stronger from acute shocks and chronic stresses. The Foundation accomplishes these goals through work that advances health, revalues ecosystems, secures livelihoods, and transforms cities.

A widely recognized international leader in academia, science, and development issues, Dr. Rodin has actively participated in influential global forums, including the World Economic Forum, the Council on Foreign Relations, Clinton Global Initiative, and the United Nations General Assembly. Dr. Rodin is also a member of the African Development Bank's High Level Panel and a Board member of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (co-created by The Rockefeller Foundation). In November 2012, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo named Dr. Rodin to co-chair the NYS 2100 Commission on Long-Term Resilience following Superstorm Sandy.

A pioneer and innovator throughout her career, Dr. Rodin was the first woman named to lead an Ivy League Institution and is the first woman to serve as The Rockefeller Foundation's president. A research psychologist by training, she was one of the pioneers of the behavioral medicine and health psychology movements. Dr. Rodin is the author of more than 200 academic articles and has written or co-written 15 books. She has received 19 honorary doctorate degrees and has been named one of Crain's 50 Most Powerful Women in New York. She has also been recognized as one of Forbes Magazine's World's 100 Most Powerful Women 3 years in a row.

Dr. Rodin serves as a member of the board for several leading corporations and nonprofits including Citigroup, Laureate Education, Inc., Comcast, and the White House Council for Community Solutions. Dr. Rodin is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and earned her Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University.

Fazle Hasan Abed, LL.D., is the founder and chairperson of BRAC. After Bangladesh's war for independence, he established BRAC to rehabilitate returning refugees in a remote area in northeastern Bangladesh. Under his leadership, within four decades, BRAC grew to become the largest development organization in the world. In 2010, he was appointed Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George by the British crown in recognition of his services to reducing poverty in Bangladesh and internationally, and was also appointed to the Eminent Persons Group for the Least Developed Countries by the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. Dr. Abed is a founding member of Ashoka's Global Academy for Social Entrepreneurship. He was educated in both Dhaka and Glasgow Universities and has received many honorary degrees, including from Yale University (2007), Columbia University, the University of Oxford, and Princeton University.

Dr. Abed has been honored with numerous national and international awards for his achievements in leading BRAC, including the Trust Women Hero Award (2014), Spanish Order of Civil Merit (2014), Leo Tolstoy International Gold Medal (2014), CEU Open Society Prize (2013), Inaugural WISE Prize for Education (2011), Entrepreneur for the World Award (2009), David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Award (2008), Inaugural Clinton Global Citizen Award (2007), Henry R. Kravis Prize in Leadership (2007), Palli Karma Shahayak Foundation (PKSF) Award for lifetime achievement in social development and poverty alleviation (2007), UNDP Mahbub ul Haq Award for Outstanding Contribution to Human Development (2004), Gates Award for Global Health (2004), Gleitsman Foundation International Activist Award (2003), Schwab Foundation's Social Entrepreneurship Award (2003), Olof Palme Prize (2001), InterAction Humanitarian Award (1998), and Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership (1980).

Arnaud Bernaert, M.B.A., is Senior Director of Global Health and Healthcare Industries at World Economic Forum. Prior to World Economic Forum, Mr. Bernaert was Senior Vice President at Royal Philips in charge of Global Strategy, Business Development, and mergers and acquisitions for Philips Healthcare, the $13 billion in sales unit of Royal Philips based in Boston. Formally the senior vice president and chief financial officer for Philips Home Healthcare Solutions, Mr. Bernaert joined Philips in 2005 from Baxter Healthcare, where he acted as the European Regional Controller for Baxter $2.5 billion business. Personal A finance M.B.A. from HEC Paris by education, Mr. Bernaert has accumulated more than 20 years of experience in the health care industry, and more recently completed about 25 merger and acquisitions transactions with a particular focus on targets in the space of Home Healthcare, Clinical Decision Support, Imaging and Image Guided Intervention and Treatment.

Chris Elias, M.D., M.P.H., is the President of the Global Development Program at The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation where he leads the foundation's efforts in a diverse range of program areas aimed at finding creative new ways to ensure solutions and products get into the hands of people in poor countries who need them most. Focusing on areas with the potential for high-impact, sustainable solutions that can reach hundreds of millions of people, Dr. Elias oversees Global Development's portfolio in Agriculture Development; Emergency Response; Family Planning; Financial Services for the Poor; Maternal, Newborn, & Child Health; Nutrition; Polio Eradication; Vaccine Delivery; and Water, Sanitation & Hygiene. A common theme of these programs is innovative and integrated delivery, including an emphasis on strengthening of primary health care systems.

Dr. Elias's professional background is in public health and medicine. Prior to joining the Gates Foundation in February 2012, he worked in various positions and countries for international nonprofit organizations, most recently serving as the president and CEO of PATH, an international, nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the health of people around the world by advancing technologies, strengthening systems, and encouraging healthy behaviors.

Dr. Elias holds an M.D. from Creighton University, having completed postgraduate training in internal medicine at the University of California San Francisco, and an M.P.H. from the University of Washington, where he was a fellow in the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program. He currently serves on various advisory boards, including the National Academy of Medicine and the University of Washington Global Health External Advisory Board.

Jeremy Farrar, Ph.D., is Director of the Wellcome Trust, a global charitable foundation dedicated to improving health by supporting the brightest minds in science, the humanities and social sciences, and public engagement. Before joining the Trust he was Director of the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Vietnam, where his research interests were infectious diseases, tropical health, and emerging infections. He has contributed to more than 500 peer-reviewed scientific papers and has served on several World Health Organization and other international advisory committees. Dr. Farrar was appointed Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2005 for services to tropical medicine, and he has been awarded the Memorial Medal and the Ho Chi Minh City Medal by the Government of Vietnam, the Frederick Murgatroyd Prize for Tropical Medicine by the Royal College Physicians and the Bailey Ashford Award by the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Shigeru Omi, M.D., Ph.D., is President of Japan Community Healthcare Organization (JCHO). He was the former Regional Director of the Western Pacific Regional Office at the World Health Organization (WHO) from 1999 to 2009, and the President of the 66th World Health Assembly. Dr Omi has held a wide range of positions in the field of medicine and public health. After graduation from medical school in 1978, he worked as a Medical Officer in the Bureau of Public Health of Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The job included an assignment as the sole medical doctor on remote islands in the Pacific, where he worked under difficult conditions and with limited resources. From this field activity, he proceeded in 1987 to do research on the molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus at the Division of Immunology, Jichi Medical School. During 1989–1990, Dr. Omi served as Deputy Director in the Office of Medical Guidance and Inspection, Bureau of Health Insurance, in the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan.

Dr. Omi joined the WHO Western Pacific Regional Office in Manila, Philippines, in 1990 as the Responsible Officer for the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI). Dr. Omi spearheaded the regional poliomyelitis (polio) eradication initiative in the Western Pacific Region. In 1995, he was promoted to the position of Director of the Division of Communicable Disease Prevention and Control, a post he held until 1998. In 1998–1999, Dr. Omi was a professor of public health at Jichi Medical School, Japan. In February 1999, Dr. Omi assumed the position of the WHO Regional Director for the Western Pacific.

It was during Dr. Omi's first term as Regional Director that WHO played the lead role in combating the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the first emerging and readily transmissible disease of the 21st century. More than 95 percent of the SARS cases occurred in the Western Pacific Region. He spearheaded efforts to contain SARS by both tackling the medical issues and addressing the sensitive political concerns inherent in such events. Dr. Omi also gave special emphasis to tuberculosis during his first term by making the “Stop TB” program one of the Region's flagship projects. Dr. Omi was elected to a second term as Regional Director in January 2004. Much of Dr. Omi's work in his second term focused on working with the WHO Member States and various partner agencies to avert a potential influenza pandemic.

Paul Polman, M.B.A., M.A., has been CEO of Unilever since January 2009. Under his leadership Unilever has an ambitious vision to fully decouple its growth from overall environmental footprint and increase its positive social impact through the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan. He is Chairman of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, a member of the International Business Council of the World Economic Forum, a member of the B Team and sits on the Board of the United Nations (UN) Global Compact and the Consumer Goods Forum, where he co-chairs the Sustainability Committee.

Mr. Polman has been closely involved in global discussions on action to tackle climate change and the Post-2015 development agenda. He served on the International Council of the Global Commission on the Economy and Climate, under former Mexican President, Felipe Calderon, whose flagship report “New Climate Economy” demonstrates that lasting economic growth can be achieved at the same time as reducing the immense risk of climate change. At the invitation of the UN Secretary-General, Mr. Polman also served on the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, presenting recommendations on the successor to the Millennium Development Goals. Other roles include UK Business Ambassador by invitation of UK Prime Minister David Cameron, member of the Global Taskforce for Scaling up Nutrition, Counsellor of One Young World. Mr. Polman was co-chair of the B-20 Food Security Task Force.

Since 2010, Mr. Polman has been a non-executive director of the Dow Chemical Company.

In recognition of his contribution to responsible business, Mr. Polman has received numerous awards and recognition, including the Atlantic Council Award for Distinguished Business Leadership (2012), WWF's Duke of Edinburgh Gold Conservation Medal (2013), the Centre for Global Development's Commitment to Development Ideas in Action Award (2013), the Rainforest Alliance Lifetime Achievement Award (2014) and the UN Foundation's Champion for Global Change Award (2014).

He earned a B.B.A./B.A. from the University of Groningen, Netherlands, in 1977 and an M.A. in Economics and an M.B.A. in Finance/International Marketing from the University of Cincinnati in 1979. He has been awarded honorary degrees from a number of universities, including Newcastle, Liverpool, Groningen, and the University of Cincinnati.

Mirta Roses Periago, M.D., is Senior Advisor Global Health, Latin American and Caribbean Representative to the Global Fund Board (AIDS, Malaria, Tuberculosis) and Special Envoy Global Network NTDs. From 2003 to 2013, she was Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Director, becoming the first woman to head the world's oldest international health organization and the first female World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Director. Prior to assuming this office, she served two terms as Assistant Director of PAHO (1995–2003) being responsible for the direct supervision of all PAHO/ WHO Country Offices in the Americas, forming part of WHO's Directors of Programme Management Group (DPMs) and Global Programme Management Group (GPMG). She also served as PAHO/WHO Representative in the Dominican Republic (1988–1992) and in Bolivia (1992–1995). She started her international career with PAHO/WHO in 1984 as Chief, Surveillance Unit, Caribbean Epidemiology Center (CAREC) in Trinidad and Tobago serving all Caribbean countries, and moved as epidemiologist to the Dominican Republic (1986–1987).

Dr. Roses Periago earned her M.D. from the National University, Córdoba, Argentina, in 1969, completing her specialization in tropical medicine at the Universidade Federal de Bahia, Brazil, in 1971. Her graduate studies also include a diploma in public health (1974) and a specialization in epidemiology (1982) at the School of Public Health, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, as well as the specialist degree in clinical medicine and epidemiology of infectious diseases at the University of Buenos Aires in 1976.

Shen Xiaoming, M.D., Ph.D., graduated from Wenzhou Medical College in 1984. He secured a Ph.D. from Shanghai Second Medical University (SSMU, current name Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine after merging with Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2005) in 1991 and joined its faculty of pediatrics. He undertook his fellowship in Albert Einstein College of Medicine. He was promoted to full professor upon his returning to Shanghai in 1996.

Dr. Shen was Director General of Shanghai Children's Medical Center, a join tertiary health care provider between Shanghai Municipal Government and a U.S.-based charity Project HOPE. He was the President of Xin Hua Hospital affiliated to SSMU and President of SSMU until he joined Shanghai Municipal Government as Director General of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission. He was elected as Vice Mayor of Shanghai in January 2008.

As a developmental pediatrician, Dr. Shen launched the first childhood lead poisoning program in China and established an epidemiology-based model for lead poisoning prevention. Dr. Shen successfully introduced newborn hearing screening to China and is currently running the largest and most efficient newborn hearing screening program in the world. He also introduced Nelson's Textbook of Pediatrics to China by translating the 17th edition of the textbook into Chinese. He also functions as the Director of the World Health Organization Collaborative Center for Neonatal Health Care.

He holds memberships in numerous professional scientific organizations and served as President of Asian Pacific Society for Newborn Screening, Vice Chairman of Chinese Society of Child Health Care, and Honorary Chairman of Shanghai Pediatric Society. He also took the editorial positions in more than 10 academic journals.

He is the author of more than 200 scientific articles and chapters in books. He has lectured extensively worldwide, and been a visiting or adjunct professor at many institutions, including The University of Hong Kong, Queensland University of Technology and given numerous named lectureships. To recognize Dr. Shen's contribution to the promotion of child heath internationally, he was granted an Honorary Doctor Degree by University of Paris 5 in 2005, and is the first Asian scholar to receive this degree in the 300-year history of the University of Paris 5. He also received an Honorary Doctor Degree from University of Nebraska Medical Center in 2010. He is an Honorary Fellow of American Academy of Pediatrics, one of very few pediatricians from outside the United States and the first pediatrician from China to receive this honor.

Tan Chorh Chuan, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., is President of the National University of Singapore (NUS). He concurrently serves as the Chairman of the Board of the National University Health System. Dr. Tan's additional appointments include Deputy Chairman of Singapore's Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Senior Advisor to the Governing Board of Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School; and Member, Board of Directors of the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

A renal physician, he obtained his medical training at NUS, and research training at the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford. He was Dean of the NUS Faculty of Medicine from 1997 to 2000. He served as the Director of Medical Services, Ministry of Health, from 2000 to 2004, where he was responsible for leading the public health response to the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic. He held the positions of NUS Provost, then Senior Deputy President from 2004 to 2008. He also played a key role in setting up the Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, in his capacity as Deputy Chairman of the Governing Board from 2004 to 2007. As the inaugural Chief Executive of the National University Health System in 2008, he brought the NUS Medical and Dental Schools and the National University Hospital under single governance.

Dr. Tan is a key leader in Singapore's Biomedical Sciences Initiative since its inception in 2000, for which he was awarded the National Science and Technology Medal in 2008. He also received the following National Day Awards from the Singapore government: the Public Service Star in 2003 for outstanding contributions to overcoming SARS in Singapore; the Public Administration Gold Medal in 2004 for his work as Director of Medical Services in the Ministry of Health; and the Meritorious Service Medal in 2015. Other awards include the Dr. John Yu Medal from the George Institute for Global Health, Australia; the Albert Schweitzer Gold Medal from the Polish Academy of Medicine; Honorary Doctor of Medicine from King's College; Honorary Doctor of Science from Duke University; Honorary Doctor of Science from Loughborough University; Achievement Medal from the Singapore Society of Nephrology, and the 1996 Singapore Youth Award.

Dr. Tan, who has been a member of the World Economic Forum's Global University Leaders Forum (GULF) since 2008, was appointed its Chairman from 2014–2016. He also sits on the World Economic Forum's Science Advisory Committee. He was the Chairperson of the International Alliance of Research Universities, a consortium of 10 leading research-intensive universities from 2008–2012.

Dr. Tan was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Medicine in 2015. He was previously a Commonwealth Medical Fellow, Wellcome Fellow, University of Oxford, and a Visiting Scholar to Wolfson College, Oxford. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Royal College of Physicians of London, the American College of Physicians, elected Fellow of the Polish Academy of Medicine and Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, United Kingdom.

Miriam Were, MBChB, Dr. PH., M.P.H., is the current Chancellor of Moi University in Kenya and a Trustee of the Kenya Medical Women Association. She is also the Co-Founder of UZIMA Foundation that has a focus on Youth Empowerment. She was formerly chairperson of the National AIDS Control Council (NACC) Kenya, under the Office of the President that coordinates the national HIV/AIDS response in Kenya. She was also the Chairperson of the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) Board. Dr. Were also served on the Advisory Board of the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) as well as on the MAP International Board of Directors based in Georgia, USA, among others.

Dr. Were was Director of the United Nations Population Fund Country Support Team (UNFPA/CST) for East and Central Africa and Anglophone West Africa, based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Prior to that she also worked as the World Health Organization Representative in Ethiopia and Chief of Health and Nutrition in the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), Ethiopia. Professor Were was recruited to UNICEF from the Department of Community Health in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Nairobi where she was Head of Department. While in the Department, she initiated the Community-Based Health Care (CBHC) project in Kakamega of which she was the Director from 1976 to 1982. This project won the UNICEF Maurice Pate Award of 1978, the first time an African institution had won this award. Dr. Were qualified as a Medical Doctor from the University of Nairobi. Subsequently, she obtained her M.P.H. and Dr.PH. from the Johns Hopkins University.

CONSULTANTS

Anas El Turabi, BMChB, MPhil., is a primary care physician and doctoral candidate in health policy at Harvard University. He received his B.A. with Honors in Physiological Sciences and his medical degree from the University of Oxford, and an M.Phil. with Distinction in Clinical Science from the University of Cambridge. He has a background in health policy and global health, having spent 2 years working at the Department of Health (England) and with the World Health Organization on issues of global health research governance and health research system evaluation. He has also held an honorary research fellowship at RAND Europe and has previously worked in strategy consultancy.

Philip Saynisch is a doctoral student in Health Policy at the Harvard Business School and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, concentrating in management. His research interests include consumer models of patient behavior and topics in provider decision making. He is currently engaged in projects exploring the use of patient-facing tools for reporting information on the price and quality of care, and in surgeon decision making around organ transplantation. Additionally, he is part of an ongoing project studying the impact of patient-centered medical home reforms in primary care on patient outcomes. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 2009. Prior to joining the Health Policy program, he worked in the Center for Outcomes Research at the Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, and as a research assistant in the Wharton School's Department of Health Care Management.

STAFF

Carmen C. Mundaca-Shah, M.D., Dr.P.H., is a Senior Program Officer with Board on Global Health at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. She is currently directing the MultiStakeholder Initiative for Creating a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future. Prior to directing this study, she was the study director for the Academies' Board on the Health of Select Populations report Beyond Myalgic Encelphalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness. She also served as a postdoctoral fellow with the Academies' Board on Global Health on the Outcome and Impact Evaluation of Global HIV/AIDS Programs Implemented Under the Lantos-Hyde Act of 2008. Prior to joining the Academies, Dr. Mundaca-Shah was employed as head of the Surveillance Center of the Emerging Infections Program in the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 in Lima, Peru. In that role, she led the successful implementation of a technology-based disease surveillance system (Alerta) at sites across the nation and the initial phase of a project sponsored by the U.S. Southern Command to expand Alerta to five other countries in South America. Alerta is a partnership involving the Peruvian Navy and the U.S. Navy. Dr. Mundaca-Shah also led the collaborative syndromic surveillance pilot implementation in the Peruvian Ministry of Health. She was part of the Early Warning Outbreak Recognition System (EWORS) Working Group and participated in several studies, including a field visit to evaluate the performance of the system in Lao People's Democratic Republic. She obtained her M.D. from San Marcos University, Lima, Peru, and her M.P.H. and Dr.P.H. degrees from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. Her dissertation work focused on developing a framework to guide the implementation of disease surveillance systems in developing countries. Dr. Mundaca-Shah completed a certificate in emerging infectious disease epidemiology at the University of Iowa.

V. Ayano Ogawa, S.M., is a Research Associate on the Board on Global Health at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Prior to the Academies, she was a Senior Research Analyst for the U.S. Agency for International Development, where she helped country officers develop and strengthen global health initiatives in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. She previously supported health communication campaigns on a global scale at U.S. Fund for United Nations Children's Fund and Sesame Workshop, and worked in health and education sectors in various countries, including in Bangladesh, South Africa, and Taiwan (as a Fulbright Fellow). She holds a B.A. in Public Health from Johns Hopkins University and an S.M. in Social & Behavioral Sciences with a concentration in Health Communication from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.

Priyanka Kanal was a summer intern working at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Currently, she studies Public Policy, Economics, and Global Health at Duke University. She previously interned for the OpenPharma Index, a pharma transparency initiative at Duke's Kenan Institute for Ethics. She has also conducted research with Duke's Nicholas School of the Environment on the link between reemerging infectious diseases in the United States to water quality and sanitation.

Mariah Geiger was a Senior Program Assistant on the Board on Global Health at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. She recently graduated from Macalester College, receiving a B.A. in International Studies with a concentration in Community and Global Health. At Macalester, she founded and chaired Voices on Mental Health, an organization dedicated to reducing stigma around mental health issues. The organization received Macalester's 2015 Civil Discourse Award. She was a 2014 Ronald E. McNair Scholar at the University of Minnesota, where she worked on the Padres Informados/Jóvenes Preparados (Informed Parents/Prepared Young People) project, a community-based participatory research initiative designed to fight tobacco use among Latino youth.

David Garrison is a Senior Program Assistant for the Board on Global Health at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. He joined the Academies after 1 year in San Luis Potosí, Mexico, where he taught English and interned with Mexico's Ministry of Economy. In his first months at the Academies, he played a supporting role in the finance workstream of the Global Health Risk Framework initiative. He received his bachelor's degree from Vanderbilt University, with majors in economics and Spanish language.

Patrick W. Kelley, M.D., Dr.P.H., joined the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in July 2003 as the Director of the Board on Global Health. He also served from 2004 to 2015 as Director of the Board on African Science Academy Development. Dr. Kelley has overseen a portfolio of the IOM expert consensus studies and convening activities on subjects as wide ranging as: the evaluation of the U.S. emergency plan for international AIDS relief (PEPFAR); the U.S. commitment to global health, sustainable surveillance for zoonotic infections; substandard, falsified, and counterfeit drugs; innovations in health professional education; cardiovascular disease prevention in low- and middle-income countries; interpersonal violence prevention in low- and middle-income countries; and microbial threats to health. He also directed a unique capacity-building effort, the African Science Academy Development Initiative, which over 11 years strengthened the capacity of eight African academies to provide independent, evidence-based advice their governments on scientific matters.

Prior to joining the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Dr. Kelley served in the U.S. Army for more than 23 years as a physician, residency director, epidemiologist, and program manager. In his last U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) position, Dr. Kelley founded and directed the DOD Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DOD-GEIS). This responsibility entailed managing surveillance and capacity-building partnerships with numerous elements of the federal government and with health ministries in more than 45 developing countries. He also founded the DOD Accession Medical Standards Analysis and Research Activity and served as the specialty editor for a landmark two-volume textbook titled: Military Preventive Medicine: Mobilization and Deployment. Dr. Kelley is an experienced communicator, having lectured in English or Spanish in more than 20 countries. He has authored or co-authored more than 75 scholarly papers, book chapters, and monographs and has supervised the completion of more than 25 book-length IOM consensus reports and workshop summaries. While at the IOM he has obtained grants and contracts for work conducted by his unit from more than 60 governmental and nongovernmental sources. Dr. Kelley obtained his M.D. from the University of Virginia and his Dr.P.H. in epidemiology from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. He has also been awarded two honorary doctoral degrees and is board-certified in preventive medicine and public health.