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Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC)
Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. 71
Jeanne-Marie Guise, MD, MPH, Principal Investigator, Marian S McDonagh, PharmD, Dale F Kraemer, PhD, Karen B Eden, PhD, Michelle Berlin, MD, MPH, Peggy Nygren, MA, Patricia Osterweil, Kathryn Pyle Krages, AMLS, MA, and Mark Helfand, MD, MS.
Structured Abstract
Objectives:
The literature was systematically reviewed to compare the benefits and harms of a trial of labor (TOL) and an elective repeat cesarean delivery (ERCD), and to examine factors that influence decisionmaking.
Search strategy:
Published literature on all vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) topics was identified by multiple searches of MEDLINE® (1966 to 2002) and HealthSTAR (1975 to 2002), from reference lists of systematic reviews, and from local and national experts. Online searches were performed on Cochrane systematic reviews and controlled trials registry, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination sites, and EMBASE databases. For topics related to patient preferences and satisfaction, PsycINFO and CINAHL® databases were also searched.
Selection criteria:
Studies begun or published before 1980 and studies that focused on patients with specific conditions such as gestational diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus, preeclampsia, and so on were excluded. Studies that exclusively focused on nulliparous women; vertical, lower vertical, “classical” or “classic” cesarean incisions; vaginal breech delivery; preterm delivery; multiple gestation; or low birth weight were also excluded.
Data Collection and Analysis:
A technical advisory panel provided input from obstetricians, family physicians, nurse midwives, payers, and patients to ensure that the project addressed clinical questions and issues. An analytic framework was developed and later refined with input from national experts and members of the technical panel. The framework relates the 10 topics reviewed on clinical decision-making for pregnant women with prior cesarean delivery. The strength and suitability of the evidence regarding the risks of major maternal and infant morbidity and mortality associated with TOL and ERCD is the main focus of this report. Studies were rated for quality. We included 180 articles with original data about maternal and infant outcomes relevant to a key question in one or more topic areas.
Main Results:
The literature concerning TOL and ERCD is flawed in several ways: imprecise measurement of outcomes (e.g., maternal infection, perinatal death), making it difficult to determine the portion of events directly attributable to maternal choice of delivery route; lack of standards for terminology (e.g., no standard classification for severity of uterine rupture, nor attribution specifically to the disruption of the cesarean scar); and limited attention to comparability between groups (e.g., studies of ERCD where it is unclear whether patients were eligible for TOL). Similarly, important definitional confounding prevents determination of whether signs, such as prolonged fetal bradycardia, have any predictive premonitory value.
There is no direct evidence regarding the benefits and harms of TOL relative to ERCD in women who are similar in every respect except choice of delivery route. Several large cohort studies provide indirect evidence about relative benefits and harms of TOL versus ERCD. Overall, these studies report an increased risk of perinatal death and symptomatic uterine rupture of a cesarean scar with TOL, no increased risk of asymptomatic uterine rupture (dehiscence), maternal death or hysterectomy from either route, and increased risk of infection from ERCD. However, the magnitude of risk is uncertain due to methodologic deficiencies of the studies.
Further studies are needed to test the reliability and usefulness of economic models and predictive tools.
The literature concerning factors that influence patient decisionmaking and satisfaction with childbirth was poor, giving us little insights into patient's priorities.
Conclusions:
The deficiencies in the literature about the relative benefits and harms of TOL versus ERCD are striking. Patients, clinicians, insurers, and policymakers do not have the data they need to make truly informed decisions about appropriate delivery choices following one of the most common surgical procedures performed on women. Given the rising prevalence of this condition, and potential for devastating consequences for thousands of women and children each year, obtaining accurate data should be a high research priority.
Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Summary
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Methodology
- 3. Results
- 4. Conclusions
- 5. Future Research
- Appendixes
- Appendix A. Project Personnel, Technical Panel, and Peer Reviewers
- Appendix B. Procedures for Suspect or Missing Data
- Appendix C. Identifying Developed Countries
- Appendix D. Search Strategies: All Topics
- Appendix E. Studies Excluded at the Data Abstraction Phase by Topic and Reason
- Appendix F. Criteria for Grading in the Internal Validity of Individual Studies
- Appendix G. Uterine Rupture Terminology Conference: September 5, 2002
- Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Evidence Tables
- References
- Bibliography
Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.1 Contract Number: 290-97-0018. Prepared by: Oregon Health & Science University Evidence-based Practice Center, Portland, Oregon.
Suggested citation:
Guise J-M, McDonagh M, Hashima J, et al. Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC). Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 71 (Prepared by the Oregon Health & Science University Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No 290-97-0018). AHRQ Publication No. 03-E018. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. March 2003.
This report may be used, in whole or in part, as the basis for development of clinical practice guidelines and other quality enhancement tools, or a basis for reimbursement and coverage policies. AHRQ or U.S. Department of Health and Human Services endorsement of such derivative products may not be stated or implied.
AHRQ is the lead Federal agency charged with supporting research designed to improve the quality of health care, reduce its cost, address patient safety and medical errors, and broaden access to essential services. AHRQ sponsors and conducts research that provides evidence-based information on health care outcomes; quality; and cost, use, and access. The information helps health care decisionmakers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers—make more informed decisions and improve the quality of health care services.
The authors of this report are responsible for its content. Statements in the report should not be construed as endorsement by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services of a particular drug, device, test, treatment, or other clinical service.
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2101 East Jefferson Street, Rockville, MD 20852. www
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- Review Vaginal birth after cesarean: an effective method to reduce cesarean.[Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015]Review Vaginal birth after cesarean: an effective method to reduce cesarean.Sabol B, Denman MA, Guise JM. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Jun; 58(2):309-19.
- Variables associated with successful vaginal birth after one cesarean section: a proposed vaginal birth after cesarean section score.[Am J Perinatol. 2004]Variables associated with successful vaginal birth after one cesarean section: a proposed vaginal birth after cesarean section score.Gonen R, Tamir A, Degani S, Ohel G. Am J Perinatol. 2004 Nov; 21(8):447-53.
- Vaginal birth after Cesarean delivery: predicting success, risks of failure.[J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2...]Vaginal birth after Cesarean delivery: predicting success, risks of failure.Durnwald C, Mercer B. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004 Jun; 15(6):388-93.
- Vaginal birth after cesarean birth--California, 1996-2000.[MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002]Vaginal birth after cesarean birth--California, 1996-2000.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 Nov 8; 51(44):996-8.
- Review Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: evidence-based practice.[Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007]Review Vaginal birth after cesarean delivery: evidence-based practice.Cahill AG, Macones GA. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jun; 50(2):518-25.
- Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC)Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC)
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