The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume.

The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings:

1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women.

2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems.

3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.

Contents

• Disease Control Priorities • Third Edition
• Disease Control Priorities
• Foreword
• Preface
• Abbreviations
• 1. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Key Messages of This Volume
  Robert E Black, Neff Walker, Ramanan Laxminarayan, and Marleen Temmerman.
  • Volume Summary
  • Introduction
  • Levels and Trends in RMNCH Indicators
  • Maternal, Fetal, and Child Malnutrition and Early Child Development
  • Interventions to Reduce Maternal and Child Morbidity and Mortality
  • Essential Interventions on Stillbirths and Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Deaths
  • Cost-Effectiveness
  • Cost of Scaling up Essential Interventions for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health
  • Improving Intervention Uptake and Quality
  • Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
• 1. Reproductive, Maternal, and Child Mortality and Morbidity and the Unmet Need for Family Planning
  • 2. Burden of Reproductive Ill Health
    Alex Ezeh, Akinrinola Bankole, John Cleland, Claudia García-Moreno, Marleen Temmerman, and Abdhalah Kasiira Ziraba.
    • Introduction
    • Unintended Pregnancies
    • Unsafe Abortion
    • Non-Sexually Transmitted Infections of the Reproductive System
    • Infertility
    • Violence Against Women
    • Female Genital Mutilation
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 3. Levels and Causes of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
    Véronique Filippi, Doris Chou, Carine Ronsmans, Wendy Graham, and Lale Say.
    • Introduction
    • Maternal Mortality Levels and Trends
    • Medical Causes of Maternal Deaths
    • Medical Causes of Maternal Morbidity
    • Broader Determinants of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 4. Levels and Causes of Mortality under Age Five Years
    Li Liu, Kenneth Hill, Shefali Oza, Dan Hogan, Yue Chu, Simon Cousens, Colin Mathers, Cynthia Stanton, Joy Lawn, and Black E Robert.
    • Introduction
    • Levels and Trends of Mortality Under age Five Years, 2000–15
    • Levels and Trends of Causes of Mortality Under Age Five Years, 2000–15
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 5. Levels and Trends in Low Height-for-Age
    Gretchen A Stevens, Mariel M Finucane, and Christopher J Paciorek.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Global and reGIonal trends
    • Implications for Priority Setting
    • Conclusions
    • References
• 2. Interventions To Improve Reproductive Health and Reduce Maternal and Childhood Morbidity and Mortality
  • 6. Interventions to Improve Reproductive Health
    John Stover, Karen Hardee, Bella Ganatra, Claudia García Moreno, and Susan Horton.
    • Introduction
    • Family Planning
    • Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
    • UNSAFE ABORTION
    • Violence Against Women
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 7. Interventions to Reduce Maternal and Newborn Morbidity and Mortality
    A Metin Gülmezoglu, Theresa A Lawrie, Natasha Hezelgrave, Olufemi T Oladapo, João Paulo Souza, Marijke Gielen, Joy E Lawn, Rajiv Bahl, Fernando Althabe, Daniela Colaci, and G Justus Hofmeyr.
    • Introduction
    • Interventions to Reduce Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
    • Interventions to Reduce Stillbirths and Newborn Mortality and Morbidity
    • Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 8. Diagnosis and Treatment of the Febrile Child
    Julie M Herlihy, Valérie D’Acremont, Deborah C Hay Burgess, and Davidson H Hamer.
    • Introduction
    • Etiology of Fever in Children Under age Five Years
    • Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Childhood Febrile Illnesses
    • Diagnostic Tools Available or Under Development
    • Health Systems Approaches to Children with Febrile Illnesses
    • Challenges and Future Directions
    • Conclusions
    • Annexes
    • References
  • 9. Diarrheal Diseases
    Gerald T Keusch, Christa Fischer Walker, Jai K Das, Susan Horton, and Demissie Habte.
    • Introduction
    • Diarrheal Diseases
    • New Frontiers: Subclinical Infections and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
    • Interventions for Diarrheal Diseases
    • Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 10. Vaccines for Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
    Daniel R Feikin, Brendan Flannery, Mary J Hamel, Meghan Stack, and Peter M Hansen.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Expanded Program on Immunizations
    • Vaccine-Preventable Diseases: Epidemiology, Burden, and Vaccines
    • Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccinations
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 11. Management of Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition in Children
    Lindsey Lenters, Kerri Wazny, and Zulfiqar A Bhutta.
    • Introduction
    • Prevention of Acute Malnutrition
    • Management of Moderate Acute Malnutrition
    • Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition
    • Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition
    • Looking Forward
    • References
  • 12. Infant and Young Child Growth
    Jai K Das, Rehana A Salam, Aamer Imdad, and Zulfiqar A Bhutta.
    • Introduction
    • Consequences of Undernutrition
    • Maternal Nutrition and Fetal Growth
    • Breastfeeding
    • Complementary Feeding
    • Micronutrient Supplementation
    • Nutrition-Sensitive Interventions
    • Challenges and the Way Forward
    • Conclusions
    • Note
    • References
  • 13. Very Early Childhood Development
    Frances E Aboud and Aisha K Yousafzai.
    • Introduction
    • Prevalence and Measurement: What Does Mental Development Entail at this age?
    • Conditions that Affect Child Development
    • Interventions to Enhance Mental Development
    • Cost-BenefIt of Early Childhood Interventions
    • Conclusions
    • References
• 3. Platforms for Health Care and Public Health Interventions
  • 14. Community-Based Care to Improve Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health
    Zohra S Lassi, Rohail Kumar, and Zulfiqar A Bhutta.
    • Introduction
    • Community-Based Care
    • Community-Based Care to Improve the Supply of Services
    • Community-Based Care to Increase the Demand for Services—Empowering Communities
    • Questions and Challenges
    • Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Based Programs
    • Research Agenda
    • Conclusions
    • Annex
    • References
  • 15. Innovations to Expand Access and Improve Quality of Health Services
    Lori A Bollinger and Margaret E Kruk.
    • Introduction
    • Landscape Analysis of Indicators
    • Organizing Service Delivery
    • Expanding Coverage and Improving Quality of Care
    • Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions to Expand Coverage and Improve Quality of Care
    • Conclusions
    • References
• 4. Economics, Prevention, and Financing of Care for Pregnant Women, Mothers, and Children
  • 16. Returns on Investment in the Continuum of Care for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health
    Karin Stenberg, Kim Sweeny, Henrik Axelson, Marleen Temmerman, and Peter Sheehan.
    • Introduction
    • Context Of The Analysis
    • Investment “Wins”
    • Analytical Framework for Assessing Investments in the Continuum of Care
    • Measuring the Health Impacts and Full Costs of Investments in the Continuum of Care
    • Estimating The Full Benefits Of Investment In The Continuum Of Care
    • Results: Investment Metrics and Components of Costs and Benefits
    • Implications of the Analysis
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 17. Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions for Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, and Child Health
    Susan Horton and Carol Levin.
    • Introduction
    • Methods
    • Reproductive Health
    • Maternal and Newborn Morbidity and Mortality
    • Under-Five Illness
    • Nutrition
    • Platforms For Delivery of Interventions
    • Costs
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 18. The Benefits of a Universal Home-Based Neonatal Care Package in Rural India: An Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
    Ashvin Ashok, Arindam Nandi, and Ramanan Laxminarayan.
    • Introduction
    • Home- and Community-Based Neonatal Care in India
    • Priority-Setting Methodologies
    • Results
    • Discussion and Conclusion
    • References
  • 19. Health Gains and Financial Risk Protection Afforded by Treatment and Prevention of Diarrhea and Pneumonia in Ethiopia: An Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
    Stéphane Verguet, Clint Pecenka, Kjell Arne Johansson, Solomon Tessema Memirie, Ingrid K Friberg, Julia R Driessen, and Dean T Jamison.
    • Introduction
    • Child Health and Health Care Services in Ethiopia
    • Methods
    • Results
    • Discussion
    • Conclusions
    • Annex
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
• DCP3 Series Acknowledgments
• Volume and Series Editors
  • Volume Editors
  • Series Editors
• Contributors
• Advisory Committee to the Editors
• Reviewers
• ECO-AUDIT
  Environmental Benefits Statement

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Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Black, R. E., R. Laxminarayan, M. Temmerman, and N. Walker, editors. 2016. Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health. Disease Control Priorities, third edition, volume 2. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

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Softcover:

ISBN: 978-1-4648-0348-2

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0368-0

DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0348-2

Hardcover:

ISBN: 978-1-4648-0347-5

DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0347-5

Cover photo: Foune Kouyate waits to vaccinate her baby, Kadidia Goulibaly, at the Centre De Sante Communautaire De Banconi (ASACOBA), a health clinic in Bamako, Mali, on November 4, 2013. © Dominic Chavez/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse.

Cover and interior design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Washington, DC.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Black, Robert E., editor. | Laxminarayan, Ramanan, editor. | Temmerman, Marleen, editor. | Walker, Neff, editor.

Title: Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health / volume editors, Robert Black, Ramanan Laxminarayan, Marleen Temmerman, Neff Walker.

Other titles: Disease control priorities ; v. 2.

Description: Washington, DC : World Bank, 2016. | Series: Disease control priorities ; volume 2 | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2015038391| ISBN 9781464803475 (hc : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781464803482 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9781464803680 (e-book)

Subjects: | MESH: Child Welfare. | Maternal Welfare. | Reproductive Health. | Child Mortality. | Developing Countries. | Infant Mortality.

Classification: LCC RG940 | NLM WA 395 | DDC 362.1982—dc23

LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015038391