BOX S-2Key Areas of Progress Since 1994

• Evidence that MEB disorders are common and begin early in life.
• Evidence that the greatest prevention opportunity is among young people.
• Evidence of multiyear effects of multiple preventive interventions on reducing substance abuse, conduct disorder, antisocial behavior, aggression, and child maltreatment.
• Evidence that the incidence of depression among pregnant women and adolescents can be reduced.
• Evidence that school-based violence prevention can reduce the base rate of aggressive problems in an average school by one-quarter to one-third.
• Promising evidence regarding potential indicated preventive interventions targeting schizophrenia.
• Evidence that improving family functioning and positive parenting serves as a mediator of positive outcomes and can moderate poverty-related risk.
• Emerging evidence that school-based preventive interventions aimed at improving social and emotional outcomes can also improve academic outcomes.
• Evidence that interventions that target families dealing with such adversities as parental depression and divorce demonstrate efficacy in reducing risk for depression among children and increasing effective parenting.
• Evidence from some preventive interventions that benefits exceed costs, with the available evidence strongest for early childhood interventions.
• Evidence of interactions between modifiable environmental factors and the expression of genes linked to behavior.
• Greater understanding of the biological processes that underlie both normal brain function and the pathophysiology of MEB disorders.
• Emerging opportunities for the integration of genetics and neuroscience research with prevention research.
• Advances in implementation science, including recognition of implementation complexity and the importance of relevance to the community.