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National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK); 2012 Jan. (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 137.)

Cover
  • October 2019: Because of a risk of abuse and dependence, gabapentin and pregabalin are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 as class C substances and scheduled under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 as schedule 3 (as of 1 April 2019). In the PDF Tables have been amended and a footnote has been added to this guideline to reflect this change. April 2018: Footnotes and cautions in the guideline PDF have been added and amended to link to the MHRA's latest advice and resources on sodium valproate. Medicines containing valproate taken in pregnancy can cause malformations in 11% of babies and developmental disorders in 30 -40% of children after birth. Valproate treatment must not be used in girls and women including in young girls below the age of puberty, unless alternative treatments are not suitable and unless the terms of the pregnancy prevention programme are met. This programme includes: assessment of patients for the potential of becoming pregnant; pregnancy tests; counselling patients about the risks of valproate treatment; explaining the need for effective contraception throughout treatment; regular (at least annual) reviews of treatment by a specialist, and completion of a risk acknowledgement form. In pregnancy, valproate is contraindicated and an alternative treatment should be decided on, with appropriate specialist consultation. See the MHRA toolkit to ensure female patients are better informed about the risks of taking valproate during pregnancy. Appendices A and B (details of internal/external staff and committee members) were removed in the PDF as this information is now available elsewhere on the NICE website. February 2016: The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has produced a toolkit to ensure female patients are better informed about the risks of taking valproate during pregnancy. Healthcare professionals are advised to use the NICE guideline in conjunction with the latest MHRA advice and resources. Footnotes and cautions in the guideline have also been added and amended to link to the MHRA's latest advice and resources in the PDF. January 2015: The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has strengthened its warnings on the use of valproate in women of childbearing potential. NICE are assessing the impact of this on the guideline. In the meantime, healthcare professionals are advised to use the guideline in conjunction with the latest MHRA advice. November 2013: A footnote has been added to recommendation 1.9.1.4 highlighting new advice issued by the MHRA about oral anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the PDF. (edited)

October 2019: Because of a risk of abuse and dependence, gabapentin and pregabalin are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 as class C substances and scheduled under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 as schedule 3 (as of 1 April 2019). In the PDF Tables have been amended and a footnote has been added to this guideline to reflect this change. April 2018: Footnotes and cautions in the guideline PDF have been added and amended to link to the MHRA's latest advice and resources on sodium valproate. Medicines containing valproate taken in pregnancy can cause malformations in 11% of babies and developmental disorders in 30 -40% of children after birth. Valproate treatment must not be used in girls and women including in young girls below the age of puberty, unless alternative treatments are not suitable and unless the terms of the pregnancy prevention programme are met. This programme includes: assessment of patients for the potential of becoming pregnant; pregnancy tests; counselling patients about the risks of valproate treatment; explaining the need for effective contraception throughout treatment; regular (at least annual) reviews of treatment by a specialist, and completion of a risk acknowledgement form. In pregnancy, valproate is contraindicated and an alternative treatment should be decided on, with appropriate specialist consultation. See the MHRA toolkit to ensure female patients are better informed about the risks of taking valproate during pregnancy. Appendices A and B (details of internal/external staff and committee members) were removed in the PDF as this information is now available elsewhere on the NICE website. February 2016: The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has produced a toolkit to ensure female patients are better informed about the risks of taking valproate during pregnancy. Healthcare professionals are advised to use the NICE guideline in conjunction with the latest MHRA advice and resources. Footnotes and cautions in the guideline have also been added and amended to link to the MHRA's latest advice and resources in the PDF. January 2015: The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has strengthened its warnings on the use of valproate in women of childbearing potential. NICE are assessing the impact of this on the guideline. In the meantime, healthcare professionals are advised to use the guideline in conjunction with the latest MHRA advice. November 2013: A footnote has been added to recommendation 1.9.1.4 highlighting new advice issued by the MHRA about oral anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in the PDF. (edited)

Cover of The Epilepsies

The Epilepsies: The Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care: Pharmacological Update of Clinical Guideline 20.

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Appendix JThe key clinical questions and search strategies

Background link between the scope and questions

Questions listed have been developed in relation to the clinical areas covered in the NICE The Epilepsies Update guideline scope. Each question has been written to cover a specific dimension of an area in the scope. The questions have been developed by the NCGC technical team in consultation with the clinical advisor who has provided guidance on wording and clinical relevance of the specific questions.

The questions are structured according to the PICO format, i.e. they consist of the population, intervention(s), comparison(s), and outcome(s) of interest to the guideline developers. The purpose of formatting questions in this style is so that structured literature searches of relevant electronic databases (e.g. Medline, Embase, CINAHL) can be developed by the NCGC-ACC information scientists in order to identify relevant research studies.

Each question is essentially a topic for an individual systematic review conducted by the NCGC-ACC during the development phase of the guideline. Questions shaded in grey are to be combined and those in light blue are confirmed.

Key clinical questions (PDF, 535K)

Literature search strategies

Search strategies used for the Epilepsy guideline are outlined below and were run as per the NICE Guidelines Manual 2009 http://www.nice.org.uk/media/5F2/44/The_guidelines_manual_2009_-_All_chapters.pdf.

Searches for the clinical reviews were run in Medline (OVID), Embase (OVID), the Cochrane Library (Wiley Interscience) and Cinahl (EBSCO). Usually, searches were constructed in the following way:

-

A PICO format was used for intervention searches where population (P) terms were combined with Intervention (I) and sometimes Comparison (C) terms. An intervention can be a drug, a procedure or a diagnostic test. Outcomes (O) are rarely used in search strategies for interventions. Search Filters were also added to the search where appropriate.

Searches for the health economic reviews were run in Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), The NHS Economic Evaluations Database (NHS EED) and the Health Economic Evaluation Database (HEED). Searches in NHS EED and HEED were constructed only using population terms. For Medline and Embase an economic filter (instead of a study type filter) was added to the same clinical search strategy. Amend this section of accordingly.

All searches were run up to 3 June 2010 unless otherwise stated. Any studies indexed in any of the databases after this date were not included unless specifically stated in the text.

The clinical and economic search strategies are presented below in the following order:

Section 1.1- Population terms by database. The same searches were used for all questions and for both clinical and health economic searches.
Section 1.2- Study filter terms by database. These include filters for epidemiological study designs, health economic studies, quality of life studies and patient views [delete as appropriate].
Section 1.3- Searches run for specific questions with the intervention or exposure terms by database. Order as presented in guideline
1.3.1 • Drugs included in first version of guideline or covered by two recent health technology assessments
1.3.2. • Drugs not included in first version of guideline or covered by two recent health technology assessments
1.3.3 • Drugs included with pregnancy
1.3.4. •
1.3.5 •
1.3.6 •
Section 1.4- Economic searches

1.1. Population search strategies

Medline search terms

1exp Epilepsy/
2(epilep$ or continous spike wave of slow sleep or landau-kleffner syndrome or lennox-gastaut syndrome or infant$ spasm$).ti,ab.
3(seizure$ or convulsion$).ti,ab.
4or/1–3

Embase search terms

1exp Epilepsy/or Landau Kleffner Syndrome/or Infantile Spasm/
2(epilep$ or continous spike wave of slow sleep or landau-kleffner syndrome or lennox-gastaut syndrome or infant$ spasm$).ti,ab.
3(seizure$ or convulsion$).ti,ab.
4or/1–3

Cinahl search terms

1(MH “Epilepsy”)
2TI epilep* or AB epilep*
3“landau-kleffner syndrome”
4“lennox-gastaut syndrome”
5“infant* spasm*”
6“continous spike wave of slow sleep”
7S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6

Cochrane search terms – Wiley interface

#1MeSH descriptor Epilepsy explode all trees
#2(epilep* or continous spike wave of slow sleep or landau-kleffner syndrome or lennox-gastaut syndrome):ti,ab,kw
#3(seizure* or convulsion*):ti,ab,kw
#4(#1 OR #2 OR #3)

NHS Economic Evaluations Database – Centre for Reviews and Dissemination

#1MeSH Epilepsy EXPLODE 1
#2epilep* or seizure* or convulsion*
#3#1 or #2

HEED (Health Economic Evaluations Database

#1epilep* or seizure* or convulsion*

1.2. Study design search terms

1.2.1. Systematic review search terms

Medline search terms

1meta-analysis/
2(metaanalys$ or meta-analys$ or meta analys$).tw.
3(systematic$ adj3 (review$ or overview$)).tw.
4(selection criteria or data extraction).ab. and review.pt.
5(cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cinhal or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.
6(reference list$ or bibliograph$ or hand search$ or hand-search$ or manual search$ or relevant journals).ab.
7or/1–6
8(comment or letter or editorial).pt.
9animal/not human/
108 or 9
117 not 10

Embase search terms

1meta-analysis/
2(metaanalys$ or meta-analys$ or meta analys$).tw.
3(systematic$ adj3 (review$ or overview$)).tw.
4(selection criteria or data extraction).ab. and review.pt.
5(cochrane or embase or psychlit or psyclit or psychinfo or psycinfo or cinahl or cinhal or science citation index or bids or cancerlit).ab.
6(reference list$ or bibliograph$ or hand search$ or hand-search$ or manual search$ or relevant journals).ab.
7or/1–6
8(letter or editorial).pt.
9(exp animal/or nonhuman/or exp animal-experiment/) not exp human/
108 or 9
117 not 10

1.2.2. Randomised controlled studies (RCTs) search terms

Medline search terms

1Randomized-Controlled-Trials/or Random-Allocation/or Double-Blind-Method/or Single-Blind-Method/or exp Clinical-Trials as topic/or Cross-Over-Studies/or Prospective-Studies/or Placebos/
2(Randomized-Controlled-Trial or Clinical-Trial or Controlled-Clinical-Trial).pt.
3(((((((((clinical or control or controlled) adj (study or trial)) or (single or double or triple)) adj (blind$3 or mask$3)) or randomised or randomized or random$) adj (assign$ or allocat$ or group or grouped or patients or study or trial or distribut$)) or crossover) adj (design or study or trial)) or placebo or placebos).ti,ab.
4((Case-Reports not Randomized-Controlled-Trial) or Letter or Historical-Article or Review-Of-Reported-Cases).pt.
5Animal/not Human/
6(1 or 2 or 3) not (4 or 5)

Embase search terms

1Clinical-Trial/or Randomized-Controlled-Trial/or Randomization/or Single-Blind- Procedure/or Double-Blind-Procedure/or Crossover-Procedure/or Prospective- Study/or Placebo/
2(((((((((clinical or control or controlled) adj (study or trial)) or (single or double or triple)) adj (blind$3 or mask$3)) or randomised or randomized or random$) adj (assign$ or allocat$ or group or grouped or patients or study or trial or distribut$)) or crossover) adj (design or study or trial)) or placebo or placebos).ti,ab.
3Case-Study/or Abstract-Report/or Letter/or (case adj report).tw.
4(exp Animal/or Nonhuman/or exp Animal-Experiment/) not exp Human/
5(1 or 2) not (3 or 4)

Cinahl search terms

1( (MH “Random Assignment”) or (MH “Random Sample+”) or (MH “Crossover Design”) or (MH “Clinical Trials+”) or (MH “Comparative Studies”) or (MH “Control (Research)+”) or (MH “Control Group”) or (MH “Factorial Design”) or (MH “Quasi- Experimental Studies+”) or (MH “Placebos”) or (MH “Meta Analysis”) or (MH “Sample Size”) or (MH “Research, Nursing”) or (MH “Research Question”) or (MH “Research Methodology+”) or (MH “Evaluation Research+”) or (MH “Concurrent Prospective Studies”) or (MH “Prospective Studies”) or (MH “Nursing Practice, Research-Based”) or (MH “Solomon Four-Group Design”) or (MH “One-Shot Case Study”) or (MH “Pretest-Posttest Design+”) or (MH “Static Group Comparison”) or (MH “Study Design”) or (MH “Clinical Research+”) ) or ( clinical nursing research or random* or cross?over or placebo* or control* or factorial or sham* or meta?analy* or systematic review* or blind* or mask* or trial* )

1.2.3. Observational studies search terms

Medline search terms

1exp cohort studies/or epidemiologic methods/or exp case-control studies/
2cohort$.tw.
3(case$ and control$).tw.
4(case$ and series).tw.
5or/1–4
6Animal/not Human/
75 not 6

Embase search terms

1exp cohort analysis/or exp longitudinal study/or exp prospective study/or exp follow up/or exp case control study/or exp case study/
2cohort$.tw.
3(case$ and control$).tw.
4(case$ and series).tw.
5or/1–4
6(exp Animal/or Nonhuman/or exp Animal-Experiment/) not exp Human/
75 not 6

1.2.4. Health economic search filter

Medline search terms

1exp “Costs and Cost Analysis”/
2Economics/
3Economics, Nursing/or Economics, Medical/or Economics, Hospital/or Economics, Pharmaceutical/
4exp “Fees and Charges”/
5exp Budgets/
6budget$.tw.
7cost$.ti.
8(cost$ adj2 (effective$ or utilit$ or benefit$ or minimi$)).ab.
9(economic$ or pharmacoeconomic$ or pharmaco-economic$).ti.
10(price$ or pricing$).tw.
11(financial or finance or finances or financed).tw.
12(fee or fees).tw.
13(value adj2 (money or monetary)).tw.
14or/1–13

Embase search terms

1exp economic aspect/
2cost$.ti.
3(cost$ adj2 (effective$ or utilit$ or benefit$ or minimi$)).ab.
4(economic$ or pharmacoeconomic$ or pharmaco-economic$).ti.
5(price$ or pricing$).ti.
6(fee or fees).ti.
7(financial or finance or finances or financed).tw.
8(value adj2 (money or monetary)).tw.
9or/1–8

1.2.5. Quality of life search filter

Medline search terms

1“Value of Life”/
2quality adjusted life.tw.
3(qaly$ or qald$ or qale$ or qtime$).tw.
4disability adjusted life.tw.
5daly$.tw.
6(sf36 or sf 36 or short form 36 or shortform 36 or sf thirtysix or sf thirty six or shortform thirtysix or shortform thirty six or short form thirtysix or short form thirty six).tw.
7(sf6 or sf 6 or short form 6 or shortform 6 or sf six or sfsix or shortform six or short form six).tw.
8(sf12 or sf 12 or short form 12 or shortform 12 or sf twelve or sftwelve or shortform twelve or short form twelve).tw.
9(sf16 or sf 16 or short form 16 or shortform 16 or sf sixteen or sfsixteen or shortform sixteen or short form sixteen).tw.
10(sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or sf twenty or sftwenty or shortform twenty or short form twenty).tw.
11(euroqol or euro qol or eq5d or eq 5d).tw.
12(hql or hqol or h qol or hrqol or hr qol).tw.
13(hye or hyes).tw.
14health$ equivalent$ year$.tw.
15(hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).tw.
16health utilit$.tw.
17disutilit$.tw.
18rosser.tw.
19(quality of wellbeing or quality of well being).tw.
20qwb.tw.
21willingness to pay.tw.
22standard gamble$.tw.
23time trade off.tw.
24time tradeoff.tw.
25tto.tw.
26or/1–25

Embase search terms

1quality adjusted life.tw.
2(qaly$ or qald$ or qale$ or qtime$).tw.
3disability adjusted life.tw.
4daly$.tw.
5(sf36 or sf 36 or short form 36 or shortform 36 or sf thirtysix or sf thirty six or shortform thirtysix or shortform thirty six or short form thirtysix or short form thirty six).tw.
6(sf6 or sf 6 or short form 6 or shortform 6 or sf six or sfsix or shortform six or short form six).tw.
7(sf12 or sf 12 or short form 12 or shortform 12 or sf twelve or sftwelve or shortform twelve or short form twelve).tw.
8(sf16 or sf 16 or short form 16 or shortform 16 or sf sixteen or sfsixteen or shortform sixteen or short form sixteen).tw.
9(sf20 or sf 20 or short form 20 or shortform 20 or sf twenty or sftwenty or shortform twenty or short form twenty).tw.
10(euroqol or euro qol or eq5d or eq 5d).tw.
11(hql or hqol or h qol or hrqol or hr qol).tw.
12(hye or hyes).tw.
13health$ equivalent$ year$.tw.
14(hui or hui1 or hui2 or hui3).tw.
15health utilit$.tw.
16disutilit$.tw.
17rosser.tw.
18(quality of wellbeing or quality of well being).tw.
19qwb.tw.
20willingness to pay.tw.
21standard gamble$.tw.
22time trade off.tw.
23time tradeoff.tw.
24tto.tw.
25or/1–24

1.2.6. Economic modelling search terms

Medline search terms

1exp models, economic/
2models, theoretical/or models, organizational/
3economic model$.tw.
4markov chains/
5markov$.tw.
6Monte Carlo Method/
7monte carlo.tw.
8exp Decision Theory/
9(decision$ adj2 (tree$ or anlay$ or model$)).tw.
10or/1–9

Embase search terms

1exp Mathematical Model/
2economic model$.tw.
3markov$.tw.
4Monte Carlo Method/
5monte carlo.tw.
6exp Decision Theory/
7(decision$ adj2 (tree$ or anlay$ or model$)).tw.
8or/1–8

1.2.7. Patient views search terms

1.2.8. Add or delete from above as applicable

1.3. Drug searches

The following questions were searched for as two main searches. One for drugs covered by the previous version of the guideline{Stokes, 2004 5197/id} or two recent health technology assessments (HTAs){Wilby, 2005 4685/id;Connock, 2006 5196/id}, and the other for drugs not included in these publications. In the first search, the final date of searches was in 2003 for the previous guideline and 2002 for the HTA reports, consequently, the start date for searches in this guideline ran was 2002. The second search included all dates covered by the databases. The strategies are presented in the two sections immediately following the list of questions.

How effective and cost-effective are anti-epileptic drugs for:

  • partial epilepsy with/without secondary generalisation
  • (primary) generalised tonic-clonic seizures
  • Idiopathic Generalised Epilepsy (IGE)
  • absence seizures
  • myoclonic seizures
  • tonic seizures
  • atonic seizures/
  • childhood absence epilepsy?
  • juvenile absence epilepsy
  • Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME)
  • infantile spasms
  • benign rolandic epilepsy/benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS)
  • benign epilepsy with occipital paroxysms
  • Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy of Infancy (SMEI)
  • Continuous Spike Wave of Slow Sleep (CSWS)
  • Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
  • Landau Kleffner Syndrome (LKS)
  • Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy (MAE)
  • people with convulsive status epilepticus?
  • people with non-convulsive status epilepticus and acute repetitive seizures?

Which anti-epileptic drugs are the most tolerable for older people?

Which anti-epileptic drugs are most tolerable for people with learning disabilities?

What is the incidence of side effects for anti-epileptic drugs?

What is the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a ketogenic diet?

1.3.1. Drugs included in previous guideline or Health Technology Assessment

PopulationIntervention/exposureComparisonStudy filters usedDate parameters
EpilepsyDrugs included in previous guidelineEach other or placeboSystematic reviews, RCTs (Medline, Embase & Cinahl only)
Health economics, quality of life, economic modelling (Medline and Embase only)		2002 to 03/06/10

Medline & Embase search terms

1(Gabapentin or Neurontin or neurotonin or gbp or 1 aminomethyl cyclohexaneacetic acid or goe 3450 or go 3450 or ci 945).mp.
2(Lamotrigine or Crisomet or Labileno or Lamictal or Lamiktal or 3 5-diamino-6-2 3- dichlorophenyl-as-triazine or dichlorophenyltriazinediyldiamine or BW 430C or bw 430 c or bw 430c78 or ltg).mp.
3(Levetiracetam or Etiracetam or Keppra or lev or lvt or 1-1-carbanmoylpropyl-2- pyrrolidinone or alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide or UCB 6474 or UCB- L059 or UCB-L060 or lo 59).mp.
4(Oxcarbazepine or Timox or Trileptal or GP 47680 or oxc).mp.
5(Tiagabine or Gabitril or R-4 4-bis 3-methyl-2-thienyl-3-butenyl-3- piperidinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride or N-4 4-di 3-methylthien-2-yl but-3-enyl nipecotic acid or NO 328 or NO 329 or “nnc 05 0328” or nnc 328 or “no 05 0328” or no 328 or no 329 or tiabex or tgb).mp.
6(Topiramate or Epitomax or Topamax or topimax or 2 3-4 5-bis-O-1- methylethylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate or McN 4853 or rwj 17021 or tpm).mp.
7(Vigabatrin or Sabril or Sabrilex or gamma-Vinyl-GABA or 3 amino 5 carboxyhexene or 4 amino 4 ethenylbutyric acid or 4 amino 4 vinylbutyric acid or 4 amino 4 vinylbutanoic acid or 4 amino 4 aminobutyric acid or 4 amino 5 hexenoic acid or 4 aminohex 5 enoic acid or 4 vinylaminobutyric acid or 4 vinylgaba or gamma vinyl 4 aminobutyric acid or gamma vinyl gaba or gamma vinylgaba or gamma vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid or mdl 71754 or n vinyl 4 aminobutyric acid or n vinyl gaba or n vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid or rmi 71754 or rmi 71890 or sabril or sabrilex or gvg or vgb).mp.
8or/1–7
9(Acetazolamide or Acetadiazol or Acetazolam or Diacarb or Diamox or Diuramide or Defiltran or Edemox or Glauconox or Glaupax or Huma-Zolamide or Ak-Zol).mp.
10(Clobazam or Frisium or Urbanyl or HR 376).mp.
11(Carbamazepine or Amizepine or Carbazepin or Epitol or Finlepsin or Neurotol or Tegretol).mp.
12(Clonazepam or Antelepsin or Rivotril).mp.
13(Ethosuximide or Emeside or Ethosuccimid or Ethylmethylsuccimide or Ethymal or Etosuximida Faes or Petnidan or Pyknolepsinum or Suksilep or Suxilep or Zarontin).mp.
14(Felbamate or Felbamyl or Felbatol or Taloxa or 2-phenyl-1 3-propanediol dicarbamate or ADD-03055 or W-554).mp.
15(Phenobarbitone or Gardenal or Hysteps or Luminal or Phenemal or Phenobarbitone or Phenylbarbital or Phenylethylbarbituric Acid).mp.
16(Phenytoin or Antisacer or Difenin or Dihydan or Dilantin or Diphenylhydantoin or Epamin or Epanutin or Fenitoin or Hydantol or 5 5-Diphenylhydantoin or Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate).mp.
17(Piracetam or Avigilen or Axonyl or Cerebroforte or Cerepar N or Ciclofalina or Cuxabrain or Dinagen or Gabacet or Geram or Memo-Puren or Nootrop or Nootropil or Nootropyl or Normabrain or Piracebral or Piracetrop or Pirazetam or Pyracetam or Pyramem or Sinapsan or UCB-6215 or 2-Pyrrolidone-N-Acetamide).mp.
18(Primidone or Liskantin or Misodine or Mizodin or Mylepsinum or Mysoline or Primaclone or Resimatil or Sertan or Desoxyphenobarbital).mp.
19(Valproic Acid or 2-Propylpentanoic Acid or Convulsofin or Depakene or Depakine or Depakote or Dipropyl Acetate or Divalproex or Divalproex Sodium or Ergenyl or Valproate or Vupral).mp.
20(Sulthiame or Ospolot or sultiam).mp.
21(Pentobarbitone or Pentobarbital or Diabutal or Etaminal or Ethaminal or Mebubarbital or Mebumal or Nembutal or Sagatal).mp.
22(Propofol or Aquafol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Fresofol or Ivofol or Recofol or 2 6-Bis 1-methylethyl pheno or 2 6-Diisopropylphenol or ICI-35 or868 or ICI-35868).mp.
23(Midazolam or Dormicum or Ro 21-3981 or versed).mp.
24(Lorazepam or Ativan or Duralozam or Durazolam or Idalprem or Laubeel or Novo- Lorazem or Nu-Loraz or Orfidal Wyeth or Sedicepan or Sinestron or Somagerol or Temesta or Tolid or WY-4036 or Donix or lorazep von ct).mp.
25Paraldehyde.mp.
26Ketogenic diet$.mp.
27or/9–26
288 or 27

Cinahl search terms

S1Gabapentin or Neurontin or neurotonin
S2Lamotrigine or Crisomet or Labileno or Lamictal or Lamiktal
S3levetiracetam or Etiracetam or Keppra
S4Oxcarbazepine or Timox or Trileptal
S5Tiagabine or Gabitril
S6Topiramate or Epitomax or Topamax or topimax
S7Vigabatrin or Sabril or Sabrilex
S8Acetazolamide or Acetadiazol or Acetazolam or Diacarb or Diamox or Diuramide or Defiltran or Edemox or Glauconox or Glaupax or Huma-Zolamide
S9Clobazam or Frisium or Urbanyl
S10Carbamazepine or Amizepine or Carbazepin or Epitol or Finlepsin or Neurotol or Tegretol
S11Clonazepam or Antelepsin or Rivotril
S12Ethosuximide or Emeside or Ethosuccimid or Ethylmethylsuccimide or Ethymal or Etosuximida Faes or Petnidan or Pyknolepsinum or Suksilep or Suxilep or Zarontin
S13Felbamate or Felbamyl or Felbatol or Taloxa
S14Phenobarbitone or Gardenal or Hysteps or Luminal or Phenemal or Phenobarbitone or Phenylbarbital or Phenylethylbarbituric Acid
S15Phenytoin or Antisacer or Difenin or Dihydan or Dilantin or Diphenylhydantoin or Epamin or Epanutin or Fenitoin or Hydantol or Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate
S16Piracetam or Avigilen or Axonyl or Cerebroforte or Cerepar N or Ciclofalina or Cuxabrain or Dinagen or Gabacet or Geram or Memo-Puren or Nootrop or Nootropil or Nootropyl or Normabrain or Piracebral or Piracetrop or Pirazetam or Pyracetam or Pyramem or Sinapsan or UCB-6215
S17Primidone or Liskantin or Misodine or Mizodin or Mylepsinum or Mysoline or Primaclone or Resimatil or Sertan or Desoxyphenobarbital
S18Valproic Acid or 2-Propylpentanoic Acid or Convulsofin or Depakene or Depakine or Depakote or Dipropyl Acetate or Divalproex or Divalproex Sodium or Ergenyl or Valproate or Vupral
S19Sulthiame or Ospolot or sultiam
S20pentobarbitone or pentobarbitonal or Diabutal or Etaminal or Ethaminal or Mebubarbital or Mebumal or Nembutal or Sagatal
S21propofol or Aquafol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Fresofol or Ivofol or Recofol
S22midazolam or Dormicum
S23lorazepam or Ativan or Duralozam or Durazolam or Idalprem or Laubeel or Novo- Lorazem or Nu-Loraz or Orfidal Wyeth or Sedicepan or Sinestron or Somagerol or Temesta or Tolid or Temesta or WY-4036
S24paraldehyde
S25Ketogenic diet or ketogenic diets
S26S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 or S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13 or S14 or S15 or S16 or S17 or S18 or S19 or S20 or S21 or S22 or S23 or S24 or S25

Cochrane search terms – Wiley interface

#1(Gabapentin or Neurontin or neurotonin or gbp or 1 aminomethyl cyclohexaneacetic acid or goe 3450 or go 3450 or ci 945):ti,ab,kw
#2(Lamotrigine or Crisomet or Labileno or Lamictal or Lamiktal or 3 5-diamino-6-2 3- dichlorophenyl-as-triazine or dichlorophenyltriazinediyldiamine or BW 430C or bw 430 c or bw 430c78 or ltg):ti,ab,kw
#3(Levetiracetam or Etiracetam or Keppra or lev or lvt or 1 1 carbanmoylpropyl 2 pyrrolidinone or alpha-ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide or UCB 6474 or UCB- L059 or UCB-L060 or lo 59):ti,ab,kw
#4(Oxcarbazepine or Timox or Trileptal or GP 47680 or oxc):ti,ab,kw
#5(Tiagabine or Gabitril or R-4 4-bis 3-methyl-2-thienyl-3-butenyl-3- piperidinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride or N-4 4-di 3-methylthien-2-yl but-3-enyl nipecotic acid or NO 328 or NO 329 or nnc 05 0328 or nnc 328 or no 05 0328 or no 328 or no 329 or tiabex or tgb):ti,ab,kw
#6(Topiramate or Epitomax or Topamax or topimax or 2 3-4 5-bis-O-1- methylethylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose sulfamate or McN 4853 or rwj 17021 or tpm):ti,ab,kw
#7(Vigabatrin or Sabril or Sabrilex or gamma-Vinyl-GABA or 3 amino 5 carboxyhexene or 4 amino 4 ethenylbutyric acid or 4 amino 4 vinylbutyric acid or 4 amino 4 vinylbutanoic acid or 4 amino 4 aminobutyric acid or 4 amino 5 hexenoic acid or 4 aminohex 5 enoic acid or 4 vinylaminobutyric acid or 4 vinylgaba or gamma vinyl 4 aminobutyric acid or gamma vinyl gaba or gamma vinylgaba or gamma vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid or mdl 71754 or n vinyl 4 aminobutyric acid or n vinyl gaba or n vinyl gamma aminobutyric acid or rmi 71754 or rmi 71890 or sabril or sabrilex or gvg or vgb):ti,ab,kw
#8(Acetazolamide or Acetadiazol or Acetazolam or Diacarb or Diamox or Diuramide or Defiltran or Edemox or Glauconox or Glaupax or Huma-Zolamide or Ak-Zol):ti,ab,kw
#9(Clobazam or Frisium or Urbanyl or HR 376):ti,ab,kw
#10(Carbamazepine or Amizepine or Carbazepin or Epitol or Finlepsin or Neurotol or Tegretol):ti,ab,kw
#11(Clonazepam or Antelepsin or Rivotril):ti,ab,kw
#12(Ethosuximide or Emeside or Ethosuccimid or Ethylmethylsuccimide or Ethymal or Etosuximida Faes or Petnidan or Pyknolepsinum or Suksilep or Suxilep or Zarontin):ti,ab,kw
#13(Felbamate or Felbamyl or Felbatol or Taloxa or 2-phenyl-1 3-propanediol dicarbamate or ADD-03055 or W-554):ti,ab,kw
#14(Phenobarbitone or Gardenal or Hysteps or Luminal or Phenemal or Phenobarbitone or Phenylbarbital or Phenylethylbarbituric Acid):ti,ab,kw
#15(Phenytoin or Antisacer or Difenin or Dihydan or Dilantin or Diphenylhydantoin or Epamin or Epanutin or Fenitoin or Hydantol or 5 5-Diphenylhydantoin or Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate):ti,ab,kw
#16(Piracetam or Avigilen or Axonyl or Cerebroforte or Cerepar N or Ciclofalina or Cuxabrain or Dinagen or Gabacet or Geram or Memo-Puren or Nootrop or Nootropil or Nootropyl or Normabrain or Piracebral or Piracetrop or Pirazetam or Pyracetam or Pyramem or Sinapsan or UCB-6215 or 2-Pyrrolidone-N-Acetamide):ti,ab,kw
#17(Primidone or Liskantin or Misodine or Mizodin or Mylepsinum or Mysoline or Primaclone or Resimatil or Sertan or Desoxyphenobarbital):ti,ab,kw
#18(Valproic Acid or 2-Propylpentanoic Acid or Convulsofin or Depakene or Depakine or Depakote or Dipropyl Acetate or Divalproex or Divalproex Sodium or Ergenyl or Valproate or Vupral):ti,ab,kw
#19(Sulthiame or Ospolot or sultiam):ti,ab,kw
#20(Pentobarbitone or Pentobarbital or Diabutal or Etaminal or Ethaminal or Mebubarbital or Mebumal or Nembutal or Sagatal):ti,ab,kw
#21(Propofol or Aquafol or Diprivan or Disoprivan or Disoprofol or Fresofol or Ivofol or Recofol or 2 6-Bis 1-methylethyl pheno or 2 6-Diisopropylphenol or ICI-35 or868 or ICI-35868):ti,ab,kw
#22(Midazolam or Dormicum or Ro 21-3981 or versed):ti,ab,kw
#23(Lorazepam or Ativan or Duralozam or Durazolam or Idalprem or Laubeel or Novo- Lorazem or Nu-Loraz or Orfidal Wyeth or Sedicepan or Sinestron or Somagerol or Temesta or Tolid or WY-4036 or Donix or lorazep von ct):ti,ab,kw
#24Paraldehyde:ti,ab,kw
#25(Ketogenic diet*):ti,ab,kw
#26#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15 or #16 or #17 or #18 or #19 or #20 or #21 or #22 or #23 or #24 or #25

1.3.2. Drugs not covered by previous guideline or HTA report

PopulationIntervention/exposureComparisonStudy filters usedDate parameters
EpilepsyDrugs included in previous guidelineEach other or placeboSystematic reviews, RCTs (Medline, Embase & Cinahl only)
Health economics, quality of life, economic modelling (Medline and Embase only)		Start dates: Medline 1950, Embase 1980, Cinahl 1982
Searched up to: 03/06/10

Medline & Embase search terms

1(pregabalin or Lyrica or 3 isobutyl GABA).mp.
2(rufinamide or CGP 33101 or 1 2 6 difluorobenzyl 1H 1 2 3 triazole 4 carboxamide).mp.
3(zonisamide or Zonegran or AD 810 o 1 2 benzisoxazole 3 methanesulfonamide or 3 sulfamoylmethyl 1 2 benzisoxazole).mp.
4(lacosamide or N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide or N-benzyl- AcMeOPrNH2).mp.
5(stiripentol or D-306).mp.
6(nitrazepam or Alodorm or Dormalon or Dormo-Puren or Eatan or Imadorm or imeson or Mogadon or Nitrazadon or Nitrazep or Nitrodiazepam or Novanox or Radedorm or Remnos or Serenade or Somnite).mp.
7(prednisolone or Di-Adreson-F or Predate or Predonine).mp.
8(hydrocortisone or Cortifair or Cortisol or Cortril or Epicortisol).mp.
9(Prednisone or Cortan or Cortancyl or Cutason or Dacortin or Decortisyl or Dehydrocortisone or delta-Cortisone or Deltasone or Encorton or Encortone or Enkortolon or Kortancyl or Liquid Pred or Meticorten or Orasone or Panafcort or Panasol or Predni Tablinen or Prednidib or Predniment or Prednison acsis or Prednison Galen or Prednison Hexal or Pronisone or Rectodelt or Sone or Sterapred or Ultracorten or Winpred).mp.
10adrenocorticotrophin.mp.
11(fosphenytoin or Cerebyx or HMPDP or Prodilantin or ACC-9653 or 3- hydroxymethyl phenytoin disodium phosphate or 3 hydroxymethyl phenytoin phosphate ester).mp.
12isoflurane.mp.
13(thiopentone or bomathal or penthiobarbital or pentothal or pentothal sodico or sodipental or thiomebumal or thionembutal or thiopentobarbital or thiopentone or tiobarbital braun or trapanal).mp.
14(diazepam or 7-chloro-1 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1 4-benzodiazepin-2-one or apaurin or diazemuls or faustan or relanium or seduxen or sibazon or stesolid or valium).mp.
15(eslicarbazepine acetate or S-licarbazepine or zebinix).mp.
16or/1–16

Cinahl search terms

S1pregabalin or Lyrica
S2rufinamide or CGP 33101 or 1 2 6 difluorobenzyl 1H 1 2 3 triazole 4 carboxamide
S3zonisamide or Zonegran or AD 810 o 1 2 benzisoxazole 3 methanesulfonamide or 3 sulfamoylmethyl 1 2 benzisoxazole
S4lacosamide or N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide or N-benzyl- AcMeOPrNH2
S5stiripentol or D-306
S6nitrazepam or Alodorm or Dormalon or Dormo-Puren or Eatan or Imadorm or imeson or Mogadon or Nitrazadon or Nitrazep or Nitrodiazepam or Novanox or Radedorm or Remnos or Serenade or Somnite
S7prednisolone or Di-Adreson-F or Predate or Predonine
S8Prednisone or Cortan or Cortancyl or Cutason or Dacortin or Decortisyl or Dehydrocortisone or delta-Cortisone or Deltasone or Encorton or Encortone or Enkortolon or Kortancyl or Liquid Pred or Meticorten or Orasone or Panafcort or Panasol or Predni Tablinen or Prednidib or Predniment or Prednison acsis or Prednison Galen or Prednison Hexal or Pronisone or Rectodelt or Sone or Sterapred or Ultracorten or Winpred
S9hydrocortisone or Cortifair or Cortisol or Cortril or Epicortisol
S10adrenocorticotrophin
S11fosphenytoin or Cerebyx or HMPDP or Prodilantin or ACC-9653 or 3- hydroxymethyl phenytoin disodium phosphate or 3 hydroxymethyl phenytoin phosphate ester
S12thiopentone or bomathal or penthiobarbital or pentothal or pentothal sodico or sodipental or thiomebumal or thionembutal or thiopentobarbital or thiopentone or tiobarbital braun or trapanal
S13diazepam or 7-chloro-1 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1 4-benzodiazepin-2-one or apaurin or diazemuls or faustan or relanium or seduxen or sibazon or stesolid or valium
S14S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 or S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13

Cochrane search terms – Wiley interface

#1pregabalin or Lyrica
#2(rufinamide or CGP 33101 or 1 2 6 difluorobenzyl 1H 1 2 3 triazole 4 carboxamide):ti,ab,kw
#3(zonisamide or Zonegran or AD 810 o 1 2 benzisoxazole 3 methanesulfonamide or 3 sulfamoylmethyl 1 2 benzisoxazole):ti,ab,kw
#4(lacosamide or N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide or N-benzyl- AcMeOPrNH2):ti,ab,kw
#5(stiripentol or D-306):ti,ab,kw
#6(nitrazepam or Alodorm or Dormalon or Dormo-Puren or Eatan or Imadorm or imeson or Mogadon or Nitrazadon or Nitrazep or Nitrodiazepam or Novanox or Radedorm or Remnos or Serenade or Somnite):ti,ab,kw
#7(prednisolone or Di-Adreson-F or Predate or Predonine):ti,ab,kw
#8(Prednisone or Cortan or Cortancyl or Cutason or Dacortin or Decortisyl or Dehydrocortisone or delta-Cortisone or Deltasone or Encorton or Encortone or Enkortolon or Kortancyl or Liquid Pred or Meticorten or Orasone or Panafcort or Panasol or Predni Tablinen or Prednidib or Predniment or Prednison acsis or Prednison Galen or Prednison Hexal or Pronisone or Rectodelt or Sone or Sterapred or Ultracorten or Winpred):ti,ab,kw
#9(hydrocortisone or Cortifair or Cortisol or Cortril or Epicortisol):ti,ab,kw
#10(adrenocorticotrophin):ti,ab,kw
#11(fosphenytoin or Cerebyx or HMPDP or Prodilantin or ACC-9653 or 3- hydroxymethyl phenytoin disodium phosphate or 3 hydroxymethyl phenytoin phosphate ester):ti,ab,kw
#12(isoflurane):ti,ab,kw
#13(thiopentone or bomathal or penthiobarbital or pentothal or pentothal sodico or sodipental or thiomebumal or thionembutal or thiopentobarbital or thiopentone or tiobarbital braun or trapanal):ti,ab,kw
#14(diazepam or 7-chloro-1 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1 4-benzodiazepin-2-one or apaurin or diazemuls or faustan or relanium or seduxen or sibazon or stesolid or valium):ti,ab,kw
#15(eslicarbazepine acetate or S-licarbazepine or zebinix):ti,ab,kw
#16#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15

1.3.3. Pregnancy

Which anti-epileptic drugs are clinically effective, cost-effective and safest for use in pregnancy?

PopulationIntervention/exposureComparisonStudy filters usedDate parameters
EpilepsyDrugsEach other or placeboSystematic reviews, RCTs, observational studies (Medline and Embase only)Start dates: Medline 1950, Embase 1980, Cinahl 1982
Searched up to: 03/06/10

Medline & Embase search terms

1(pregabalin or Lyrica or 3 isobutyl GABA).mp.
2(rufinamide or CGP 33101 or 1 2 6 difluorobenzyl 1H 1 2 3 triazole 4 carboxamide).mp.
3(zonisamide or Zonegran or AD 810 o 1 2 benzisoxazole 3 methanesulfonamide or 3 sulfamoylmethyl 1 2 benzisoxazole).mp.
4(lacosamide or N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide or N-benzyl- AcMeOPrNH2).mp.
5(stiripentol or D-306).mp.
6(nitrazepam or Alodorm or Dormalon or Dormo-Puren or Eatan or Imadorm or imeson or Mogadon or Nitrazadon or Nitrazep or Nitrodiazepam or Novanox or Radedorm or Remnos or Serenade or Somnite).mp.
7(prednisolone or Di-Adreson-F or Predate or Predonine).mp.
8(hydrocortisone or Cortifair or Cortisol or Cortril or Epicortisol).mp.
9(Prednisone or Cortan or Cortancyl or Cutason or Dacortin or Decortisyl or Dehydrocortisone or delta-Cortisone or Deltasone or Encorton or Encortone or Enkortolon or Kortancyl or Liquid Pred or Meticorten or Orasone or Panafcort or Panasol or Predni Tablinen or Prednidib or Predniment or Prednison acsis or Prednison Galen or Prednison Hexal or Pronisone or Rectodelt or Sone or Sterapred or Ultracorten or Winpred).mp.
10adrenocorticotrophin.mp.
11(fosphenytoin or Cerebyx or HMPDP or Prodilantin or ACC-9653 or 3- hydroxymethyl phenytoin disodium phosphate or 3 hydroxymethyl phenytoin phosphate ester).mp.
12isoflurane.mp.
13(thiopentone or bomathal or penthiobarbital or pentothal or pentothal sodico or sodipental or thiomebumal or thionembutal or thiopentobarbital or thiopentone or tiobarbital braun or trapanal).mp.
14(diazepam or 7-chloro-1 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1 4-benzodiazepin-2-one or apaurin or diazemuls or faustan or relanium or seduxen or sibazon or stesolid or valium).mp.
15(eslicarbazepine acetate or S-licarbazepine or zebinix).mp.
16or/1–16

Cinahl search terms

S1pregabalin or Lyrica
S2rufinamide or CGP 33101 or 1 2 6 difluorobenzyl 1H 1 2 3 triazole 4 carboxamide
S3zonisamide or Zonegran or AD 810 o 1 2 benzisoxazole 3 methanesulfonamide or 3 sulfamoylmethyl 1 2 benzisoxazole
S4lacosamide or N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide or N-benzyl- AcMeOPrNH2
S5stiripentol or D-306
S6nitrazepam or Alodorm or Dormalon or Dormo-Puren or Eatan or Imadorm or imeson or Mogadon or Nitrazadon or Nitrazep or Nitrodiazepam or Novanox or Radedorm or Remnos or Serenade or Somnite
S7prednisolone or Di-Adreson-F or Predate or Predonine
S8Prednisone or Cortan or Cortancyl or Cutason or Dacortin or Decortisyl or Dehydrocortisone or delta-Cortisone or Deltasone or Encorton or Encortone or Enkortolon or Kortancyl or Liquid Pred or Meticorten or Orasone or Panafcort or Panasol or Predni Tablinen or Prednidib or Predniment or Prednison acsis or Prednison Galen or Prednison Hexal or Pronisone or Rectodelt or Sone or Sterapred or Ultracorten or Winpred
S9hydrocortisone or Cortifair or Cortisol or Cortril or Epicortisol
S10adrenocorticotrophin
S11fosphenytoin or Cerebyx or HMPDP or Prodilantin or ACC-9653 or 3- hydroxymethyl phenytoin disodium phosphate or 3 hydroxymethyl phenytoin phosphate ester
S12thiopentone or bomathal or penthiobarbital or pentothal or pentothal sodico or sodipental or thiomebumal or thionembutal or thiopentobarbital or thiopentone or tiobarbital braun or trapanal
S13diazepam or 7-chloro-1 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1 4-benzodiazepin-2-one or apaurin or diazemuls or faustan or relanium or seduxen or sibazon or stesolid or valium
S14S1 or S2 or S3 or S4 or S5 or S6 or S7 or S8 or S9 or S10 or S11 or S12 or S13

Cochrane search terms – Wiley interface

#1pregabalin or Lyrica
#2(rufinamide or CGP 33101 or 1 2 6 difluorobenzyl 1H 1 2 3 triazole 4 carboxamide):ti,ab,kw
#3(zonisamide or Zonegran or AD 810 o 1 2 benzisoxazole 3 methanesulfonamide or 3 sulfamoylmethyl 1 2 benzisoxazole):ti,ab,kw
#4(lacosamide or N-benzyl-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide or N-benzyl- AcMeOPrNH2):ti,ab,kw
#5(stiripentol or D-306):ti,ab,kw
#6(nitrazepam or Alodorm or Dormalon or Dormo-Puren or Eatan or Imadorm or imeson or Mogadon or Nitrazadon or Nitrazep or Nitrodiazepam or Novanox or Radedorm or Remnos or Serenade or Somnite):ti,ab,kw
#7(prednisolone or Di-Adreson-F or Predate or Predonine):ti,ab,kw
#8(Prednisone or Cortan or Cortancyl or Cutason or Dacortin or Decortisyl or Dehydrocortisone or delta-Cortisone or Deltasone or Encorton or Encortone or Enkortolon or Kortancyl or Liquid Pred or Meticorten or Orasone or Panafcort or Panasol or Predni Tablinen or Prednidib or Predniment or Prednison acsis or Prednison Galen or Prednison Hexal or Pronisone or Rectodelt or Sone or Sterapred or Ultracorten or Winpred):ti,ab,kw
#9(hydrocortisone or Cortifair or Cortisol or Cortril or Epicortisol):ti,ab,kw
#10(adrenocorticotrophin):ti,ab,kw
#11(fosphenytoin or Cerebyx or HMPDP or Prodilantin or ACC-9653 or 3- hydroxymethyl phenytoin disodium phosphate or 3 hydroxymethyl phenytoin phosphate ester):ti,ab,kw
#12(isoflurane):ti,ab,kw
#13(thiopentone or bomathal or penthiobarbital or pentothal or pentothal sodico or sodipental or thiomebumal or thionembutal or thiopentobarbital or thiopentone or tiobarbital braun or trapanal):ti,ab,kw
#14(diazepam or 7-chloro-1 3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2h-1 4-benzodiazepin-2-one or apaurin or diazemuls or faustan or relanium or seduxen or sibazon or stesolid or valium):ti,ab,kw
#15(eslicarbazepine acetate or S-licarbazepine or zebinix):ti,ab,kw
#16#1 or #2 or #3 or #4 or #5 or #6 or #7 or #8 or #9 or #10 or #11 or #12 or #13 or #14 or #15

1.3.4. Economics Search

Economic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase and CRD for EED and HTA

PopulationIntervention/exposureComparisonStudy filter usedDate parameters
Stable COPDEconomic (Medline and Embase onlyMedline and Embase 2007–24/7/09
CRD EED and HTA 2003–24/7/09
Medline economic filter search terms
  1. costs.tw.
  2. cost effective.tw.
  3. economic.tw.
  4. 1 or 2 or 3
  5. (metabolic adj cost).tw.
  6. ((energy or oxygen) adj cost).tw.
  7. 5 or 6
  8. 4 not 7
Embase economic filter search terms
  1. costs.tw.
  2. cost effective.tw.
  3. economic.tw.
  4. 1 or 2 or 3
  5. (metabolic adj cost).tw.
  6. ((energy or oxygen) adj cost).tw.
  7. 5 or 6
  8. 4 not 7
COPD CRD search terms

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD

Copyright © 2012, National Clinical Guideline Centre.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publisher at the UK address printed on this page.

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore for general use.

The rights of National Clinical Guideline Centre to be identified as Author of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

Bookshelf ID: NBK327344
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