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This volume of the IARC Monographs provides a reassessment of the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages and of ethyl carbamate (urethane), a frequent contaminant of fermented foods and alcoholic beverages. Although moderate alcohol consumption has some health benefits, WHO has identified the consumption of alcohol as one of the top ten risks for worldwide burden of disease. An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard of alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate to humans.
Contents
- NOTE TO THE READER
- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
- PREAMBLE
- GENERAL REMARKS
- CONSUMPTION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
- 1. Exposure Data
- 1.1. Types and ethanol contents of alcoholic beverages
- 1.2. Production and trade of alcoholic beverages
- 1.3. Trends in consumption
- 1.4. Sociodemographic determinants of alcoholic beverage consumption
- 1.5. Non-beverage alcohol consumption
- 1.6. Chemical composition of alcoholic beverages, additives and contaminants
- 1.7. Biomarkers, biomonitoring and aspects of survey measurement
- 1.8. Regulations on alcohol
- 1.9. References
- 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
- Assessment of alcoholic beverage intake in case–control and cohort studies
- 2.1. Description of cohort studies
- 2.2. Cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx
- 2.3. Cancer of the larynx
- 2.4. Cancer of the oesophagus
- 2.5. Cancer of the liver
- 2.6. Breast cancer
- 2.7. Cancer of the stomach
- 2.8. Cancers of the colon and/or rectum
- 2.9. Cancer of the pancreas
- 2.10. Cancer of the lung
- 2.11. Cancer of the urinary bladder
- 2.12. Cancer of the endometrium
- 2.13. Cancer of the ovary
- 2.14. Cancer of the uterine cervix
- 2.15. Cancer of the prostate
- 2.16. Cancer of the kidney
- 2.17. Cancers of the lymphatic and haematopoietic system
- 2.18. Cancer at other sites
- References
- 3. Studies of Cancer in Experimental Animals
- 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
- 4.1. Absorption, first-pass metabolism, distribution and excretion
- 4.2. Metabolism
- 4.3. Genetic susceptibility
- 4.4. Modifying effects of ethanol consumption on metabolism and clearance
- 4.5. Major toxic effects
- 4.6. Reproductive and perinatal toxicity
- 4.7. Genetic and related effects
- 4.8. Mechanistic considerations
- References
- 5. Summary of Data Reported
- 6. Evaluation and Rationale
- 1. Exposure Data
- ETHYL CARBAMATE
- GLOSSARY
- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.
Corrigenda to Volume 96. (PDF, 64K)
LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 6–13 February 2007
Lyon, France - 2010
IARC MONOGRAPHS
In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.
This programme has been supported since 1982 by Cooperative Agreement U01 CA33193 with the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the Health, Safety and Hygiene at Work Unit of the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, and since 1992 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Health and Human Services. The contents of this volume are solely the responsibility of the Working Group and do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.
- Published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- ©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2010
- Distributed by WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: tni.ohw@sredrokoob).
- Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: tni.ohw@snoissimrep).
The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.
The IARC Monographs Working Group alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication.
IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
- Alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate/ IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2007: Lyon, France)
- (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans; v. 96)
- 1. Alcoholic Beverages – adverse effects 2. Alcohol Drinking – adverse effects 3. Carcinogens
- 4. Ethanol – adverse effects 5. Neoplasms – etiology 6. Urethane – adverse effects
- 7. Urethane – toxicity
- I. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
- II. Series
- ISBN 978 92 832 1296 6 (NLM Classification: W1)
- ISSN 1017-1606
- PRINTED IN FRANCE
Cover: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901) “The Hangover” (Portrait of Suzanne Valadon), 1888, oil on canvas. Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Art Museum. Bequest from the Collection of Maurice Wertheim, Class of 1906, 1951.63
Photo: Imaging Department © President and Fellows of Harvard College, reproduced with permission.
The chemical formulae show the two-step metabolism of ethyl alcohol, mediated by the key enzymes ADH and ALDH.
Cover design: Roland Dray (IARC)
- NLM CatalogRelated NLM Catalog Entries
- Inhibition by wine of tumorigenesis induced by ethyl carbamate (urethane) in mice.[Food Chem Toxicol. 1991]Inhibition by wine of tumorigenesis induced by ethyl carbamate (urethane) in mice.Stoewsand GS, Anderson JL, Munson L. Food Chem Toxicol. 1991 May; 29(5):291-5.
- Effect of ethanol on the tumorigenicity of urethane (ethyl carbamate) in B6C3F1 mice.[Food Chem Toxicol. 2005]Effect of ethanol on the tumorigenicity of urethane (ethyl carbamate) in B6C3F1 mice.Beland FA, Benson RW, Mellick PW, Kovatch RM, Roberts DW, Fang JL, Doerge DR. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Jan; 43(1):1-19.
- Effect of ethanol on the induction of lung tumours by ethyl carbamate in mice.[Toxicology. 1991]Effect of ethanol on the induction of lung tumours by ethyl carbamate in mice.Altmann HJ, Dusemund B, Goll M, Grunow W. Toxicology. 1991; 68(2):195-201.
- Review The carcinogenic potential of ethyl carbamate (urethane): risk assessment at human dietary exposure levels.[Food Chem Toxicol. 1990]Review The carcinogenic potential of ethyl carbamate (urethane): risk assessment at human dietary exposure levels.Schlatter J, Lutz WK. Food Chem Toxicol. 1990 Mar; 28(3):205-11.
- Review Alcohol and cancer.[Lancet Oncol. 2006]Review Alcohol and cancer.Boffetta P, Hashibe M. Lancet Oncol. 2006 Feb; 7(2):149-56.
- Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl CarbamateAlcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate
- BioProject Links for BioSample (Select 22165172) (2)BioProject
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