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Practical Approach to Lung Health: Manual on Initiating PAL Implementation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

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Practical Approach to Lung Health: Manual on Initiating PAL Implementation.

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AnnexSource documents

Introduction. Scope and objectives of the manual

  • Dye C, et al. What is the limit to case detection under the DOTS strategy for tuberculosis control? Tuberculosis. 2003;83:35–43. [PubMed: 12758187]
  • Hopewell PC, Migliori GB, Raviglione MC. Tuberculosis care and control. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006;84:428–429. [PMC free article: PMC2627365] [PubMed: 16799719]
  • Murray JF, Pio A, Ottmani S. PAL: a new and practical approach to lung health. International. [PubMed: 17131775]
  • The global plan to stop tuberculosis: Stop TB Partnership. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. (WHO/CDS/STB/2001.16)
  • Veron LJ, et al. DOTS expansion: will we reach the 2005 targets? International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2004;8:139–146. [PubMed: 14974757]
  • Final report of the 3rd DOTS Expansion Working Group Meeting. Montreal, Canada, 5–6 October 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/TB/2003.315)
  • Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. (WHO/HTM/TB/2008.393)
  • Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing WHO Report 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. (WHO/HTM/TB/2007.376)
  • The Stop TB strategy: building on and enhancing DOTS to meet the TB-related Millennium Development Goals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. (WHO/HTM/STB/2006.368)
  • Report of the First International Review Meeting: Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) Strategy. Rabat, Morocco, 4–6 September 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/2003.324)
  • WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (updated reprint 2004, 2005)

Chapter 1. Enlisting support to initiate the PAL strategy

  • Cassels A. Health sector reform: key issues in less developed countries. Journal of International Development. 1995;7:329–374. [PubMed: 12290761]
  • Chaulet P. After health sector reform, whither lung health? International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 1998;2:349–359. [PubMed: 9613629]
  • Enarson D, et al. Research methods for promotion of lung health. Paris: International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; 2001.
  • Ottmani SE, Mahjour J. The PAL strategy for a broad respiratory care. In: Raviglione M, Lambregts C, editors. TB: a comprehensive international approach. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2005. Chapter 45.
  • Pio A, et al. Standardization of district-based packages of care for the management of tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases among youths and adults. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997. (WHO/TB/97.232)
  • Scherpbier R, Hanson C, Raviglione M. Basis for development of algorithms for assessment, classification and treatment of respiratory illness in school-age children, youths and adults in developing countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998. (WHO/TB/98.257)
  • Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL): a primary health care strategy for integrated management of respiratory conditions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. (WHO/HTM/TB/2005.351; WHO/NMH/CHP/CPM/CRA/05.3)
  • Report of the First International Review Meeting: Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) Strategy. Rabat, Morocco, 4–6 September 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/2003.324)
  • PAL: Practical Approach to Lung Health Information Dossier. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
  • The role of health professionals in tobacco control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. (www​.who.int/tobacco/resources​/publications​/wntd/2005/en/bookletfinal_20april.pdf)

Chapter 2. Estimating the burden of respiratory diseases

  • Asher MI, et al. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet. 2006;368:733–743. [PubMed: 16935684]
  • Chan-Yeung M, et al. The burden and impact of COPD in Asia and Africa. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2004;8:2–14. [PubMed: 14974740]
  • Eagan TML, et al. The incidence of adult asthma: a review. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2005;9:603–612. [PubMed: 15971386]
  • Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. Lancet. 2003;362:847–852. [PubMed: 13678970]
  • Worldwide variations in the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinopharyngitis and atopic eczema: ISAAC. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Lancet. 1998;351:1225–1232. [PubMed: 9643741]
  • Ottmani S, et al. Respiratory care in primary care services: a survey in 9 countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. (WHO/HTM/TB/2004.333)
  • Scherpbier R, Hanson C, Raviglione M. Report: Adult Lung Health Initiative – basis for the development of algorithms for assessment, classification and treatment of respiratory illness in school-age children, youths and adults in developing countries. Recommendations of the Consultation, Geneva, 4–15 May 1998. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998. (WHO/TB/98.257)
  • Shibuya K, et al. Correction: Global and regional estimates of cancer mortality and incidence by site: II. Results for the global burden of disease 2000. BMC Cancer. 2003;3:20. (available from: www​.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/3/20) [PMC free article: PMC149364] [PubMed: 12502432]
  • Vermeire P. The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiratory Medicine. 2002;96(Suppl. C):S3–S10. [PubMed: 12199489]
  • Bousquet J, Khaltaev N. Global surveillance, prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases: a comprehensive approach. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
  • Reducing risks, promoting healthy life World Health Report, 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
  • Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, finance WHO Report 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. (WHO/HTM/TB/2007.376)
  • World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.

Chapter 3. Assessing the capabilities of the health infrastructure to implement the PAL strategy

  • Banda HT, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis in TB suspects with short duration of cough. Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1998;92:161–163. [PubMed: 9764320]
  • Dye C, et al. What is the limit to case detection under the DOTS strategy for tuberculosis control? Tuberculosis. 2003;83:35–43. [PubMed: 12758187]
  • Baltussen R, et al. Priority setting using multiple criteria: should a lung health programme be implemented in Nepal? Health Policy and Planning. 2007;22:178–185. [PubMed: 17412742]
  • Report of the First International Review Meeting: Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) Strategy. Rabat, Morocco, 4–6 September 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/2003.324)
  • Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL): a primary health care strategy for integrated management of respiratory conditions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. (WHO/HTM/TB/2005.351; WHO/NMH/CHP/CPM/CRA/05.3)

Chapter 4. Developing standard PAL clinical guidelines

    Technical guidelines of countries

      Algeria

      • Guide pour la prise en charge des maladies respiratoires de l'enfant et de l'adulte dans les unités sanitaires de base en Algérie. Alger: Ministère de la Santé, de la Population et de la Réforme Hospitalière; avril, 2004. .

      Bolivia

      • Guía de normas técnicas y operativas sobre atención de enfermedades respiratorias del adulto para centros y puestos de salud. La Paz: Ministerio de Salud y Deportes; 2004.
      • Guía de normas técnicas y operativas sobre atención de enfermedades respiratorias del adulto para hospitales de 2do y 3er nivel. La Paz: Ministerio de Salud y deportes; 2004. .

      Guinea

      • Guide pratique pour la prise en charge des malades ayant des symptômes respiratoires dans les formations sanitaires de base en Guinée. Conakry: Ministère de la Santé Publique; juin, 2003. .
      • Guide pratique pour la prise en charge des maladies respiratoires dans les services de référence en Guinée. Conakry: Ministère de la Santé Publique; juin, 2003. .

      Kyrgyzstan

      • Kyrgyzstan – Finland Lung Health Programme. Practical guidelines for patient management of respiratory diseases by family general practitioners (FGPs). Bishkek: Ministry of Health; 2004. .

      Morocco

      • Guide pratique pour la prise en charge des patients ayant des symptômes respiratoires dans les formations sanitaires de base au Maroc. Rabat: Ministère de la Santé; décembre, 2001. .
      • Guide pratique pour la prise en charge des maladies respiratoires dans les services de santé publique spécialisés du Maroc. Rabat: Ministère de la Santé; décembre, 2001. .

      Peru

      • Guía sobre atención integral de tuberculosis y enfermedades respiratorias para personal de centros y puestos de salud. Lima: Ministerio de Salud, Dirección General de Salud de las Personas; Abril, 2004. .
      • Guía sobre atención integral de tuberculosis y enfermedades respiratorias del adulto para hospitales de primera referencia. Lima: Ministerio de Salud, Dirección General de Salud de las Personas; Mayo, 2004. .

      South Africa

      • English R, Bateman E, Zwarenstein M. Practical approach to lung health in South Africa (PALSA) guidelines. First level primary care management of respiratory diseases. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Lung Institute and South Africa Medical Research Council; 2004. .

      Tunisia

      • Guide pratique pour la prise en charge des malades ayant des symptômes respiratoires dans les centres de santé de base en Tunisie. Tunis: Ministère de la Santé Publique, Direction des Soins de Santé de Base; février, 2004. .

    Other references

    • Aït-Khaled N, et al. Affordability of inhaled corticosteroids as a potential barrier to treatment of asthma in some developing countries. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2000;4:268–271. [PubMed: 10751075]
    • Aït-Khaled N, Enarson D, Bousquet J. CRD in developing countries: the burden and strategies for prevention and management. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2001;79:971–979. [PMC free article: PMC2566677] [PubMed: 11693980]
    • Aït-Khaled N, Enarson DA. Management of asthma: a guide to the essentials of good clinical practice. 2nd ed. Paris: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; 2005. (available at http//:www​.Union.org)
    • Aït-Khaled N, et al. Chronic airflow limitation in developing countries: burden and priorities. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2007;2:1–10. [PMC free article: PMC2695613] [PubMed: 18044686]
    • American Thoracic Society. Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, and initial antimicrobial therapy. American Review of Respiratory Disease. 1993;148:1418–1426. [PubMed: 8239186]
    • An expanded DOTS framework for effective tuberculosis control. International Journal Tuberculosis Lung Disease. 2002;6:378–388. [PubMed: 12019913]
    • A WHO/The Union monograph on TB and tobacco control – Joining efforts to control two related global epidemics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
    • Bartlett JG, et al. Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: guidelines for management. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1998;26:811–838. [PubMed: 9564457]
    • Bellamy D, et al. International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) guidelines: management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 2006;15:48–57. [PMC free article: PMC6730681] [PubMed: 16701758]
    • Bheekie A, et al. The Practical Approach to Lung Health in South Africa (PALSA) intervention: respiratory guideline implementation for nurse trainers. International Nursing Review. 2006;53:261–268. [PubMed: 17083414]
    • Billo N. Asthma drug facility: from concept to reality. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2006;10:709. [PubMed: 16848329]
    • BTS guidelines for the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The COPD Guidelines Group of the Standards of Care Committee of the British Toracic Society. Thorax. 1997;52(Suppl. 5):S1–S28. [PMC free article: PMC1765890] [PubMed: 9474238]
    • Cancer pain relief. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1996.
    • Clini E, et al. Non-pharmacological treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medical Science Monitor. 2003;9:300–305. [PubMed: 14646985]
    • English RG, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of an integrated respiratory guideline in indentifying patients with respiratory symptoms requiring screening for pulmonary tuberculosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2006;6:1–9. (available at http://www​.biomedcentral​.com/1471-2466/6/22) [PMC free article: PMC1569870] [PubMed: 16934140]
    • European Study on Community Acquired Pneumonia (ESOCAP) Committee Chairmen. Huchon G, Woodhead M. Management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. European Respiratory Reviews. 1998;8:391–426.
    • Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA); 2006. (available from www​.ginasthma.org)
    • Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD); 2007. (available from www​.goldcopd.org) [PubMed: 17507545]
    • Guidelines for implementing collaborative TB and HIV programme activities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/TB/2003.319)
    • Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma Expert Panel Report 2. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute; 1997. (NIH publication No. 97-4051)
    • Guidelines for WHO guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
    • Harries AD, et al. TB/HIV: a clinical manual. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004. (WHO/HTM/TB/2004.329)
    • Mandell LA, et al. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian Infectious Diseases Society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2000;31:383–421. [PubMed: 10987698]
    • Miller MR, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. European Respiratory Journal. 2005;26:319–338. [PubMed: 16055882]
    • Slama K. Tobacco control and prevention: a guide for low-income countries. Paris: International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; 1998.
    • Symptom relief in terminal illness. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
    • Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines for national programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/TB/2003.313)
    • Tuberculosis care with TB-HIV co-management: Integrated Management of Adolescent and Adult Illness (AMAI). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. (WHO/HTM/HIV/2007.01; WHO/HTM/TB/2007.380)
    • WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: 15th list, March 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007. (available at www​.who.int/medicines​/publications/EML15.pdf)
    • WHO policy recommendations for smoking cessation and treatment of tobacco dependence. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (available at www.who.int/tobacco/resources/publications/tobacco dependence/en/index.html)

Chapter 5. Communication activities in a PAL strategy

  • A WHO/The Union monograph on TB and tobacco control – Joining efforts to control two related global epidemics. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
  • Bolton CE, et al. Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2004;170:1286–1293. [PubMed: 15374843]
  • Celli BR, et al. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. European Respiratory Journal. 2004;23:932–946. [PubMed: 15219010]
  • Clini E, et al. Non-pharmacological treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medical Science Monitor. 2003;9:300–305. [PubMed: 14646985]
  • Finnerty JP, et al. The effectiveness of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease. Chest. 2001;119:1705–1710. [PubMed: 11399694]
  • Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD); 2007. (available from www​.goldcopd.org) [PubMed: 17507545]
  • Guía sobre Atención Integral de Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Respiratorias para Personal de Centros y Puestos de Salud. Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Salu; 2004.
  • Hill NS. Pulmonary rehabilitation. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 2006;3:66–74. [PubMed: 16493153]
  • Management of tuberculosis: training for health facility staff D: Inform patients about TB. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/TB/2003.314d)
  • Mason P. Helping smokers change: a resource pack for training health professionals. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2001.
  • Proyecto Atención de Salud Pulmonar del Adulto (ASPA). Guía para la Atención de las Enfermedades Pulmonares del Adulto en los Centros de Salud. La Paz, Bolivia: Ministerio de Salud; 2004.
  • Slama K. Tobacco control and prevention: a guide for low income countries. Paris: International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease; 1998.
  • Ward JA, et al. Feasibility and effectiveness of a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in a community hospital setting. British Journal of General Practice. 2002;52:539–542. [PMC free article: PMC1314354] [PubMed: 12120724]

Chapter 6. Formulating a PAL information system

  • Health Metrics Network. Assessing the national health information system: an assessment tool, Version 4.00. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. (available at www​.who.int/healthmetrics​/tools/3_HMN_Assessment​_Tool_Version_4_0_Eng.pdf)
  • Lippeveld T, Sauerborn R, Bodart C. Design and implementation of health information systems. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000.
  • Management of tuberculosis: training for health facility staff. B: Detect cases of TB. Geneva: World HealthOrganization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/TB/2003.314b)
  • Revised TB recording and reporting forms and registers. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. (WHO/HTM/TB/2006.373). http://whqlibdoc​.who​.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_TB_2006.373_eng.pdf.
  • Management of tuberculosis: training for health facility staff. C: Treat TB patients. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/TB/2003.314c)

Chapter 7. Developing PAL training materials

  • Guilbert JJ. Educational handbook for health personnel. 6th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
  • Mason P. Helping smokers change: a resource pack for training health professionals. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2001.
  • PAL technical guides from Algeria, Bolivia, Guinea, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Peru, South Africa and Tunisia (see references for Chapter 4).
  • The role of health professionals in tobacco control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. (www​.who.int/tobacco/resources​/publications​/wntd/2005/en/bookletfinal_20april.pdf)

Chapter 10. Organizing systematic supervision, monitoring and evaluation

  • An expanded DOTS framework for effective tuberculosis control. International Journal Tuberculosis Lung Disease. 2002;6:378–388. [PubMed: 12019913]
  • Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL): a primary health care strategy for integrated management of respiratory conditions in people five years of age and over. Geneva: World Health organization; 2005. (WHO/HTM/TB/2005.351; WHO/NMH/CHP/CRA/05.3)
  • Report of the First International Review Meeting: Practical Approach to Lung Health (PAL) Strategy. Rabat, Morocco, 4–6 September 2002. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. (WHO/CDS/2003.324)
Copyright © World Health Organization 2008.

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Bookshelf ID: NBK310634
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