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Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, et al. Pain Management Injection Therapies for Low Back Pain [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2015.

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Pain Management Injection Therapies for Low Back Pain

Pain Management Injection Therapies for Low Back Pain [Internet].

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Figure 24 is a funnel plot titled Funnel plot of epidural corticosteroid injections versus placebo interventions: likelihood of surgery at long-term. The Egger’s test for small-study effects is p=0.81. There are symbols representing intervention types for routes of administration, including caudal vs. placebo; interlaminar vs. placebo; and transforaminal vs. placebo. The standard error of logrr range is represented by a ruled line on the left side of the graph numbered from 1.5 to 0. The logrr is represented by a horizontal line at the bottom of the graph numbered from –4 to 4. The 95% confidence intervals form an upright triangle over the graph. The symbols fall mostly within the confidence intervals, with one outlier of the transforaminal vs. placebo type.

Figure 24Funnel plot of epidural corticosteroid injections versus placebo interventions: Likelihood of surgery at long-term

Egger's test for small-study effects: p=0.81

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