Contents

• THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• SESSION 1. THE ROLE, VALUE, AND, LIMITS OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA AND INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
  • 1. Discussion Framework
    • PUBLIC-DOMAIN INFORMATION DEFINED
    • GOVERNMENT INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
    • ACADEMIC INFORMATION IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
    • THE IMPETUS FOR THIS SYMPOSIUM
  • 2. The Genius of Intellectual Property and the Need for the Public Domain
  • 3. Intellectual Property—When Is It the Best Incentive Mechanism for S&T Data and Information?
  • 4. The Economic Logic of “Open Science” and the Balance between Private Property Rights and the Public Domain in Scientific Data and Information: A Primer
    • INFORMATION AND THE PUBLIC GOODS PROBLEM IN RESEARCH
    • THE ECONOMIC LOGIC OF OPEN SCIENCE
    • PROPERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF KNOWLEDGE
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • 5. Scientific Knowledge as a Global Public Good: Contributions to Innovation and the Economy
    • INTRODUCTION
    • PRINCIPAL CONCEPTS
    • PROVISION AND USE
    • IMPLEMENTATION: AN EXAMPLE
    • CONCLUDING REMARKS
    • REFERENCES
  • 6. Opportunities for Commercial Exploitation of Networked Science and Technology Public-Domain Information Resources
  • 7. The Role, Value, and Limits of S&T Data and Information in the Public Domain for Education
    • RESPONDING TO A CHANGING WORLD
    • BIOLOGY WORKBENCH: OPEN-WORLD LEARNING
    • CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
  • 8. The Role, Value, and Limits of S&T Data and Information in the Public Domain for Research: Earth and Environmental Sciences
  • 9. The Role, Value, and Limits of S&T Data and Information in the Public Domain for Biomedical Research
• SESSION 2. PRESSURES ON THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
  • 10. Discussion Framework
    • COMMODITIZATION OF DATA IN PUBLIC SCIENCE
    • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, E-CONTRACTS, AND TECHNOLOGICAL FENCES
    • ONE-SIDED ELECTRONIC LICENSING CONTRACTS
  • 11. The Urge to Commercialize: Interactions Between Public and Private Research Development
    • BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH MODELS
  • 12. Legal Pressures in Intellectual Property Law
  • 13. Legal Pressures on the Public Domain: Licensing Practices
    • THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
    • ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS AND DATABASES IN SCIENCE
  • 14. Legal Pressures in National Security Restrictions
  • 15. The Challenge of Digital Rights Management Technologies
    • DIGITAL RIGHTS MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
    • IMPLICATIONS OF DRM TECHNOLOGIES FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
    • THE DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT
    • RECENT DMCA LITIGATION
    • IMPLICATIONS OF THE DRM/DMCA REGIME
    • CONCLUSION
• SESSION 3. POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF A DIMINISHING PUBLIC DOMAIN
  • 16. Discussion Framework
  • 17. Fundamental Research and Education
  • 18. Conflicting International Public Sector Information Policies and their Effects on the Public Domain and the Economy
  • 19. Potential Effects of a Diminishing Public Domain in Biomedical Research Data
    • DATA ACCESS PRACTICES
    • PUBLIC DOMAINS
    • EFFECTS OF DIMINISHING PUBLIC DOMAINS
    • REFERENCES
• SESSION 4. RESPONSES BY THE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION COMMUNITIES IN PRESERVING THE PUBLIC DOMAIN AND PROMOTING OPEN ACCESS
  • 20. Discussion Framework
    • A CONTRACTUALLY RECONSTRUCTED RESEARCH COMMONS FOR SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
    • THE GOVERNMENT SECTOR
    • THE ACADEMIC SECTOR
    • THE PRIVATE SECTOR
  • 21. Strengthening Public-Domain Mechanisms in the Federal Government: A Perspective from Biological and Environmental Research
  • 22. Academics as a Natural Haven for Open Science and Public-Domain Resources: How Far Can We Stray?
  • 23. New Legal Approaches in the Private Sector
    • THE PROPRIETARY, THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, AND THE SPACE BETWEEN
    • NEW APPROACHES FOR PROMOTING THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
  • 24. Designing Public–Private Transactions that Foster Innovation
    • INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY VERSUS THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
    • WHY UNIVERSITIES LIKE EXCLUSIVE LICENSES
    • LOOKING AT THE ALTERNATIVES
    • THE POLITICS OF VOTING “YES”
    • WHAT AGENCIES CAN DO
  • 25. Emerging Models for Maintaining Scientific Data in the Public Domain
    • CITESEER
    • FURTHER LEGAL DISCUSSION
  • 26. The Role of the Research University in Strengthening the Intellectual Commons: the OpenCourseWare and DSpace Initiatives at MIT
  • 27. New Paradigms in Industry: Corporate Donations of Geophysical Data
  • 28. New Paradigms in Industry: The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Consortium
  • 29. Closing Remarks
• APPENDIXES
  • Appendix A Final Symposium Agenda
  • Appendix B Biographical Information on Speakers and Steering Committee Members
  • Appendix C Symposium Attendees
  • Appendix D Acronyms and Initialisms

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

Support for this project was provided by the Center for Public Domain (under an unnumbered grant), the James D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (under grant no. 02-73708-GEN), the National Library of Medicine (under purchase order no. 467-MZ-200750), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Weather Service (under an unnumbered purchase order), and the National Science Foundation (under grant no. GEO-0223581). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.