A. General

Each State must have one person to act as its DJC. This person should be selected jointly by the State animal health official and the AVIC, and be approved by the VS regional Johne's disease epidemiologist/regional director and the Johne's disease staff of APHIS/VS/National Animal Health Programs. States have a 1-year grace period to allow the chosen DJC candidate to meet the education and training requirements. During this time period, the candidate is considered to be the acting DJC.

B. Qualifications

Each DJC candidate must:

1.

Be a State, Federal, or university veterinarian.

2.

Successfully complete a Johne's disease (JD) epidemiology course that includes on-farm risk assessments and herd management plan development.

3.

Have at least 80 hours of experience in assessing risk, developing herd plans, and classifying JD test-positive animals and herds.

C. Responsibilities

The DJC has the responsibility to:

1.

Interpret laboratory test results and classify animals and herds based on the use of official and screening tests.

2.

Provide training for State personnel performing Program work.

3.

Provide training for certified veterinarians and develop a mechanism within the State to evaluate/monitor the involvement of the certified veterinarians.

4.

Review the risk assessments and herd management plans submitted by herd owners and certified veterinarians.

5.

Periodically audit the Program to determine if it is adequately controlling JD in the State.

6.

Assist animal health officials, herd owners, and the herd owner's veterinarian with developing herd management plans as requested/needed.

7.

Participate in the Program activities as a member of the State Johne's Disease Group.

8.

Provide a quarterly report to the VS regional Johne's disease epidemiologist and the Johne's staff of VS, National Animal Health Programs, on the progress of the Program.

A. General

A Johne's disease group or an equivalent must be formed to assist the State in Program development, implementation, and review. A representative at the producer level, for either the beef or the dairy industry, is recommended as the chairperson for the group. The DJC must be a member. The group must meet at least once a year.

B. Recommended members

This group should include, but not be limited to:

1.

Dairy producers—purebred, commercial, and commodity groups

2.

Beef producers—purebred, commercial, and commodity groups

3.

University/extension faculty

4.

Animal health diagnostic laboratory personnel

5.

Regulatory veterinary medical officers—State, Federal, and/or field services

6.

Veterinary practitioners—beef and dairy

A. General

States may elect to use the services of private practitioners in addition to State or Federal personnel to assist herd owners in conducting risk assessments and developing herd management plans. States using these veterinarians must determine that they meet the qualifications listed below. The DJC needs to develop a process to closely monitor the herd management plans developed by new Johne's certified veterinarians. For example, the DJC may require the new certified veterinarian to develop the first one-to-five herd management plans in conjunction with an experienced animal health official. Johne's certified veterinarians will be required to take a JD refresher course approved by the DJC at least once every 3 years.

B. Qualifications.

Johne's certified veterinarians must be accredited veterinarians and demonstrate to the DJC that they have the knowledge needed to:

1.

Develop herd management plans

2.

Provide JD risk assessments

3.

Understand JD epidemiology, testing, and test interpretation

4.

Understand State and Federal Program requirements

5.

Collect and submit fecal, tissue, and blood samples for JD testing

C. Responsibilities

Johne's certified veterinarians have the responsibility to:

1.

Provide risk assessments and develop herd management plans that will meet the approval of the DJC when requested by the herd owners

2.

Collect and submit samples according to the requirements set by the DJC

A. General

The education element in each State serves as the entry level for producer participation in the State's voluntary Program. The education element must provide producers with basic Mine's disease information, management strategies for controlling and eliminating the disease, and information on the various aspects of the State's Program. Education can take place through group workshops or through one-on-one sessions with the producer's veterinarian. A record of participation should be kept. In the education element of the Program, producers should receive information concerning the following:

B. Requirements

1.

Basic JD information—cause, clinical stages, transmission, etc.

2.

Management strategies for:

a.

Manure

b.

Colostrum and milk

c.

Replacements

d.

Infected animals

3.

Control and testing strategies:

a.

Testing

b.

Test interpretation

4.

The State Program

A. General

Producers informed about Johne's disease may wish to participate in the management element, an intermediate step in the Program. This recognizes producers for putting approved management practices and plans into place. At this stage, herd testing is an option available to the producer. The following components must be completed to the satisfaction of the DJC:

B. Risk assessment

Prior to developing an individual herd management plan, a risk assessment must be conducted in order to identify aspects of management likely to spread Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis throughout the herd. A copy of the risk assessment must be submitted with the herd management plan to the DJC.

C. Herd management plan

The Johne's certified veterinarian or an animal health official, in conjunction with the herd owner, will develop a herd management plan to prevent the introduction of JD into the herd and to reduce transmission of the disease among animals within the herd. A copy of the herd management plan and risk assessment must be submitted to the DJC for review and final approval. Guidelines for developing a herd management plan can be reviewed by reading “Johne's Disease, a Plan for Pathogen Reduction: Manual for Veterinarians: 1^st Edition”. The herd management plan should address management practices that prevent the calves and young stock from becoming infected with Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis. The herd management plan must discuss:

1.

Minimum biosecurity measures—These should be in place in order to reduce exposure to manure or milk from susceptible species of unknown JD status. These biosecurity measures, incorporated into the herd management plan, should require the producer to:

a.

Never use unknown sources of milk or colostrum to feed calves.

b.

Minimize exposure of livestock to susceptible animals that are infected or have been exposed to infected animals.

c.

Minimize exposure of feed and water to manure.

d.

Minimize exposure of young stock, when practical, to manure from adult animals. This will vary depending on management of the cattle located on the premises.

e.

Never commingle Program herds with, nor graze Program herds behind, susceptible species that are infected or exposed to infected animals (e.g., sheep, goats, farmed deer, camelids, non-Program cattle).

f.

Never allow manure from Embryo Transfer donors or other “visiting” cows (e.g., transport cows that are kept at Program farms for rest or to be milked) to come into contact with herd animals. This manure should not be disposed of in areas that would contaminate pastures or animal feed.

g.

Always haul exhibition animals (especially under 6 months old) in clean trailers and never commingle with susceptible species of unknown JD status.

2.

Minimum management practices—dairy herds

a.

A single animal calving area separate from other adult animals must be used.

b.

Each calf must be separated from adult animals within 12 hours of birth.

c.

Colostrum must be from a single source; no pooled colostrum may be used.

d.

Cows with positive screening tests or official Johne's disease tests must have colostrum discarded; each calf must be fed colostrum from test-negative animals.

e.

Calves must be fed milk replacer or pasteurized milk.

f.

Each calf must be in an individual hutch or crate until weaning.

g.

Animals must be housed by age, separate from older animals, until 15 months of age.

h.

All calves must be permanently identified.

3.

Minimum management practices—beef herds

a.

Cow/calf pairs must be kept separate from the non-calving portion of the herd.

b.

Colostrum must be from calf's dam or other single source; no pooled colostrum may be used.

c.

Cows with positive screening tests or official Johne's disease test must have colostrum discarded; each calf must be fed colostrum from test-negative animals.

d.

All calves must be permanently identified.

4.

Animal identification

All cattle must be permanently and individually identified using an identification method approved by the State Johne's group. It is recommended that all animals in participating herds should be individually identified using an official eartag. Any previous regulations listed in Title 9 CFR regarding animal identification with other animal health programs still apply.

D. Renewal

To continue in the Program, a herd owner and certified veterinarian must annually repeat the risk assessment and make appropriate changes to the herd management plan. The updated risk assessment and herd management plan must be submitted to the DJC.

A. General

Herd testing and classification constitute the third successive Program element. The purpose of this element is to publicly recognize producers in the Program for putting approved management practices and plans into place, as well as for separating test-negative herds from test-positive herds. Herds at this stage will continue undergoing herd risk assessments and be subject to herd management plans that were developed under the management element. After initial testing, participating herds may participate in either the test-positive or test-negative component of this element according to the test results.

B. Requirements for entrance

Herds enrolling in the herd testing and classification element must have completed a risk assessment and developed a herd management plan using the guidelines established in the management element.

1.

Testing

Initial testing is required to determine the herd's test status. This can be accomplished by doing a screening test on a minimum of 30 randomly selected animals at second lactation (3 years old) or higher. In herds with fewer than 30 animals at second lactation or higher, first-lactation animals (2 years old) must also be included until 30 animals are tested, or until all animals at first lactation and higher have been tested. Herd owners should be encouraged to test statistical subsets (see Table 1) or greater numbers of cattle when possible. All samples must be collected by or under the supervision of an accredited veterinarian or a State or Federal animal health official. Vaccinated herds are eligible. Vaccinated herds must be tested by an organism-detection test. All samples must be submitted to a laboratory approved by NVSL.

2.

Appealing the status of a test-positive animal

a.

For animals found positive to a screening test, a herd owner may elect to confirm the test results as follows:

1)

An official Johne's disease test must be submitted within 45 days of notification of the screening test results.

2)

If the official Johne's disease test is negative, the herd may retain its test-negative status, but that animal must be included in the next round of Program testing if that animal remains in the herd.

b.

For animals found positive to an official Johne's disease test, a herd owner may appeal the results by submitting a written statement to the DJC within 30 days of the positive results requesting an appeal, and must arrange for:

1)

Conducting a necropsy of the animal with culture and histopathology of the ileum and of the mesenteric and ileocecal lymph nodes; OR

2)

Conducting a full-thickness biopsy of the ileum and biopsy of the mesenteric or ileocecal lymph nodes with histopathology and culture of the tissues and a fecal culture sample taken at the time of biopsy; OR

3)

Submitting six separate fecal cultures from the animal on samples collected between 30 and 45 days apart. All six cultures must be negative for the animal to be considered a test-negative animal. The herd JD status will be suspended until all testing is completed. Only negative results on all tests will allow the herd to retain a test-negative status.

3.

Placement

Herds that test positive must remain in the management element or be enrolled in the test-positive component. Herds that test negative will be eligible to enter the test-negative component.

C. Test-positive component (Control and Testing)

The purpose of the test-positive component is for the State to maintain a record of infected herds that are being tested with approved risk assessment and herd management plans in place. States may include assessment levels for herd prevalence. Herds enrolled in this component must use testing protocols approved by the DJC.

1.

Requirements for herds in the test-positive component

a.

Application—The herd owner enrolling the herd must sign an agreement to abide by the requirements concerning minimum biosecurity and management, identification, testing, and herd addition strategies. This agreement must be renewed every 10 to 14 months from the anniversary date.

b.

Herd additions;

1)

All purchased animals must be from herds with approved herd management plans.

2)

Heifers raised off the premises must be raised with the proper biosecurity and control measures in place.

c.

Animal identification—All animals must be individually identified using an official eartag. Any previous regulations listed in Title 9 CFR regarding animal identification for any other APHIS programs still apply.

d.

Testing—The herd owners along with the certified Johne's veterinarian must develop a testing protocol as follows:

1)

All samples must be collected by or under the supervision of an accredited veterinarian or a State or Federal animal health official.

2)

Vaccinated herds must be tested by an organism-detection test.

3)

All samples must be submitted to a laboratory approved by NVSL.

4)

All animals specified in the test protocol must be tested within 10 to 14 months of the anniversary date.

5)

Herds not adhering to the prescribed testing requirements will be placed in the management element.

6)

It is recommended that animals positive in an official Johne's disease test be identified as such and restricted to the premises. When infected cattle leave the herd, it is recommended that they go directly to slaughter or rendering.

7)

A test-positive animal status may be appealed using the same appeal process described above for entry into the herd testing and classification element. If an animal is removed from the herd while screening test results are pending, a fecal culture should be collected, submitted, and held at the laboratory. This will allow the owner to appeal the herd level if the animal tests positive to a screening test.

e.

Optional—assessment levels.

The State's test-positive component may use assessment levels. Herds in a State program may achieve Level A, B, C, or D. Each level classifies a herd based on the known prevalence of Johne's disease within the herd. The level achievement year should also be indicated. For example, a herd that completed Level B testing in 1998 and elects to remain at Level B would have a Level B 1998 status. The level achievement year should be noted because continued monitoring increases confidence that the herd prevalence is within that category. States that use assessment levels must follow the test-positive level requirements listed below.

1)

Level A—An annual herd test reveals no screening or official Johne's test-positive animals. Level A can be maintained by achieving negative screening test results on 30 second or higher lactation animals every 10–14 months. Herds achieving Level A should be encouraged to enter the test-negative program at Level 1. Qualifying herds have:

a)

Negative test results on at least 30 randomly selected second or higher lactation animals (3 years old or older),

b)

Negative test results on the whole herd and on bulls over 2 years of age.

2)

Level B—An annual whole-herd test with the addition of bulls over 2 years of age reveals less than 5 percent of animals positive to a screening or official Johne's disease test.

3)

Level C—An annual whole-herd test with the addition of bulls over 2 years of age reveals at least 5 percent, but not more than 15 percent, of animals positive to a screening or official Johne's disease test.

4)

Level D—Herds should be classified as Level D if either of the following apply:

a)

test on at least 30 randomly selected second or higher lactation animals (3 years old or older) reveals one or more test-positive animals, OR

b)

a whole-herd test with the addition of bulls over 2 years of age reveals more than 15 percent of the animals positive to a screening or official Johne's disease test.

2.

Renewal/Advancement

A herd will remain in this classification for up to 14 months. For continuation, the herd owner must reapply with a copy of the test results, updated herd management plan, and an agreement to follow the test-positive component requirements. If the herd owner wishes to renew/advance but is waiting for confirmation of screening test results and therefore cannot meet the 14-month deadline, the herd owner can send the DJC a letter of intent to renew/advance. If the letter of intent is received by 30 days after the deadline, the DJC may allow the herd to retain its status for up to 5 months. Herds for which the necessary test results have not been supplied by the 5-month deadline must be placed in the management element. Owners of removed herds may reapply after the herds complete the required testing.

D. Test-negative component (Herd Status)

The test-negative component must include a herd management plan based on the requirements in the management element. The test-negative component includes a series of levels; owners may improve their herd status (achieve a higher level) by additional testing and biosecurity measures. Each higher level represents a greater probability that the herd is free from JD. However, this does not certify that a herd is free of JD. Herds in the test-negative component may remain at any given level by doing monitoring testing or may advance to a greater surveillance level with additional testing. Requirements for herds in the test-negative component include:

1.

Application

The herd owner enrolling the herd must sign an agreement to abide by the requirements concerning minimum biosecurity and management established in the management element as well as the identification, testing, and herd addition requirements listed below.

2.

Herd additions

a.

Purchased heifers and bulls less than 2 years of age may be added to the herd provided that:

1)

The animal was purchased from a herd with a test-negative level that is equal to or higher than the herd it is entering, OR

2)

The purchased animal is tested in the next herd test after it reaches 3 years of age. The addition's status will remain at its entry level until it has tested negative at that herd test.

b.

Purchased or replacement animals 2 years of age or older may be added to the herd provided that:

1)

For test-negative Level 1, 2, or 3 herds:

a)

The animal was purchased from a herd with a test-negative level that is equal to or higher than the herd it is entering, OR

b)

The animal has a screening test within 30 days prior to entering the test-negative level herd with negative results, and

c)

Fecal cultures are collected from each animal and submitted within 30 days of arrival, and

d)

The herd addition is tested on the next herd test. The addition's status will remain at its entry level until it has tested negative at the next herd test.

2)

For test-negative Level 4 herds:

a)

The animal was purchased from a herd with a test-negative level that is equal to the herd it is entering, OR

b)

The herd of origin has a test-negative level of 2 or 3 and the purchased addition has a screening test with negative results within 30 days prior to entry into the program herd, and

c)

Fecal cultures have been collected from each animal added and submitted within 30 days of arrival, and

d)

The herd addition is tested on the next herd test. The addition's status will remain at its entry level until it has tested negative at the next herd test.

c.

Heifers raised off the premises must be raised with the proper biosecurity measures in place and raised with animals at an equal or greater test-negative level.

d.

Test-negative program herds may use semen and embryos from other cattle herds provided that the semen used is processed according to Certified Semen Services standards and the embryos are processed according to International Embryo Transfer Society protocols. Embryo transfer recipient cows must meet herd addition requirements.

3.

Animal identification

All animals must be individually identified using an official eartag. Any previous regulations listed in 9 CFR regarding animal identification for any other APHIS program still apply.

4.

Testing

a.

All samples must be collected by or under the supervision of an accredited veterinarian or a State or Federal animal health official.

b.

Vaccinated herds will be eligible for the test-negative component after vaccination has been discontinued. All testing must be done by an official Johne's disease test until enough non-vaccinated natural additions qualify for serology testing. The number of non-vaccinated animals will be the sample size required for that size herd for a statistical subset for serology.

c.

All samples must be submitted to a laboratory approved by NVSL.

d.

Herd removal provisions—If an animal in a test-negative herd tests positive to a screening test or an official Johne's disease test, or if the testing requirements are not followed, the herd must be removed from the test-negative component and placed in the test-positive component or in the management element (unless an appeal is pending).

e.

Appealing the status of a test-positive animal must be done using the same appeal process as for entry into herd classification and testing.

5.

Herd Advancement—Test negative

Test negative herds may achieve Level 1, 2, 3, or 4. Each higher level represents a greater probability that the herd is free from JD. However, this does not certify that a herd is free of JD. The level achievement year should also be indicated. For example, a herd completing Level 2 testing in 1998 and electing to remain at Level 2 would have a Level 2 1998 status. All levels can be maintained by achieving negative screening test results on 30 second or higher lactation animals every 10–14 months. The level achievement year should be noted because continued monitoring increases confidence the herd is not infected. To advance from one level to the next, a statistical subset must be tested (Table IV–1), and the herd must meet the level requirements listed below for Standard Track or Fast Track test-negative component levels.

a.

Standard Track—The standard track is designed to allow entry into the Program with a minimal investment of funds and gradually increase the producer's investment in the Program. The standard track will require at least 3 years and 4 tests to reach Level 4.

1)

Level 1—The herd owner has developed a herd management plan, and has agreed to abide by the requirements of the test-negative component, and the herd has had negative screening test results on 30 second or higher lactation animals.

2)

Level 2—Herds have met the requirements for Level 1, and have had negative screening tests on a statistical subset of second or higher lactation animals. Level 2 testing must be completed within 10–14 months of any Level 1 testing.

3)

Level 3—Herds have met the requirements for Level 2 and have had negative fecal culture results on a statistical subset of second and higher lactation herd members. Bulls 2 years of age and older must be included in this testing. The fecal culture must be collected within 10–14 months of any Level 2 testing.

4)

Level 4—Herds have met the requirements for Level 3 and have had a negative screening test on a statistical subset of second or higher lactation animals. Level 4 testing must be completed within 10–14 months of any Level 3 testing.

6.

Renewal/Advancement

A herd will remain at any level for up to 14 months. For continuation of this classification, the herd owner must reapply with a copy of negative test results, an updated herd management plan, and an agreement to follow the test-negative component requirements. If a herd owner wishes to renew/advance but is waiting for confirmation of screening test results and therefore cannot meet the 14-month deadline, the herd owner can send the DJC a letter of intent to renew/advance. If the letter of intent is received by 30 days after the deadline, the DJC may allow the herd to retain its status for up to 5 months. Herds for which the necessary test results have not been supplied by the extended 5-month deadline must be removed from the test-negative component. Herds removed from the test-negative component may reapply at the test-negative Level 1.

A. General

All official Johne's disease and screening tests used for the Program may be conducted in a private, university, State, or Federal laboratory that has been specifically approved for conducting JD testing. The State animal health official has the authority to decide if private laboratories may participate in the Program. States must have the authority to periodically audit the JD diagnostic laboratories participating in the Program. If a laboratory lies outside of the State, the State may rely on audits conducted by the animal health officials from the State in which the laboratory is located.

B. Approval process for laboratories performing official Johne's disease tests

1.

A laboratory seeking approval to perform official Johne's disease tests must contact NVSL for a test kit of 25 samples. (A valid check test sample from NVSL will be determined by a consensus of at least 70 percent of the participating laboratories.)

2.

The laboratory must correctly identify 100 percent of the negative test samples.

3.

The laboratory must correctly identify 100 percent of the Too Numerous To Count (TNTC) test samples.

4.

The laboratory must correctly identify at least 70 percent of the test samples that were not classified as negative or TNTC.

5.

The laboratory must use the same procedure and materials during the check test as is used during routine testing.

6.

No retest is available within the same fiscal year.

C. Approval process for laboratories performing screening tests (serology tests)

1.

A laboratory seeking approval to perform screening tests must contact the NVSL for a test kit of 25 samples. (A valid check sample will be determined by NVSL using available licensed ELISA kits.)

2.

The laboratory must correctly identify at least 90 percent of the serology check test samples.

3.

The laboratory must use the same procedure and materials during the check test as is used during routine testing.

4.

One retest is available if a laboratory fails the first time.

A. Official Johne's disease tests

1.

Fecal/tissue culture—Culture is the standard for organism-based tests although culture methods are not currently standardized. Protocols for recommended methods can be obtained from NVSL upon request. Sensitivity is estimated at 40–10 percent; specificity is considered to be 99 percent if done correctly.

2.

DNA probe—DNA probes can detect the presence of Mycobacterium avium ss paratuberculosis without having to grow it. The test has the advantage that it takes a short time (less than 3 days) but has the disadvantages of higher cost and missing low shedders. Sensitivity is estimated at 40 percent; specificity is about 99.9 percent.

a.

Radiometric culture—Radiometric culture is a radioisotope-based method adapted from one used to isolate the bacteria that causes human tuberculosis. The method can detect low numbers of bacteria, and it is faster than standard fecal culture methods (7 weeks versus 16 weeks). The disadvantages are higher cost, the handling of radioisotopes, and the requirements for specialized instruments to read the culture vial. Sensitivity is approximately 40 percent; specificity is about 99 percent.

b.

Histology of tissue—No check test is available at this time. Microscopic identification of the characteristic pathological changes and of Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis organisms in tissue is a definitive test for JD. Tissue changes and bacteria can be observed in the intestinal lining and in nearby ileum, mesenteric, and ileocecal lymph nodes in infected animals. Sensitivity depends on the stage of disease and the number and type of specimens collected, but is typically considered to be greater than for other laboratory tests. Specificity is considered to be 100 percent based on defined criteria (e.g., granuloma with acid fast bacteria seen by a board-certified pathologist).

B. Screening test

1.

USDA licensed Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)—All animals found positive in ELISA tests should be considered suspect until confirmed using an official Johne's disease test. ELISA tests are to be used as screening tools or for helping make management decisions. Sensitivity has been estimated at 25 percent for nonclinical cases and approximately 85 percent for clinical cases; specificity is between 98 and 99 percent.