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Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, et al. Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014 Jan. (Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 124.)
Table 4Characteristics of included trials
| Author, Year | Study Objective | Sample Size (N) | Study Location | Medical or Psychiatric Condition of the Study Population | Intervention and Comparator | Outcome(s) (KQs) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Meditation | ||||||
| Barrett, 201249 | Evaluated potential preventive effects of meditation compared with exercise on incidence, duration, and severity of acute respiratory infection illness | 154 | United States | Community dwelling older adults with cold in preceding years | MBSR vs. specific active control (exercise) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Stress (KQ1) Subjective well-being (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) Sleep (KQ 3) |
| Brewer, 200949 | Assessed group MT compared with CBT in substance use and treatment acceptability, and specificity of MT compared with CBT in targeting stress reactivity | 36 | United States | Patients with alcohol and/or cocaine use disorders | Group MT vs. specific active control (CBT) | Substance use—alcohol and/or cocaine (KQ 3) Adverse Events |
| Brewer, 201150 | Evaluated the effect of mindfulness training on smoking cessation through randomized clinical trials | 88 | United States | Nicotine-dependent adults with interest in smoking cessation | MT vs. specific active control (American Lung Association's (FFS) treatment) | Substance use (KQ 3) Adverse Events |
| Chiesa A, 201251 | Compared MBCT with a psycho-education for the treatment of patients with major depression | 18 | Italy | Patients with major depression | MBCT vs. NSAC (education) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Subjective well-being (KQ 1) |
| Delgado LC, 201051 | Examined psychological and physiological indices of emotional regulation in non-clinical high worriers after a mindfulness-based training program aimed at reducing worry | 36 | Spain | Patients with chronic worry | MBCT/modified MBCT vs. specific active control (progressive muscle relaxation) | Worry (KQ 1) General distress (KQ1) Positive mood (KQ 1) |
| Garland EL, 201052 | Assessed the effect of MT to disrupt the risk chain of stress-precipitated alcohol relapses | 53 | United States | Alcohol-dependent adults | Mindfulness-based interventions vs. NSAC (alcohol abstinence support group) | Stress (KQ 1) General Distress (KQ 1) Substance use (KQ 3) |
| Gaylord SA, 201153 | Assessed the feasibility and efficacy of a group program of mindfulness training, a cognitive behavioral technique, for women with IBS | 97–22 dropped before intervention started. (75) | United States | Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome | MBSR vs. specific active control (IBS support group) | Depression (KQ 1) General distress (KQ 1) Pain severity (KQ 4) Adverse Events |
| Gross CR, 201054 | Assessed the efficacy of MBSR in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and poor sleep in transplant patients | 150 | United States | Solid organ transplant recipients | MBSR vs. NSAC (peer-led health education) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Positive mood (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) Sleep (KQ 3) Pain severity (KQ 4) Adverse Events |
| Gross CR, 201155 | Investigated the potential of MBSR as a treatment for chronic primary insomnia. | 30 | United States | Adults with primary chronic insomnia | MBSR vs. specific active control (PCT with eszopiclone) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) Sleep (KQ 3) Adverse Events |
| Hebert JR, 200156 | Assessed the effectiveness of an intensive dietary intervention on diet and body mass in women with breast cancer | 172 | United States | Patients with breast cancer | MBSR-based clinic program vs. NSAC (NEP) | Eating (KQ 3) Weight (KQ 4) |
| Henderson VP, 201157 | Assessed the effectiveness of a MBSR program on QOL and psychosocial outcomes in women with early-stage breast cancer, using a three-armed randomized controlled clinical trial | 172 | United States | Women with early stage breast cancer | MBSR vs. NSAC (NEP) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Thoughts/emotion suppression (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Subjective well-being (KQ 1) |
| Jazaieri, 201258 | Assessed the efficacy of MBSR in the treatment of SAD | 56 | United States | Patients with Social anxiety disorder | MBSR vs. specific active control (aerobic exercise) | Social anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Stress (KQ1) Subjective well-being (KQ 1) |
| Koszycki D, 200758 | Evaluated how well MBSR compared with a first-line psychological intervention works for the treatment of SAD | 53 | Canada | Patients with generalized social anxiety disorder | MBSR vs. specific active control (CBT) | Social anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) |
| Kuyken W, 200859 | Assessed whether, among patients with recurrent depression who are treated with antidepressant medication, MBCT is comparable to treatment with m-ADM in (a) depressive relapse prevention, (b) key secondary outcomes, and (c) cost effectiveness | 123 | U.K. | Patients with depression | MBCT vs. specific active controls (antidepressant tapering or M-ADM) | Depression (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) Adverse Events |
| Lee SH, 200660 | Examined the effectiveness of a MBSR program in patients with anxiety disorder | 46 | South Korea | Patients with generalized anxiety disorder or panic disorder | MBSR vs. NSAC (anxiety disorder education program) | Anxiety (KQ 1) |
| Malarkey, 201261 | Evaluated if MBI-ld could produce a greater decrease in CRP, IL-6 and cortisol compared with an active control group receiving a lifestyle education program | 186 | United States | University faculty and staff with risk of cardiovascular disease and CRP>3.0 | MBI-ld vs. NSAC (lifestyle education) | Depression (KQ 1) Stress (KQ 1) Sleep (KQ 3) |
| Miller, 201262 | Compared mindful eating with diabetes self-management education for weight management and glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | 68 | United States | Overweight DM patients | MB-EAT vs. specific active controls (smart choices program) | Weight (KQ 4) |
| Moritz S, 200663 | Evaluated the efficacy of a home study-based spirituality program on mood disturbance in emotionally distressed patients | 165 | Canada | Patients with psychological distress | MBSR vs. specific active controls (spirituality) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ1) General distress (KQ 1) Positive mood (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) Pain severity (KQ 4) |
| Morone N E, 200964 | Assessed the impact of an 8-week mindfulness meditation program on disability, psychological function, and pain severity in community-dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain, and to test the education control program for feasibility | 40 | United States | Community dwelling older adults with chronic low back pain | MBSR vs. NSAC (health education program) | Pain severity (KQ 4) Pain interference (KQ 4) Adverse Events |
| Mularski RA, 200965 | Tested the efficacy of MBBT (a hybrid of the Relaxation Response training and MBSR training) on improving symptoms and health-related QOL in those with COPD | 86 | United States | Patients with COPD | MBBT vs. NSAC (support group) | Stress (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) |
| Oken BS, 201066 | Evaluated whether a mindfulness meditation intervention may be effective in caregivers of close relatives with dementia and to help refine the protocol for future larger trials | 31 | United States | Caregivers of close relatives with dementia | MBCT vs. NSAC (education or respite care) | Depression (KQ 1) Stress (KQ 1) Attention (KQ 2) |
| Pbert L, 201267 | Evaluated the efficacy of MBSR in improving QOL and lung function in patients with asthma | 83 | United States | Patients with persistent asthma | MBSR vs. NSAC (healthy living course) | Stress (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) |
| Philippot P, 201167 | Examined the relative effectiveness of two psychological interventions for treating tinnitus | 30 | Belgium | Patients with tinnitus | MBCT/ modified MBCT vs. specific active controls (relaxation training or CBT) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ1) Attention (KQ 2) |
| Piet J, 201068 | Pilot tested MBCT alone and in combination with CBGT for young adults with social phobia | 26 | Denmark | Adults with social phobia | MBCT/modified MBCT vs. relaxation training specific active control (CBT) | Social anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) General distress (KQ 1) |
| Plews-Ogan M, 200569 | Assessed the feasibility of studying MBSR and massage for the management of chronic pain and to estimate their effects on pain and mood. | 30 | United States | Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain | MBSR vs. specific active control (weekly massage) | Subjective well-being (KQ 1) Pain severity (KQ 4) |
| Schmidt S, 201070 | Studied the efficacy of MBSR for enhanced well-being of fibromyalgia patients investigated in a three-armed trial | 177 | Germany | Women with fibromyalgia | MBSR vs. specific active controls (progressive muscle relaxation and stretching) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Sleep (KQ 3) Pain severity (KQ 4) |
| Segal ZV, 201071 | Compared rates of relapse in depressed patients in remission receiving MBCT against maintenance antidepressant pharmacotherapy, the current standard of care | 84 | Canada | Patients with recurrent depression | MBCT vs. specific active control (maintenance antidepressant therapy) | Depression (KQ 1) |
| Seyedalinaghi, 201271 | Evaluated the immediate and long-term effectiveness of MBSR on markers of health among HIV patients, using a randomized controlled trial | 245 | Iran | Adults with HIV infection | MBSR vs. NSAC (education and support) | Distress and negative affect (KQ 1) |
| Whitebird, 201272 | Compared the effectiveness of MBSR intervention with a community caregiver education and support intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia | 7 | United States | Caregivers of close relatives with dementia | MBSR vs. NSAC (education and support) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Stress (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) |
| Wolever, 201273 | Evaluated the viability and proof of concept for mindfulness based compared with yoga-based intervention, setting the stage for a larger cost-effectiveness trial and also to evaluate online and in-person delivery of the mindfulness-based intervention | 239 | United States | Employees working in a high stress environment inside a national health insurance agency | Mindfulness based intervention vs. specific active control (vinyana yoga) | Depression (KQ 1) Stress (KQ 1) Sleep (KQ 3) Pain severity (KQ 4) |
| Wong SY-S, 201174 | Compared the clinical effectiveness of the MBSR program with an MPI program in terms of pain intensity, pain-related distress, QOL, and mood in patients with chronic pain | 99 | Hong Kong | Patients with chronic pain | MBSR vs. specific active control (MPI) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) QOL (KQ 1) Pain severity (KQ 4) |
| Mantra Meditation | ||||||
| Bormann JE, 200675 | Examined the efficacy of a psycho-spiritual intervention of mantra repetition—a word or phrase with spiritual associations repeated silently throughout the day—on psychological distress (intrusive thoughts, stress, anxiety, anger, and depression), QOL enjoyment, satisfaction, and existential spiritual well-being in HIV-infected adults | 93 | United States | Adults with HIV infection | Mantra Meditation vs. NSAC (education) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Stress (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) |
| Castillo-Richmond, 200076 | Assessed if stress reduction with the TM program can decrease CHD risk factors and cardiovascular mortality in African Americans | 138 | United States | Hypertension (high normal blood pressure, stage I, or stage II hypertension | TM vs. NSAC (health education) | Substance use—smoking (KQ 3 ) Weight (KQ 4) |
| Elder, 200677 | Assessed the feasibility and clinical impact of a whole-system, Ayurvedic intervention for newly diagnosed people with type 2 diabetes | 60 | United States | Diabetic patients in primary care setting | TM vs. NSAC (diabetes education classes) | Weight (KQ 4) Adverse Events |
| Jayadevappa R, 200778 | Evaluated the effectiveness of a TM stress reduction program for African Americans with CHF | 23 | United States | African American patients with CHF | TM vs. NSAC (health education) | Stress (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Subjective well-being (KQ 1) Positive mood (KQ 1) Pain severity (KQ 4) |
| Lehrer PM, 198379 | Compared mantra meditation and progressive relaxation treatments and their effect on anxiety among anxious participants | 61 | United States | Adults with anxiety | Mantra meditation vs. specific active control (relaxation program) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) |
| Murphy TJ, 198680 | Assessed the effects of exercise and meditation on alcohol consumption in social drinkers | 60 | United States | High-volume drinkers | Mantra meditation vs. specific active control (running (exercise) | Substance use—alcohol (KQ 3) |
| Paul-Labrador M, 200681 | Evaluated the efficacy of TM on components of the metabolic syndrome and CHD | 103 | United States | Patients with stable CHD | Mantra Meditation vs. NSAC (health education) | Anxiety (KQ 1) Depression (KQ 1) Stress (KQ 1) Adverse Events |
| Schneider, 201282 | Evaluated the effectiveness of TM stress reduction for African American with coronary artery disease | 201 | United States | African American patients with CAD | TM vs. NSAC (cardiovascular health education) | Depression (KQ 1) Substance abuse (KQ 2) Eating (KQ 3) Weight (KQ 4) |
| Smith JC, 197683 | The objective was to Assessed whether the crucial therapeutic component of TM is or is not the TM exercise | 139 | United States | Anxious college students | Mantra meditation vs. NSAC (relaxation program) | Anxiety (KQ 1) |
| Taub E, 199484 | Assessed whether TM has an effect on prelapse prevention in alcoholics. | 125 | United States | Alcoholics in recovery program | TM vs. SAC Biofeedback | Substance Use (KQ3) |
Note: CBT = Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; CBGT = Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy; FFS = Freedom from Smoking; M-ADM = Maintenance Antidepressant Mono-Therapy; MBBT = Mindfulness-based Breathing Therapy; MBCT = Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy; MBSR = Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction; MPI = Multidisciplinary Pain Intervention; MT = Mindfulness Training; NEP = Nutrition Education Program; PCT = Pharmacotherapy; TM = Transcendental Meditation; CHF = Congestive Heart Failure; IBS = Irritable Bowel Syndrome; MPI = Meditation Practice Institute; SAD = Social Anxiety Disorder, QOL = Quality of Life; COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder; CHD = Chronic Heart Disease; HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus; KQ = Key Question; NSAC = Nonspecific Active Control; SAC = Specific Active Control; CSM = Clinically Standardized Meditation; CAD = Coronary Artery Disease
- Table 4, Characteristics of included trials - Meditation Programs for Psychologi...Table 4, Characteristics of included trials - Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being
- Mus musculus crumbs homolog 3 (Drosophila), mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:37326 IMAGE:497...Mus musculus crumbs homolog 3 (Drosophila), mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:37326 IMAGE:4975562), complete cdsgi|19354470|gb|BC024462.1|Nucleotide
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