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Moorthy D, Chung M, Lee J, et al. Concordance Between the Findings of Epidemiological Studies and Randomized Trials in Nutrition: An Empirical Evaluation and Citation Analysis: Nutritional Research Series, Vol. 6 [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2013 May. (Technical Reviews, No. 17.6.)

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Concordance Between the Findings of Epidemiological Studies and Randomized Trials in Nutrition: An Empirical Evaluation and Citation Analysis: Nutritional Research Series, Vol. 6 [Internet].

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Appendix AList of Observational Cohorts and the Screened Publications

Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study

  1. Akhter M, Inoue M, Kurahashi N, et al. Dietary soy and isoflavone intake and risk of colorectal cancer in the Japan public health center-based prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:2128–35. [PubMed: 18708407]
  2. Ishihara J, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, et al. Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the risk of colorectal cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1576–83. [PubMed: 19064518]
  3. Ishihara J, Iso H, Inoue M, et al. Intake of folate, vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12 and the risk of CHD: the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort I. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008;27:127–36. [PubMed: 18460491]
  4. Ishihara J, Otani T, Inoue M, et al. Low Intake of Vitamin B-6 Is Associated with Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Japanese Men. J Nutr. 2007;137:1808–14. [PubMed: 17585035]
  5. Iso H, Kobayashi M, Ishihara J, et al. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart desease among Japanese. Circulation. 2006;113:195–202. [PubMed: 16401768]
  6. Iwasaki M, Inoue M, Otani T, et al. Plasma isoflavone level and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Japanese women: a nested case-control study from the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1677–83. [PubMed: 18316793]
  7. Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, et al. Long-term vitamin C supplementation has no markedly favourable effect on serum lipids in middle-aged Japanese subjects. Br J Nutr. 2004;91:81–90. [PubMed: 14748940]
  8. Kim MK, Sasaki S, Sasazuki S, et al. Lack of long-term effect of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure. Hypertension. 2002;40:797–803. [PubMed: 12468560]
  9. Kobayashi M, Sasaki S, Hamada SG, Tsugane S, et al. Serum n-3 fatty acids, fish consumption and cancer mortality in six Japanese populations in Japan and Brazil. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1999;90:914–21. [PMC free article: PMC5926174] [PubMed: 10551318]
  10. Kobayashi M, Tsubono Y, Otani T, et al. Fish, Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Middle-Aged Japanese: The JPHC Study. Nutrition and Cancer. 2004;49:32–40. [PubMed: 15456633]
  11. Kokubo Y, Iso H, Ishihara J, et al. Association of Dietary Intake of Soy, Beans and Isoflavones With Risk of Cerebral and Myocardial Infarctions in Japanese Populations: The Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation. 2007;116:2553–62. [PubMed: 18025534]
  12. Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, Inoue M, et al. Plasma isoflavones and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in a nested case-control study: the Japan Public Health Center. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:5923–9. [PubMed: 19018085]
  13. Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, et al. Soy isoflavone consumption is not associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16:2169. [PubMed: 17932370]
  14. Kurahashi N, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, et al. Soy product and isoflavone consumption in relation to prostate cancer in Japanese men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomakers Prev. 2007;16:538–45. [PubMed: 17337648]
  15. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Ishihara J, et al. Dietary fiber intake and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Int J Cancer. 2006;119:1475–80. [PubMed: 16642466]
  16. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, et al. Plasma folate and risk of colorectal cancer in a nested case-control study: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19:67–74. [PubMed: 17943453]
  17. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, et al. Plasma vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(3):446–51. [PMC free article: PMC2360318] [PubMed: 17622244]
  18. Persson C, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, et al. Plasma levels of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherol and the risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a nested case-control study. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29:1042–8. [PubMed: 18339681]
  19. Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, Okubo S, et al. Effects of three-month oral supplementation of β-carotene and vitamin C on serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins in middle-aged subjects:a pilot study for a randomized controlled trial to prevent gastric cancer in high-risk Japanese population. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2000;91:464–70. [PMC free article: PMC5926389] [PubMed: 10835489]
  20. Sasaki S, Yanagibori R. Association between current nutrient intakes and bone mineral density at calcaneus in pre- and postmenopausal Japanese women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol. 2001;47:289–94. [PubMed: 11767209]
  21. Sasazuki S, Hayashi T, Nakachi K, et al. Protective effect of vitamin C on oxidative stress: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2008;78:121–8. [PubMed: 19003734]
  22. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y, et al. Effect of vitamin C on common cold: radomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:9–17. [PubMed: 16118650]
  23. Suzuki S, Akechi T, Kobayashi M, et al. Daily omega-3 fatty acid intake and depression in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2004;90:787–93. [PMC free article: PMC2410186] [PubMed: 14970854]
  24. Takashima Y, Iwase Y, Yoshida M, et al. Relationship of food intake and dietary patterns with blood pressure levels among middle-aged Japanese men. J Epidemiol. 1998;8:106–15. [PubMed: 9673080]
  25. Tsubono Y, Kobayashi M, Tsugane S. Food consumption and gastric cancer mortality in five regions of Japan. Nutr Cancer. 1997;27:60–4. [PubMed: 8970183]
  26. Tsubono Y, Takahashi T, Iwase Y, et al. Nutrient consumption and gastric cancer mortality in five regions of Japan. Nutr Cancer. 1997;27:310–5. [PubMed: 9101562]
  27. Tsubono Y, Tsugane S, Gey F. Plasma antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in five Japanese populations with varied mortality from gastric cancer. Nutr and Cancer. 1999;34:56–61. [PubMed: 10453442]
  28. Umesawa M, Iso H, Ishihara J, et al. Dietary calcium intake and risks of stroke, its subtypes, and coronary heart disease in Japanese: the JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke. 2008;39:2449–56. [PubMed: 18635855]
  29. Yamamoto S, Sobue T, Kobayashi M, et al. Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:906–13. [PubMed: 12813174]
  30. Yoshida M, Takashima Y, Inoue M, et al. Prospective study showing that dietary vitamin C reduced the risk of age-related cataracts in a middle-aged Japanese. Eur J Nutr. 2007;46:118–24. [PubMed: 17265171]

Nurses’ Health Study

  1. Albert CM, Oh K, Whang W, et al. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake and risk of sudden cardiac death and coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2005 Nov 22;112(21):3232–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16301356]
  2. Ascherio A, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, et al. Prospective study of nutritional factors, blood pressure and hypertension among US women. Hypertension. 1996;27:1065–72. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8621198]
  3. Bertone-Johnson ER, Chen WY, Holick MF, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):1991–7. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16103450]
  4. Bertone-Johnson ER, Hankinson SE, Bendich A, et al. Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of incident premenstrual syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(11):1246–52. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15956003]
  5. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of vitamin supplement intake and cataract extraction among U.S. women. Epidemiology. 1999;10:679–84. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10535780]
  6. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM, et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:509–16. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10500020]
  7. Cho E, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies. Int J Cancer. 2006 Feb 15;118(4):970–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16152626]
  8. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(13):1015–22. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15240785]
  9. Cho E, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. Premenopausal intakes of vitamins A, C, and E, folate, and carotenoids and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Aug;12(8):713–20. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12917201]
  10. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Prospective study of zinc intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11(5):328–36. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11399447]
  11. Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Benito-Garcia E, et al. Vitamin D intake and risks of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;67(4):530–5. Epub 2007. [PMC free article: PMC2717608] [PubMed: 17666449]
  12. Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Benito-Garcia E, et al. Vitamin D intake and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:530–5. [Abstract] [PMC free article: PMC2717608] [PubMed: 17666449]
  13. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. Comparison of dietary with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk of kidney stones in women. Ann Int Med. 1997;126:497–504. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9092314]
  14. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. Intake of vitamins B6 and C and the risk of kidney stones in women. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1999;10:840–5. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10203369]
  15. Fairfield KM, Hankinson SE, Rosner BA, et al. Risk of ovarian carcinoma and consumption of vitamins A, C, and E and specific carotenoids: A prospective analysis. Cancer. 2001;92:2318–26. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11745286]
  16. Feskanich D, Ma J, Fuchs CS, et al. Plasma vitamin D metabolites and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Sep;13(9):1502–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15342452]
  17. Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002;287(1):47–54. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11754708]
  18. Feskanich D, Weber P, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:74–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9925126]
  19. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:504–11. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12540414]
  20. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, et al. Dietary intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and risk of melanoma in two cohorts of women. British Journal of Cancer. 2003;88:1381–7. [Abstract] [PMC free article: PMC2741035] [PubMed: 12778065]
  21. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: A 12-year prospective study. Am J Public Health. 1997;87:992–7. [Abstract] [PMC free article: PMC1380936] [PubMed: 9224182]
  22. Forman JP, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, et al. Vitamin D intake and risk of incident hypertension: results from three large prospective cohort studies. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):676–82. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16144983]
  23. Forman JP, Giovannucci E, Holmes MD, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of incident hypertension. Hypertension. 2007 May;49(5):1063–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17372031]
  24. Forman JP, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, et al. Folate intake and the risk of incident hypertension among US women. JAMA. 2005;293(3):320–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15657325]
  25. Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Dietary fiber and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:169–76. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9895396]
  26. Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. The influence of folate and multivitamin use on the familial risk of colon cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(3):227–34. [Abtract] [PubMed: 11895870]
  27. Fung TT, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Vitamins and carotenoids intake and the risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin in women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2002;13:221–30. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12020103]
  28. Fung TT, Spiegelman D, Egan KM, et al. Vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Int J Cancer. 2003;103(1):110–15. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12455062]
  29. Garland M, Morris JS, Colditz GA, et al. Toenail trace elements and breast cancer: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:653–60. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8823061]
  30. Garland M, Morris JS, Stampfer MJ, et al. Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and cancer among women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;87:497–505. [Abstract] [PubMed: 7707436]
  31. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of calcium intake and incident and fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Feb;15(2):203–10. Abstract 16492906. [PubMed: 16492906]
  32. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Folate, methionine and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85:875–84. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8492316]
  33. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses’ Health Study. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129:517–24. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9758570]
  34. Grodstein F, Chen J, Willett WC. High-dose antioxidant supplements and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(4):975–84. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12663300]
  35. Holick CN, De Vivo I, Feskanich D, et al. Intake of fruits and vegetables, carotenoids, folate, and vitamins A, C, E and risk of bladder cancer among women (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005 Dec;16(10):1135–45. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16215863]
  36. Holmes MD, Liu S, Hankinson SE, et al. Dietary carbohydrates, fiber and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(8):732–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15051582]
  37. Hu FB, Bronner L, Willett WC, et al. Fish and omega-3 fatty acid and risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA. 2002;287(14):1815–21. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11939867]
  38. Hu FB, Cho E, Rexrode KM, et al. Fish and long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of coronary heart disease and total mortality in diabetic women. Circulation. 2003;107:1852–7. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12668520]
  39. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Dietary intake of à-linolenic acid and risk of fatal ischemic heart disease among women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:890–7. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10232627]
  40. Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of intake of vitamins C, E and A and risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:234–40. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8292129]
  41. Hunter DJ, Morris JS, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of selenium status and breast cancer risk. JAMA. 1990;264:1128–31. [Abstract] [PubMed: 2384937]
  42. Iso H, Rexrode KM, Stampfer MJ, et al. Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of stroke in women. JAMA. 2001;285(3):304–12. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11176840]
  43. Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke. 1999;30:1772–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10471422]
  44. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66:911–6. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9322567]
  45. Kampman E, Giovannucci E, van’t Veer P, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, dairy foods and the occurrence of colorectal adenomas among men and women in two prospective studies. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139:16–29. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8296771]
  46. Kang JH, Pasquale LR, Willett WC, et al. Antioxidant intake and the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158(4):337–46. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12915499]
  47. Lee JE, Giovannucci E, Smith-Warner SA, et al. Intakes of fruits, vegetables, vitamins A, C, and E, and carotenoids and risk of renal cell cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Dec;15(12):2445–52. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17164369]
  48. Lin J, Zhang SM, Wu K, et al. Flavonoid intake and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Oct 1;164(7):644–51. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16923774]
  49. Lopez-Ridaura R, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):134–40. [Abstract] [PubMed: 14693979]
  50. Mannisto S, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Dietary carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in a pooled analysis of seven cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(1):40–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 14744731]
  51. Männistö S, Yaun SS, Hunter DJ, et al. Dietary carotenoids and risk of colorectal cancer in a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Feb 1;165(3):246–55. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17158857]
  52. Martinez ME, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, et al. Calcium, vitamin D, and the occurrence of colorectal cancer among women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:1375–82. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8827015]
  53. Munger KL, Zhang SM, O’Reilly E, et al. Vitamin D intake and incidence of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2004;62(1):60–5. [Abstract] [PubMed: 14718698]
  54. Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Vitamin and micronutrient intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US women. Am J Med. 2007 Apr;120(4):330–6. [Abstract] [PMC free article: PMC1964883] [PubMed: 17398227]
  55. Neuman MI, Willett WC, Curhan GC. Vitamin and micronutrient intake and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US women. Am J Med. 2007;120(4):330–6. [PMC free article: PMC1964883] [PubMed: 17398227]
  56. Ng K, Meyerhardt JA, Wu K, et al. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2984–91. (PMC Journal - In Process)[ Abstract] [PubMed: 18565885]
  57. Oh K, Willett WC, Wu K, et al. Calcium and vitamin D intakes in relation to risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 May 15;165(10):1178–86. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17379616]
  58. Osganian SK, Stampfer MJ, Rimm E, et al. Vitamin C and risk of coronary heart disease in women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(2):246–52. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12875759]
  59. Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Li T, et al. Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care. 2006 Mar;29(3):650–6. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16505521]
  60. Platz EA, Hankinson SE, Hollis BW, et al. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxy- and 25-hydroxyvitamin D and adenomatous polyps of the distal colorectum. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:1059–65. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11045788]
  61. Rajpathak S, Ma J, Manson J, et al. Iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2006 Jun;29(6):1370–6. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16732023]
  62. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA. 1998;279:359–364. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9459468]
  63. Salmer¢n J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 1997;277:472–7. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9020271]
  64. Schernhammer E, Wolpin B, Rifai N, et al. Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and pancreatic cancer risk in four large cohorts. Cancer Res. 2007 Jun 1;67(11):5553–60. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17545639]
  65. Shin M-H, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, et al. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(17):1301–11. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12208895]
  66. Shin MH, Holmes MD, Hankinson SE, et al. Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin D and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(17):1301–11. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12208895]
  67. Skinner HG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, et al. Vitamin D intake and the risk for pancreatic cancer in two cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006 Sep;15(9):1688–95. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16985031]
  68. Skinner HG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, et al. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(3):248–58. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15257998]
  69. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al. A prospective study of vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1444–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 8479463]
  70. Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Campos H, et al. Plasma Carotenoids, Retinol, and Tocopherols and Risk of Breast Cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2005 Jan 15;161(2):153–60. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15632265]
  71. Taylor A, Jacques PF, Chylack LT Jr, et al. Long-term intake of vitamins and carotenoids and odds of early age-related cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(3):540–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11864861]
  72. Tworoger SS, Hecht JL, Giovannucci E, et al. Intake of folate and related nutrients in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2006 Jun 15;163(12):1101–11. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16554344]
  73. Tworoger SS, Lee IM, Buring JE, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and risk of incident ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Apr;16(4):783–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17416771]
  74. Wei EK, Giovannucci E, Selhub J, et al. Plasma vitamin B6 and the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 May 4;97(9):684–92. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15870439]
  75. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, et al. Relation of fat, fiber and meat intake to colon cancer risk in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1669–72. [Abstract] [PubMed: 2172820]
  76. Witteman JCM, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among U.S. women. Circulation. 1989;80:1320–7. [Abstract] [PubMed: 2805268]
  77. Wolk A, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA. 1999;281:1998–2004. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10359388]
  78. Wolpin BM, Wei EK, Ng K, et al. Prediagnostic plasma folate and the risk of death in patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 1;26(19):3222–8. [Abstract] [PMC free article: PMC3962289] [PubMed: 18591557]
  79. Wu K, Feskanich D, Fuchs CS, et al. A nested case control study of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Jul 18;99(14):1120–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17623801]
  80. Wu K, Willett WC, Chan JM, et al. A prospective study on supplemental vitamin E intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11(11):1298–304. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12433706]
  81. Wu K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, et al. Calcium intake and risk of colon cancer in women and men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(6):437–46. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11904316]
  82. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:547–56. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10088626]
  83. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Hankinson SE, et al. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 1999;281:1632–7. [Abstract] [PubMed: 10235158]
  84. Zhang SM, Giovannucci EL, Hunter DJ, et al. Vitamin supplement use and the risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among women and men. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(11):1056–63. [Abstract] [PubMed: 11390323]
  85. Zhang SM, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. Folate intake and risk of breast cancer characterized by hormone receptor status. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):2004–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 16103452]
  86. Zhang SM, Hernan MA, Chen H, et al. Intakes of vitamins E and C, carotenoids, vitamin supplements, and Parkinson’s Disease risk. Neurology. 2002;59(8):1161–9. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12391343]
  87. Zhang SM, Willett WC, Selhub J, et al. Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:373–80. [Abstract] [PubMed: 12618502]

Seven-Day Adventist Study

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The Health Professional Follow-up Study 2009

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  36. Merchant AT, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, et al. Dietary fiber reduces peripheral arterial disease risk in men. J Nutr. 2003;133:3658–63. [PubMed: 14608090]
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  42. Platz EA, Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, et al. Dietary fiber and distal colorectal adenoma in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997;6(9):661–70. [PubMed: 9298572]
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  44. Rajpathak S, Rimm E, Morris JS, et al. Toenail selenium and cardiovascular disease in men with diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005;24:250–6. [PubMed: 16093402]
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  48. Schernhammer E, Wolpin B, Rifai N, et al. Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and homocysteine and pancreatic cancer risk in four large cohorts. Cancer Res. 2007;67:5553–60. [PubMed: 17545639]
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  50. Skinner HG, Michaud DS, Giovannucci EL, et al. A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer in men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:248–58. [PubMed: 15257998]
  51. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C and B-6 and the risk of kidney stones in men. J Urol. 1996;15(12):1225–32. [PubMed: 8618271]
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The Framingham Heart Study

  1. Abascal VM, Larson MG, Evans JC, et al. Calcium antagonists and mortality risk in men and women with hypertension in the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(17):1882–6. [Abstract] [PubMed: 9759683]
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  3. Dhingra R, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, et al. Relations of serum phosphorus and calcium levels to the incidence of cardiovascular disease in the community. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(9):879–85. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17502528]
  4. Felson DT, Niu J, Clancy M, et al. Low levels of vitamin D and worsening of knee osteoarthritis: results of two longitudinal studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):129–36. 445. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17195215]
  5. McAlindon TE, Felson DT, Zhang Y, et al. Relation of dietary intake and serum levels of vitamin D to progression of osteoarthritis of the knee among participants in the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125(5):353–9. [PubMed: 8702085]
  6. McLean RR, Jacques PF, Selhub J, et al. Plasma B vitamins, homocysteine, and their relation with bone loss and hip fracture in elderly men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2206–12. [PMC free article: PMC2435634] [PubMed: 18364381]
  7. Neogi T, Booth SL, Zhang YQ, et al. Low vitamin K status is associated with osteoarthritis in the hand and knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(4):1255–61. [ Abstract] [PubMed: 16572460]
  8. Rumawas ME, McKeown NM, Rogers G, et al. Magnesium intake is related to improved insulin homeostasis in the Framingham Offspring cohort. J Am Coll Nutr. 2006 Dec;25(6):486–92. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17229895]
  9. Sahni S, Hannan MT, Gagnon D, et al. High vitamin C intake is associated with lower 4-year bone loss in elderly men. J Nutr. 2008;138:1931–8. [PMC free article: PMC2752366] [PubMed: 18806103]
  10. Schaefer EJ, Bongard V, Beiser AS, et al. Plasma phosphatidylcholine docosahexaenoic acid content and risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Heart Study. Arch Neurol. 2006 Nov;63(11):1545–50. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17101822]
  11. Troy LM, Jacques PF, Hannan MT, et al. Dihydrophylloquinone intake is associated with low bone mineral density in men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(2):504–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 17684225]
  12. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Qiao N, et al. Low plasma vitamin B(12) is associated with lower BMD: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(1):152–8. [Abstract] [PubMed: 15619681]
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The Iowa Women’s Health Study

  1. Arts ICW, Jacobs DR Jr, Harnack LJ, et al. Dietary catechins in relation to coronary heart disease death among postmenopausal women. Epidemiol. 2001;12:668–75. [PubMed: 11679795]
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  8. Cutler GJ, Nettleton JA, Ross JA, et al. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cancer in postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Int J Cancer. 2008;123:664–71. [PMC free article: PMC2572165] [PubMed: 18491403]
  9. Folsom AR, Demissie Z. Fish intake, marine omega-3 fatty acids, and mortality in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160:1005–10. [PubMed: 15522857]
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  14. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Sellers TA, et al. Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144:165–74. [PubMed: 8678048]
  15. Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, et al. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:1156–62. [PubMed: 8602181]
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  26. Merlino LA, Curtis J, Mikuls TR, et al. Vitamin D intake is inversely associated with rheumatoid arthritis: Results from the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:72–7. [PubMed: 14730601]
  27. Meyer KA, Kushi LH, Jacobs DR Jr, et al. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:921–30. [PubMed: 10731498]
  28. Mink PJ, Scrafford CG, Barraj LM, et al. Flavonoid intake and cardiovascular disease mortality: a prospective study in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:895–909. [PubMed: 17344514]
  29. Nettleton JA, Harnack LJ, Scrafford CG, et al. Dietary flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods are not associated with risk of type II diabetes in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2006;136:3039–45. [PMC free article: PMC3034085] [PubMed: 17116717]
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  31. Robien K, Cutler GJ, Lazovich D. Vitamin D intake and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18:775–82. [PubMed: 17549593]
  32. Sellers TA, Alberts SR, Vierkant RA, et al. High folate diets and breast cancer survival in a prospective cohort study. Nutr Cancer. 2002;44:139–44. [PubMed: 12734059]
  33. Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Cerhan JR, et al. Dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Epidemiology. 2001;12:420–8. [PubMed: 11416780]
  34. Sellers TA, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, et al. Interaction of dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002;11:1104–7. [PubMed: 12376515]
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  37. Yochum LA, Folsom AR, Kushi LH. Intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of death from stroke in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:476–83. [PubMed: 10919944]
  38. Zheng W, Anderson KE, Kushi LH, et al. A prospective cohort study of intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other micronutrients in relation to incidence of rectal cancer among postmenopausal women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7:221–5. [PubMed: 9521437]

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study

  1. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Huttunen JK, et al. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(6 Suppl):1427S–30S. [PubMed: 7495243]
  2. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(21):1560–70. [PubMed: 8901854]
  3. Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, et al. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(3):197–205. [PubMed: 10782653]
  4. Bobe G, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D, et al. Flavonoid intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in male smokers (Finland). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(3):553–62. [PubMed: 18349272]
  5. Chan JM, Pietinen P, Virtanen M, et al. Diet and prostate cancer risk in a cohort of smokers, with a specific focus on calcium and phosphorus (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000;11(9):859–67. [PubMed: 11075876]
  6. Cho E, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, et al. Intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate and multivitamins and lung cancer: a pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(4):970–8. [PubMed: 16152626]
  7. Cho E, Smith-Warner SA, Spiegelman D, et al. Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(13):1015–22. [PubMed: 15240785]
  8. Cross AJ, Gunter MJ, Wood RJ, et al. Iron and colorectal cancer risk in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study. Int J Cancer. 2006 [PubMed: 16425287]
  9. Faupel-Badger JM, Diaw L, Albanes D, et al. Lack of association between serum levels of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and the subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Finnish men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16:2784–6. [PubMed: 18086789]
  10. Glynn SA, Albanes D, Pietinen P, et al. Colorectal cancer and folate status: a nested case-control study among male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(7):487–94. [PubMed: 8827351]
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Honolulu Heart Study

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Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer

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The Singapore Chinese Health Study

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Norwegian Mother & Child Cohort Study

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European Prospective Investigation into Diet and Cancer Study

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NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study

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Dietary Intake of Folic Acid and Colorectal Cancer Risk in a Cohort of Women

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The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Study

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Women’s Health Initiative

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Swedish Mammography Cohort Study

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Multiethnic Cohort Study

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Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study

  1. Albert CM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Effect of folic acid and B vitamins on risk of cardiovascular events and total mortality among women at high risk for cardiovascular disease: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 May 7;299(17):2027–36. [PMC free article: PMC2684623] [PubMed: 18460663]
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  3. Song Y, Cook NR, Albert CM, et al. Effects of vitamins C and E and beta-carotene on the risk of type 2 diabetes in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Aug;90(2):429–37. Epub 2009 Jun 2. [PMC free article: PMC2848361] [PubMed: 19491386]
  4. Zhang SM, Cook NR, Albert CM, et al. Effect of combined folic acid, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 on cancer risk in women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008 Nov 5;300(17):2012–21. [PMC free article: PMC2593624] [PubMed: 18984888]

Northern Swedish Health and Diseases Study

  1. Bingham SA, Day NE, Luben R, et al. Dietary fibre in food and protection against colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): an observational study. Lancet. 2003 May;361:1496–501. [PubMed: 12737858]

Black Women’s Health Study

  1. Van Dam RM, Hu FB, Rosenberg L, et al. Dietary calcium and magnesium, major food sources, and risk of type-2 diabetes in U.S. black women. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(10):2238–43. [PubMed: 17003299]

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