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Intravascular Diagnostic Procedures and Imaging Techniques Versus Angiography Alone in Coronary Artery Stenting: Comparative Effectiveness Review
Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 104
Investigators: Gowri Raman, MD, MS, Winifred Yu, PhD, Stanley Ip, MD, Priyanka Salvi, MS, Lina Kong Win Chang, BS, Ramon C Iovin, PhD, Madhumathi Rao, MD, PhD, Georgios D Kitsios, MD, PhD, Alvaro Alonso, MD, and Joseph Lau, MD.
Author Information and AffiliationsStructured Abstract
Background:
Several intravascular diagnostic techniques provide detailed information regarding the narrowing (stenosis) of the lumen of coronary arteries. They are increasingly used in addition to angiography during coronary artery stenting.
Purpose:
To systematically review the comparative effectiveness of intravascular diagnostic techniques versus angiography alone in patients with coronary artery disease who are undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions for the following objectives: (a) to decide whether a coronary lesion needs to be stented; (b) to guide and optimize stent deployment; (c) to assess whether stent placement was successful; and (d) to evaluate the factors influencing the diagnostic techniques' effect on outcomes.
Data sources:
MEDLINE®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, recent conference proceedings, and ClinicalTrials.gov.
Study selection:
We included studies of any design and duration of followup, without any language or sample size restriction. We excluded studies that did not directly compare the use of an intravascular diagnostic technique with angiography alone or another intravascular diagnostic technique to decide whether to stent or to guide coronary artery stenting.
Data extraction:
We extracted details on study population characteristics and results, and assessed studies for risk of bias. We evaluated therapeutic decisionmaking outcomes, intermediate outcomes, and patient-centered outcomes. We appraised strength of evidence primarily based on studies rated as having a low or medium risk of bias.
Data synthesis:
In total, 37 eligible studies evaluated two of the intravascular diagnostic techniques, namely fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). There is a moderate strength of evidence (drawn from one randomized controlled trial [RCT] and one nonrandomized study) that the use of FFR, as compared with angiography alone, supports the following: (a) FFR is effective in helping to decide whether intermediate coronary lesions (defined as 50% to 70% stenosis) require stenting; (b) FFR confers a lower risk of the composite endpoint of death or myocardial infarction (MI) or of major adverse cardiac events; and (c) FFR leads to fewer stents implanted and reduces the cost of the procedure. Regarding the comparison of IVUS-guided stenting and stent placement guided by angiography alone, there is a moderate strength of evidence (drawn from 9 RCTs and 22 nonrandomized studies) that supports no significant difference between the two approaches in mortality or MI, but a significant reduction in repeat revascularizations and restenosis with IVUS-guided stenting. There is insufficient evidence concerning the use of intravascular diagnostic techniques immediately after percutaneous coronary interventions to evaluate the success of stenting compared with angiography or for direct comparisons between intravascular diagnostic techniques. There is a moderate strength of evidence (on the basis of one large nonrandomized study) that sex, diabetes mellitus status, lesion length, and reference diameter among those undergoing IVUS- and angiography-guided stent placement had no significant association with major adverse cardiac events or its individual components. There is insufficient evidence to evaluate the comparative effect of intravascular diagnostic techniques other than FFR and IVUS.
Limitations:
Studies evaluating FFR and IVUS were limited by incomplete outcome reporting, heterogeneity in outcome definitions, infrequent enrollment of women, and a lack of data on patients with left main coronary artery disease or acute MI. The evidence for FFR was derived from trials that focused on patients with lower grade angina or those with nonischemic intermediate coronary stenosis. The majority of the IVUS trials were conducted before 2000, a particularly important limitation given the rapid pace of technological advancement in this domain.
Conclusions:
There is a moderate strength of evidence that the use of FFR (as compared with angiography alone) to decide whether or not to stent an intermediate coronary lesion confers a lower risk of composite endpoint of death or MI, or of major adverse cardiac events; leads to fewer stents being implanted; and reduces procedural costs. There is a moderate strength of evidence that the use of IVUS (as compared with angiography alone) to guide optimal stent placement reduces repeat revascularization and restenosis, but does not affect mortality or MI. Future studies will need to focus on women and on patients with more severe coronary artery disease, and to evaluate longer term (on the order of years) patient outcomes to better appreciate real world effectiveness. Stenting low-risk lesions may lead to additional invasive tests or treatments that could adversely impact long-term outcomes. Further research is also needed to evaluate the use of hybrid and novel intravascular diagnostic techniques.
Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Key Informants
- Technical Expert Panel
- Peer Reviewers
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Key Question 1 In patients with CAD, what is the impact of using an intravascular diagnostic technique and angiography in deciding whether a coronary lesion requires intervention–when compared with angiography alone–on therapeutic decisionmaking, intermediate outcomes and patient-centered outcomes?
- Key Question 2 For patients undergoing PCI, what is the impact of using an intravascular diagnostic technique and angiography to guide stent placement (either immediately prior to or during the procedure)—when compared with angiography alone—on therapeutic decisionmaking, intermediate outcomes, and patient-centered outcomes?
- Key Question 3 For patients having just undergone a PCI, what is the impact of using an intravascular diagnostic technique and angiography to evaluate the success of stent placement immediately after the procedure—when compared with angiography alone—on therapeutic decisionmaking, intermediate, and patient-centered outcomes?
- Key Question 4 How do different intravascular diagnostic techniques compare to each other in their effects on therapeutic decisionmaking, intermediate outcomes, and patient-centered outcomes?
- Key Question 5 What factors (e.g., patient/physician characteristics, availability of prior noninvasive testing, type of PCI performed) influence the effect of intravascular diagnostic techniques and angiography—when compared with angiography alone (or among different intravascular diagnostic techniques)—on therapeutic decisionmaking, intermediate outcomes, and patient-centered outcomes?
- Discussion
- References
- Abbreviations
- Appendix A Search Strategy
- Appendix B List of Excluded Studies
- Appendix C Summary Tables
- Appendix D Description of Intravascular Diagnostic Techniques
Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services1, Contract No. 290-2007-10056-I. Prepared by: Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center, Boston, MA
Suggested citation:
Raman G, Yu W, Ip S, Salvi P, Kong Win Chang L, Iovin RC, Rao M, Kitsios GD, Alonso A, Lau J. Intravascular Diagnostic Procedures and Imaging Techniques Versus Angiography Alone in Coronary Artery Stenting: Comparative Effectiveness Review. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 104. (Prepared by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10055-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC055-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. February 2013. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm.
This report is based on research conducted by the Tufts Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. 290-2007-10055-I). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents; the findings and conclusions do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. Therefore, no statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The information in this report is intended to help health care decisionmakers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers, among others—make well-informed decisions and thereby improve the quality of health care services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for the application of clinical judgment. Anyone who makes decisions concerning the provision of clinical care should consider this report in the same way as any medical reference and in conjunction with all other pertinent information, i.e., in the context of available resources and circumstances presented by individual patients.
This report may be used, in whole or in part, as the basis for development of clinical practice guidelines and other quality enhancement tools, or as a basis for reimbursement and coverage policies. AHRQ or U.S. Department of Health and Human Services endorsement of such derivative products may not be stated or implied.
None of the investigators have any affiliations or financial involvement that conflicts with the material presented in this report.
- 1
540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850; www
.ahrq.gov
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