New features

• Added support to format searches involving filtered reads in blast_formatter_vdb and blast_vdb_cmd via the newly added include_filtered_reads option.
• BLAST+ has an installer and tarballs for universal macos binaries, as well as pre-compiled macos binaries for Intel and ARM processors.

Improvements

• psiblast traceback now takes advantage of multiple threads, improving runtime by 3%-6%.
• The default word threshold for the blastp-fast and blastx-fast was raised from 19.3 to 20, yielding a runtime improvement of 4% without significant loss of sensitivity (less than 3%).
• A warning (as opposed to an error) will be reported if the NCBI taxonomy IDs provided to the negative_taxid* command line options are not found in the database.
• Improved update_blastdb.pl error handling on failure to download files.
• Added documentation on how to check BLASTDB files for data corruption.
• Updated build instructions to include information about build time dependencies.

• Reduced the size of the BLAST+ docker image by about 50%.

Bug fixes

• Fixed crash in psiblast when -qcov_hsp_perc and -in_msa options are used.
• Remove needless warnings for update_blastdb.pl in Windows.
• Removed unsupported word sizes (larger than 100) for nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST.
• Fixed bug in uninstaller for macos.

New features

• You can limit your search by a non-leaf taxID (e.g., all bacteria) without running a helper script.
• BLAST now selects the best threading mode (i.e., sets -mt_mode option) based on your query and database for BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, and TBLASTN.

Improvements

• Optimized batch size for blastx-fast for smaller databases (e.g., Swiss-Prot) and many queries to make it 7% faster.
• Improved the error message shown if the LMDB file (part of BLAST database) cannot be opened (mentions file).
• update_blastdb.pl will use at most 25% of the CPUs on a machine when downloading from the cloud (adjustable with an option).

Bug fixes

• Fixed a megaBLAST crash in two-hit mode.
• Fixed a TBLASTN crash with very short database sequences and a taxonomy limit.

Note: If building BLAST+ from source code, the SQLite library will be needed.

New features

• BLASTP, BLASTX, and TBLASTN are now quicker when you use the "fast" tasks with a command-line argument like "-task blastp-fast." You can search the non-redundant protein database(nr) over 20% faster than before. Smaller databases like swissprot or pdbaa will be 2-3 times faster.

Improvements

• A FASTA file that cannot be validated by makeblastdb is now a warning and not an error.
• Update_blastdb.pl uses curl on a mac to download BLASTDB files instead of a PERL module.
• An error is issued if the incompatible -remote and -in_pssm options are used together.
• A formatting pre-fetch error is no longer fatal, and BLAST will try to format the report.

Bug fixes

• Fixed an issue with a space before the database name that crashed the rpsblast executable.
• Fixed a multi-threading consistency issue with the -use_sw_tback option.
• Fixed an issue that crashed the blastn executable.
• Fixed an issue sorting results with composition-based statistics.
• Fixed an exit code issue with update_blast.pl
• Corrected the expect value setting for blastn-short task
• Fixed an issue with sstrand in tabular formats with the tblastn executable.

New features

• Blastn_vdb and tblastn_vdb included in the 2.13.0 release.
• Makeblastdb now produces a (JSON) metadata file about the database. This makes BLAST databases more Findable in the FAIR sense. See here for details.

Improvements

• TBLASTN can now handle database sequences up to 2 billion bases (was 1 billion)
• Makeblastdb default volume size is now 3 billion bases (was 1 billion)
• Dustmasker has a new option to replace low complexity regions with N's (hard masking)
• Makeblastdb will issue an error message and exit if it encounters a sequence longer than the maximum supported size (2,147,483,647 letters).

Bug fixes

• Rare problem with mutex that caused BLAST to crash.
• Memory leaks.

New features

• Threading by query batch (for BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, RPSBLAST, and RPSTBLASTN) may more efficiently BLAST large numbers of queries, especially if the database is small or the search is limited by taxid. Use "-mt_mode 1" to enable this option.
• Makeblastdb requires less virtual memory for smaller databases.
• Makeprofiledb creates multiple volumes for a CDD database, which allows RPSBLAST to handle a larger number of records. The number of SMP files included in a volume can be controlled with the new -new_smp_vol option.
• update_blastdb.pl now supports the "-showall pretty" option for databases hosted at the NCBI.
• update_blastdb.pl now reports the database timestamp in ISO8601 format.

Bug fixes

• Fixed phiblast core dump when -subject option is used.
• Fixed memory leak in setup procedures.

New features

• Usage reporting - Help improve BLAST by sharing limited information about your search. Details on the information collected, how it is used, and how to opt-out at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK309243
• Threading by query batch for rpsblast/rpstblast can BLAST large numbers of queries faster. For large numbers of queries, use the -mt option to more efficiently multi-thread the search.

Bug fixes

• Fix slowdown in TBLASTN searches run without composition-based statistics on long database sequences.
• Remove necessity of a network connection for blast_formatter. This also speeds up blast_formatter if the database can be found locally.
• A core dump for RPSBLAST and RPSTBLASTN has been fixed.
• Makeblastdb for windows has been fixed to not require as much virtual memory and to not produce overly large LMDB files.

Bug fixes

• Fix for TBLASTN Multi-Threading bug.

New features

• Enhancements to composition-based statistics to ensure the consistency of matches if fewer than the default number of matches is selected. Read about the details in the “Outline of the BLAST process” section of the BLAST+ user manual appendix.
• Adaptive composition-based statistics may process more sequences in the CBS stage of BLAST if many matches have a similar score, increasing the likelihood of finding novel results. To enable: set the environment variable ADAPTIVE_CBS to 1. This is an experimental feature and your feedback is welcome.
• Default BLAST database version changes:
• makeblastdb generates BLAST databases in version 5 format.
• New script to clean up BLAST database volumes (cleanup-blastdb-volumes.py).
• Add support for genetic code 33 for blastx and rpstblastn.

Improvements

• Better error messages for -taxids argument.
• Consistent error reporting in get_species_taxids.sh to standard error.

Bug fixes

• Restore sum statistics (-sum_stat parameter) for BLASTN.
• Fix Blast-archive generation/ingestion when subject_besthits flag is used.
• Fix problem with empty lines in files provided to the taxidlist argument.
• Fix blastdb_aliastool input file size overflow problem.
• Fix blastdb_aliastool problem in Windows with binary GI list files.
• Fix search failures using -remote option in BLAST+ 2.9.0.
• Fix reading from standard input in Windows.
• Fix missing space in descriptions defline.
• Fix HTML BLAST report to include version in accession anchors.
• Fix segmentation fault in tabular BLAST output format when sequences have no defline.
• Fix to prevent generation of local Seq-IDs in Seq-align output format when accessions are available.
• Fix blast_formatter output when searches are limited by taxonomy.

New features

• Support for PDB biopolymer chain identifiers up to four-characters long in BLASTDB version 5 (not supported in BLASTDB version 4).
• Configurable output separator for tabular and CSV output formats (see manual entry).

Improvements

• Better error messages in get_species_taxids.sh.
• Fix memory leaks in BLAST libraries and unit tests.

Bug fixes

• Fix taxID filtering combined with mask-based alias BLAST databases.
• Fix ordering of sequence IDs in BLAST report.

Improvements

• A new option (-subject_besthit) culls HSPs on a per subject sequence basis by removing HSPs that are completely enveloped by another HSP. This is an experimental option and is subject to change.
• Allow use of the -max_target_seqs option for formats 0-4. The number of alignments and descriptions will be set to the max_target_seqs.
• Issue a warning if -max_target_seqs is set to less than five.

Bug fixes

• Disabled an overly aggressive optimization that caused problems mentioned by Shah et al. in https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30247621.
• Fixed an invalid memory error that occurred when composition-based statistics and SEG were used.
• Fixed some memory problems with the culling option.
• Nucleotide scores for even rewards are no longer rounded down to an even number when displayed.
• Blastdbcmd now reports intervals in the output FASTA if a partial sequence is requested with the range option.

Improvements

• Support for a new version of the BLAST database that allows you to limit search by taxonomy as well some other improvements. See description at https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db/v5/blastdbv5.pdf .
• The 2GB output file size limit for makeblastdb has been increased to 4 GB.

Bug fixes

• Fix makeblastdb problem with producing spurious files with masking information.
• Fix a problem with being unable to retrieve taxonomy information for tabular output.

Improvements

• Provided an upper limit on the number of threads for BLAST+ search applications.
• Improved performance of taxonomic name lookups.
• Fixed Mac installers so they are interoperable with other NCBI applications.
• Reduced the amount of locking in BLASTDB reading library (CSeqDB).

Bug fixes

• Fixed race condition when using gilist parameter.
• Fixed culling_limit bug with HSPs from different strands
• Fixed dustmasker bug with long region of Ns
• Fixed bl2seq problem with HTML output

Note: If building BLAST+ from source code, the LMDB library will be needed.

New features

• Handle bare accessions on blastdb_aliastool.
• Change defaults for output formats 6, 7, and 10 to incorporate version in accessions.

Improvements

• Add support for NCBI_DONT_USE_LOCAL_CONFIG and NCBI_DONT_USE_NCBIRC environment variables.
• Better runtime performance in blastdbcmd when the entry_batch parameter is used.
• SAM output improvements.
• Changed gapped alignment starting point to minimize the chance to produce sub-optimal alignments.
• For custom matrices absent from the util/tables source file, use BLOSUM62 for reporting number of positives.
• Added long_seqids flag to blastdbcmd to use long (legacy) NCBI Seq-id format.

Bug fixes

• Fixed issue with missing alignments in blastx.
• Fixed problem processing accession.version in makeblastdb.
• Fixed blastdbcmd problem with local IDs.
• Removed memory leak for multi-threaded runs.
• Fixed blastdbcmd crash when listing all entries and a sequence has no title.

New features

• Composition based statistics for rpstblastn.
• Added output format for taxonomic organism report.
• Support for bare accessions in FASTA and BLAST reports.

Improvements

• -remote option connects to NCBI via HTTPS. This adds a dependency on GNUTLS (see https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279690/)
• Pre-fetch sequences for formatting.

Bug fixes

• Fixed improper functioning of output format 6 tokens ssciname, staxid, sscinames and staxids.
• tblastn core-dumps in multi-threaded mode.
• Ensure stable sorting of results in multi-threaded mode.
• Fixed incorrect percent identity in tabular format for sequences containing selenocysteine.

New features

• Introduced multi-threaded traceback for blastp, blastx, tblastn and tblastx.
• Added new tabular format specifiers for taxonomic information (staxid, ssciname, scomname, sblastname, skingdom) that correspond to the first subject ID.

Improvements

• Speed up makeblastdb runtime performance with input consisting of many ambiguities.
• Better support for 'bare' IDs in taxid_map option to makeblastdb.
• Score U (selenocysteine) as C (not X) in protein-protein and translated searches.

Bug fixes

• Corrected E-value computation in finite-size correction.
• Removed memory leak from rpsblast.
• Made handling of ambiguities in subjects identical when using FASTA and BLAST database inputs.
• makeblastdb no longer replaces tabs in definition line by '#'.
• Corrected problem with spaces in database names on windows.
• Corrected handling of subject_loc.

New features

• Added new PSIBLAST command line options to support saving PSSM and checkpoint files for each iteration and calculate checkpoint and PSSM for the last iteration.
• Added unique subject sequence query coverage to tabular output.
• Added support single file JSON and XML2 Blast output format.
• Beta release of SAM output format.
• Treat N subject sequences, entered with the -subject argument (bl2seq mode), as one search set rather than N sets.

Improvements

• makeblastdb ignores and warns users about empty sequences in input.
• BLAST+ only accepts "obinary" windowmasker files for performance reasons.

Bug fixes

• Best hits processing multi-threaded context.
• Fixed memory leak when invoking composition based statistics with an argument of 2.
• Return non-zero exit code when failing to write output file.
• Use relative paths in XInclude file for multi-file XML2 output format.
• Fixed memory leak in blastx.
• Fixed inconsistent XML2 output to standard output vs. file.
• Fixed psiblast incorrectly processing large input MSA.
• Fixed bug when running BLAST+ on windows with multiple threads.

New features

• Added support for BLAST-XML2 specification.
• Added support for JSON Blast output format.

Improvements

• Improved adaptive batch size algorithm to better handle small databases.
• Preface error/warning message(s) with name of the application.
• Allow multiple deflines even without GIs.
• Download more concise database information for -remote searches.

Bug fixes

• Fixed problem with makeblastdb's -max_file_sz.
• Reenabled support for word size 5 in tblastn.
• Fixed memory initialization problems.
• Use score for sorting search results if evalue less than 1.0e-180.

New features

• Added tblastn-fast, blastp-fast, and blastx-fast tasks. These tasks make use of longer words as described by Shiryev et al. in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17921491.
• Added new output option (outfmt 12) with Seq-Align in JSON.

Improvements

• Added new command line option qcov_hsp_perc that removes alignments below the specified query coverage.
• Added option line_length for the printing of alignment lengths (outfmt 0-4).
• Added larger gap penalties for PAM30 and PAM70 matrices.
• psiblast now accepts 0 for num_iterations to indicate iterating until convergence.
• rpsblast uses composition-based-statistics by default. Recover old behavior with "-comp_based_stats F -seg yes".
• Improved blastn multithreading performance for many queries with small databases.
• Changed cmdline option -sum_stats (formerly -sum_statistics) from flag to boolean.

Bug fixes

• Fixed spurious messages when parsing FASTA input.
• Fixed makeprofiledb handling of PSSMs created from multiple sequence alignment.
• Fixed makeblastdb handling of '-' at the end of FASTA input.
• Fixed windowmasker segmentation fault when the incorrect window size is provided.
• Fixed problem with lower-case masking and large sequences.
• Fixed makeblastdb segmentation fault on duplicate seqids.
• Allow specification of scoring matrices in lower case letters.
• Fixed exit code when disk space is not available for the output file.
• Fixed problem with using seqids list from -outfmt "6 sseqid" as input with –seqidlist.
• Fixed bug with culling_limit that excludes top hit.
• Fixed bug with max_target_seqs not working with psiblast.

Improvements

• Improved the criteria for segging subject sequences used in composition based statistics with protein and translated searches.
• Improved blastn batch query performance.
• Improved blastdbcmd performance when retrieving taxonomic data from the BLAST databases.
• blastdb_aliastool supports reading a list of BLASTDBs from a file.
• Source releases build optimized multi-threaded binaries by default.
• Multi-threaded traceback: provides performance improvement for nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST with large (>25k) queries.
• Made makeprofiledb error messages more user friendly.
• Ungapped BLAST no longer uses sum statistics by default. Recover old behavior with -sum_statistics flag.
• Improved multithreading by better dividing the BLAST database among threads.

Bug fixes

• Allow update_blastdb.pl to work with databases containing more than 100 volumes.
• makeblastdb provides error message when -parse_seqids is used and invalid FASTA is provided.
• ASCII PSSM output for psiblast and deltablast displays two-digit scores in a more readable manner.
• Fixed negative percent identity in tabular output format
• Removed -num_threads option for binaries built without multi-threading.
• Fixed deltablast failures when searching multiple queries against multiple subject sequences.
• Fixed segmasker exception on example from BLAST cookbook.
• Fixed bogus warning about indexed megablast when using import search strategies.
• Fixed missing hits when running blastn with multiple queries, word size 7, large evalue, and no low complexity filtering.
• Fixed handling of gaps in ASN.1 input.
• Fixed Statistics_hsp-len value of 0 in XML output from blast_formatter.
• Fixed incorrect query coverage computation when sequence range was specified.
• Tabular output no longer ignores the -db_gencode argument.
• Fixed missing query sequence data in BLAST archive when -parse_deflines and FASTA with gnl ID was provided.
• Produce one XML document from BLAST archive.
• Removed 100 volume restriction in blastdb_aliastool -num_volumes.
• Fixed caption for 'query coverage' in tabular output format.
• Approximate gapped alignment in blastp is turned on/off for each query individually.
• Fixed query genetic code option.

New features

• Composition based statistics support in rpsblast
• Support for query coverage, subject sequence title, and taxonomy data in custom tabular output format
• blastdbcmd support for batch subsequence retrieval

Improvements

• Adaptive BATCH_SIZE
• Perform incremental XML output

Bug fixes

• Formatting of asterix character in XML output
• Segmentation fault on out-of-memory
• Prevented extension of alignment into Ns
• Segmentation fault in DeltaBLAST when used with -remote and -out_ascii_pssm
• Replace tabs with spaces in FASTA deflines
• blastdbcmd displaying internal sequence ID for databases built without -parse_seqid
• blastdbcmd not fetching sequence data for complete sequence ID and -target_only
• blastn missing a hit for small word sizes
• Crash in blastn when it fetches sequence data from Genbank
• DeltaBLAST returning no hits when used with -remote option and searching more than one query
• Initialization problems for indexed megablast
• psiblast problem using -import_search_strategy
• blast_formatter displaying empty query for DeltaBLAST RID
• makeblastdb problem with ASN.1 input
• dustmasker errors with acclist and maskinfo_xml output formats
• blastx reporting of HSPs dependent on -max_target_seqs
• psiblast's display of number of queries in tabular output format
• blastx error when -ungapped and -comp_based_stats F are used

New features

• Composition-based statistics for blastx.
• Added seedtop - a tool for searching for patterns in an input sequence or BLAST database.
• Enable remote DELTA-BLAST searches.

Improvements

• Revamped controls for the number of alignments/descriptions so that they are specific to applicable output formats (see user manual for details).
• Reduce memory usage for BLAST searches that involve (large) multiple queries.
• Speed up start-up times for BLAST databases.
• Display of new statistical parameters have been added to the BLAST results.
• Speed up runtime performance of tabular output formatting.
• Improve the placement of gaps in MegaBLAST

Bug fixes

• Fixed formatting bug when GI input format is provided to blastn.
• Fixed incorrect composition-statistics default for DELTA-BLAST.
• Bug fixes in blast_formatter, blastdbcmd.
• An asterix (stop-codon) in sequence was not rendered properly.
• The Smith-Waterman option in blastp would cause seg filtering on the subject sequence even if the composition-based statistics were not being used.
• The makeblastdb taxid_map option is broken.

New features

• Mac executables are now Universal Binaries for 32- and 64-bit architectures; we no longer produce PPC and Intel Universal binaries. The executable archive names remain unchanged.
• Added DELTA-BLAST - a new tool for sensitive protein searches
• Added makeprofiledb - a tool for creating a database for RPS-BLAST

Improvements

• The blast_formatter application can now format bl2seq RIDs.
• PSI-BLAST can produce archive format, blast_formatter can format that output.
• PSI-BLAST has two new options that work with multiple-sequence alignments: ignore_msa_master and msa_master_idx (see BLAST+ manual).
• mkmbindex can now create masked indices from a BLAST database and ASN.1 masking data.
• An improved finite size correction is now used for blastp/blastx/tblastn/rpsblast.
• The FSC is subtracted from the query and database sequence length for the calculation of the expect value. The new FSC results in more accurate expect values, especially for alignments with a short query or target sequence. Re-enable the old size correction by setting the environment variable OLD_FSC to a non-NULL value.
• The blastdbcmd -range parameter now accepts a blank value for the second parameter to signify the end of a sequence (e.g., -range "100-")
• There was a performance improvement for long database sequences in results with many matches.

Bug fixes

• There was a blastn problem if subject_loc and lcase_masking were used together.
• There was a problem with multi-threaded blastx if the query included a long (10,000+) sequence of N's.
• The percent identity calculation was wrong if the best-hit algorithm was used.
• There was a problem with the multiple BLAST database statistics report in XML format.
• Makeblastdb failed to return an error when input was not available.
• The formatting option -outfmt "7 nident" always printed zero.
• The search strategy was not properly saving the -db_soft_mask option.
• An error message was emitted if there was a "<" in the query title.
• A problem reading lower-case masking from the query could cause a search to fail.

New features

• Enhanced documentation, includes simplified setup instructions, available at
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1762

Improvements

• Added support for hard-masking of BLAST databases.
• Improve performance of makeblastdb for FASTA input with large numbers of sequences, improve error checking.
• Allow Best Hit options and XML formatting for Blast2Sequences mode
• Allow multiple query sequences for psiblast.
• Allow specification of any multiple sequence alignment sequence as the master with the -in_msa psiblast argument.
• Add an optional -input_type argument to makeblastdb.
• Added support for query and subject length to tabular output.
• Performance of -seqidlist argument improved.
• The minimum of the number of descriptions and alignments is now used for tabular and
• XML output (consistent with the behavior of the older blastall applications).

Bug fixes

• Makeblastdb and blastdbcmd problems with parsing, storing, and retrieving sequence identifiers.
• Missing subject identifiers in tabular output.
• Blast_formatter ignoring -num_alignments and -num_descriptions
• Blast archive format could be saved incorrectly with multiple queries.
• Blast_formatter established an unneeded network connection.
• Blast_formatter did not save masking information correctly.
• Rpstblastn might crash if searching many sequences.
• Indexed megablast would not run in multi-threaded mode.
• Query title in the PSSM saved by psiblast was not being stored.
• Possible failure to run in multi-threaded mode with multiple queries or large database sequences.
• Tblastn runs with database masking might miss matches.

Bug fixes

• Improved makeblastdb performance and taxid_map option
• Fixed segmentation faults on blastn and megablast
• Fixed truncated output for sequence input with extra spaces in the defline
• Fixed problem with MacOSX binaries on MacOSX 10.5