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Keratose (horny) sponges constitute a very difficult group of Porifera in terms of taxonomy due to their paucity of diagnostic morphological features. More...

Keratose (horny) sponges constitute a very difficult group of Porifera in terms of taxonomy due to their paucity of diagnostic morphological features. (Most) keratose sponges possess no mineral skeletal elements, but an arrangement of organic (spongin) fibers, with little taxonomic or phylogenetic information. Molecular phylogenetics have targeted this evolutionary and biochemically important lineage numerous times, but the conservative nature of popular markers combined with ambiguous identification of the sponge material has so far prevented any robust phylogeny. In the following study we provide a phylogenetic hypothesis of the keratose order Dictyoceratida based on nuclear markers of higher resolution potential (ITS and 28S-C Region), and particularly aim for the inclusion of type specimens as reference material. Our results are compared with previously published data of CO1, 18S and 28S (D3-D5) data, and indicate the paraphyly of the largest dictyoceratid family, the Thorectidae, due to a sister group relationship of Spongiidae and Phyllospongiinae. Irciniidae can be recovered as monophyletic. Results on genus level and implications on phylogenetic signals of the most frequently described morphological characters are discussed. Less...