PHD finger superfamily; The PHD finger superfamily includes a canonical plant homeodomain (PHD) finger typically characterized as Cys4HisCys3, and a non-canonical extended PHD finger, characterized as Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His. Variations include the RAG2 PHD finger characterized by Cys3His2Cys2His and the PHD finger 5 found in nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing proteins characterized by Cys4HisCys2His. The PHD finger is also termed LAP (leukemia-associated protein) motif or TTC (trithorax consensus) domain. Single or multiple copies of PHD fingers have been found in a variety of eukaryotic proteins involved in the control of gene transcription and chromatin dynamics. PHD fingers can recognize the unmodified and modified histone H3 tail, and some have been found to interact with non-histone proteins. They also function as epigenome readers controlling gene expression through molecular recruitment of multi-protein complexes of chromatin regulators and transcription factors. The PHD finger domain SF is structurally similar to the RING and FYVE_like superfamilies.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1907139000 251 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15634     1 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECLCWQHGVCMGLLEDNVPEKYTCYIC 44

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20); PHF20, also termed Glioma-expressed antigen 2, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, or novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53 mediated signaling. PHF20 contains an N-terminal malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, two Tudor domains, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and the putative DNA-binding domains, AT hook and Cys2His2-type zinc finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1907139000 251 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15634     1 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECLCWQHGVCMGLLEDNVPEKYTCYIC 44

PHD zinc finger; The plant homeodomain (PHD) finger is a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif found in nuclear proteins thought to be involved in epigenetics and chromatin-mediated transcriptional regulation. The PHD finger binds two zinc ions using the so-called 'cross-brace' motif and is thus structurally related to the RING finger and the FYVE finger. It is not yet known if PHD fingers have a common molecular function. Several reports suggest that it can function as a protein-protein interacton domain and it was recently demonstrated that the PHD finger of p300 can cooperate with the adjacent BROMO domain in nucleosome binding in vitro. Other reports suggesting that the PHD finger is a ubiquitin ligase have been refuted as these domains were RING fingers misidentified as PHD fingers.

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907139000  252 CICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMG--LLEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:smart00249   3 SVCGKPDDGGELLQCDGCDRWYHQTCLGppLLEEEPDGKWYCPKC 47

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20); PHF20, also termed Glioma-expressed antigen 2, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, or novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53 mediated signaling. PHF20 contains an N-terminal malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain, two Tudor domains, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and the putative DNA-binding domains, AT hook and Cys2His2-type zinc finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1907139000 251 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15634     1 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECLCWQHGVCMGLLEDNVPEKYTCYIC 44

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 20 (PHF20) and PHD finger protein 20-like protein 1 (P20L1); PHF20, also termed Glioma-expressed antigen 2, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 58, or novel zinc finger protein, or transcription factor TZP (referring to Tudor and zinc finger domain containing protein), is a regulator of NF-kappaB activation by disrupting recruitment of PP2A to p65. It also functions as a transcription factor that binds Akt and plays a role in Akt cell survival/growth signaling. Moreover, it transcriptionally regulates p53. The phosphorylation of PHF20 on Ser291 mediated by protein kinase B (PKB) is essential in tumorigenesis via the regulation of p53 mediated signaling. P20L1 is an active malignant brain tumor (MBT) domain-containing protein that binds to monomethylated lysine 142 on DNA (Cytosine-5) Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (DNMT1K142me1) and colocalizes at the perinucleolar space in a SET7-dependent manner. Its MBT domain reads and controls enzyme levels of methylated DNMT1 in cells, thus representing a novel antagonist of DNMT1 proteasomal degradation. Both PHF20 and PHF20L1 contain an N-terminal MBT domain, two Tudor domains, a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and the putative DNA-binding domains, AT hook and Cys2His2-type zinc finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907139000 251 RCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLL-EENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15549     1 HCICGVNEENGLMIQCELCLCWQHGVCMGIEeEESVPERYVCYVC 45

PHD finger found in histone-lysine N-methyltransferase ASH1L; ASH1L, also termed ASH1-like protein, or absent small and homeotic disks protein 1 homolog, or lysine N-methyltransferase 2H, is a protein belonging to the Trithorax family. It methylates Lys36 of histone H3 independently of transcriptional elongation to promote the establishment of Hox gene expression by counteracting Polycomb silencing. It can suppress interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-triggered macrophages, and inflammatory autoimmune diseases by inducing the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20. ASH1L contains an associated with SET domain (AWS), a SET domain, a post-SET domain, a bromodomain, a bromo-adjacent homology domain (BAH), and a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907139000 250 VRCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLleENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15548     1 IRCICGLYKDEGLMIQCEKCMVWQHCDCMGV--NDDVEHYLCEQC 43

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 3 (PHF3), and death-inducer obliterator variants Dido1, Dido2, and Dido3; PHF3 is a human homolog of yeast protein bypass of Ess1 (Bye1), a nuclear protein with a domain resembling the central domain in the transcription elongation factor TFIIS. It is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues including brain, but its expression is significantly reduced or lost in glioblastomas. PHF3 contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a central RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-binding TFIIS-like domain (TLD) domain, and a C-terminal Spen paralogue and orthologue C-terminal (SPOC) domain. This family also includes Dido gene encoding three alternative splicing variants (Dido1, 2, and 3), which have been implicated in a number of cellular processes such as apoptosis and chromosomal segregation, particularly in the hematopoietic system. Dido1 is important for maintaining embryonic stem (ES) cells and directly regulates the expression of pluripotency factors. It is the shortest isoform that contains only a highly conserved PHD finger responsible for the binding of histone H3 with a higher affinity for trimethylated lysine4 (H3K4me3). Gene Dido1 is a Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) target gene and promotes BMP-induced melanoma progression. It also triggers apoptosis after nuclear translocation and caspase upregulation. Dido3 is the largest isoform and is ubiquitously expressed in all human tissues. It is dispensable for ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency, but is involved in the maintenance of stem cell genomic stability and tumorigenesis. Dido3 contains a PHD finger, a transcription elongation factor S-II subunit M (TFSIIM) domain, a SPOC module, and a long C-terminal region (CT) of unknown homology.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907139000 252 CICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLE------ENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15552     2 CICRKPHNNRFMICCDRCEEWFHGDCVGITEaqgkemEENIEEYVCPKC 50

PHD finger found in PHF2, PHF8 and KDM7; This family includes PHF2, PHF8, KDM7, and similar proteins. PHF2, also termed GRC5, or PHD finger protein 2, is a histone lysine demethylase ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. PHF8, also termed PHD finger protein 8, or KDM7B, is a monomethylated histone H4 lysine 20(H4K20me1) demethylase that transcriptionally regulates many cell cycle genes. It also preferentially acts on H3K9me2 and H3K9me1. PHF8 is modulated by CDC20-containing anaphase-promoting complex (APC (cdc20)) and plays an important role in the G2/M transition. It acts as a critical molecular sensor for mediating retinoic acid (RA) treatment response in RAR alpha-fusion-induced leukemia. Moreover, PHF8 is essential for cytoskeleton dynamics and is associated with X-linked mental retardation. KDM7, also termed JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 1D (JHDM1D), or KIAA1718, is a dual histone demethylase that catalyzes demethylation of monomethylated and dimethylated H3K9 (H3K9me2/me1) and H3K27 (H3K27me2/me1), which functions as an eraser of silencing marks on chromatin during brain development. It also plays a tumor-suppressive role by regulating angiogenesis. All family members contain a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a JmjC domain.

                          10        20        30        40
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gi 1907139000 252 CIC-EVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP--EKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15554     2 CICrQPYDVTRFMIECDVCKDWFHGSCVGVEEHQANdiERYHCPNC 47

PHD finger found in PHD finger protein 13 (PHF13); PHF13, also termed survival time-associated PHD finger protein in ovarian cancer 1 (SPOC1), is a novel plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein that shows strong expression in spermatogonia and ovarian cancer cells, modulates chromatin structure and mitotic chromosome condensation, and is important for proper cell division. It is also required for spermatogonial stem cell differentiation and sustained spermatogenesis. The overexpression of PHF13 associates with unresectable carcinomas and shorter survival in ovarian cancer.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907139000 249 VVRCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVCQ 295
Cdd:cd15632     1 LVTCFCMKPFAGRPMIECNECHTWIHLSCAKIRKSNVPEVYVCQKCR 47

PHD finger found in Transcription factor 19 (TCF-19), Lysine-specific demethylase KDM5A and KDM5B, and other similar proteins; TCF-19 was identified as a putative trans-activating factor with expression beginning at the late G1-S boundary in dividing cells. It functions as a novel islet factor necessary for proliferation and survival in the INS-1 beta cell line. It plays an important role in susceptibility to both Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM); it has been suggested that it may positively impact beta cell mass under conditions of beta cell stress and increased insulin demand. KDM5A was originally identified as a retinoblastoma protein (Rb)-binding partner and its inactivation may be important for Rb to promote differentiation. It is involved in transcription through interaction with TBP, p107, nuclear receptors, Myc, Sin3/HDAC, Mad1, RBP-J, CLOCK, and BMAL1. KDM5B has a restricted expression pattern in the testis, ovary, and transiently in the mammary gland of the pregnant female and has been shown to be upregulated in breast cancer, prostate cancer, and lung cancer, suggesting a potential role in tumorigenesis. Both KDM5A and KDM5B function as trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) demethylases. This family also includes Caenorhabditis elegans Lysine-specific demethylase 7 homolog (ceKDM7A). ceKDM7A (also termed JmjC domain-containing protein 1.2, PHD finger protein 8 homolog, or PHF8 homolog) is a plant homeodomain (PHD)- and JmjC domain-containing protein that functions as a histone demethylase specific for H3K9me2 and H3K27me2. The binding of the PHD finger to H3K4me3 guides H3K9me2- and H3K27me2-specific demethylation by its catalytic JmjC domain in a trans-histone regulation mechanism. In addition, this family includes plant protein OBERON 1 and OBERON 2, Alfin1-like (AL) proteins, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) HAC, and AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 4 (ARID4).

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907139000 250 VRCICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGL--LEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15517     3 GICNLETAAVDELWVQCDGCDKWFHQFCLGLsnERYADEDKFKCPNC 49

PHD finger superfamily; The PHD finger superfamily includes a canonical plant homeodomain (PHD) finger typically characterized as Cys4HisCys3, and a non-canonical extended PHD finger, characterized as Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His. Variations include the RAG2 PHD finger characterized by Cys3His2Cys2His and the PHD finger 5 found in nuclear receptor-binding SET domain-containing proteins characterized by Cys4HisCys2His. The PHD finger is also termed LAP (leukemia-associated protein) motif or TTC (trithorax consensus) domain. Single or multiple copies of PHD fingers have been found in a variety of eukaryotic proteins involved in the control of gene transcription and chromatin dynamics. PHD fingers can recognize the unmodified and modified histone H3 tail, and some have been found to interact with non-histone proteins. They also function as epigenome readers controlling gene expression through molecular recruitment of multi-protein complexes of chromatin regulators and transcription factors. The PHD finger domain SF is structurally similar to the RING and FYVE_like superfamilies.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1907139000 252 CIC-EVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENV--PEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15489     3 IVCgKGGDLGGELLQCDGCGKWFHADCLGPPLSSFvpNGKWICPVC 48

PHD finger found in CXXC-type zinc finger protein 1 (Cfp1); Cfp1, also termed CpG-binding protein, or PHD finger and CXXC domain-containing protein 1 (PCCX1), is a specificity factor that binds to unmethylated CpGs and links H3K4me3 with CpG islands (CGIs). It integrates both promoter CpG content and gene activity for accurate trimethylation of histone H3 Lys 4 (H3K4me3) deposition in embryonic stem cells. Moreover, Cfp1 is an essential component of the SETD1 histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex and functions as a critical regulator of histone methylation, cytosine methylation, cellular differentiation, and vertebrate development. Cfp1 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a CXXC domain, and a CpG binding protein zinc finger C-terminal domain. Its CXXC domain selectively binds to non-methylated CpG islands, following by a preference for a guanosine nucleotide.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1907139000 252 CICEVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP--EKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15553     2 CICRSSDISRFMIGCDNCEEWYHGDCINITEKEAKaiKEWYCQQC 46

PHD finger found in PHD finger proteins PHF13 and PHF23; PHF13, also termed survival time-associated PHD finger protein in ovarian cancer 1 (SPOC1), is a novel plant homeodomain (PHD) finger-containing protein that shows strong expression in spermatogonia and ovarian cancer cells, modulates chromatin structure and mitotic chromosome condensation, and is important for proper cell division. It is also required for spermatogonial stem cell differentiation and sustained spermatogenesis. The overexpression of PHF13 associates with unresectable carcinomas and shorter survival in ovarian cancer. PHF23, also termed PHD-containing protein JUNE-1, is a hypothetical protein with a PHD finger. It is encoded by gene PHF23 that acts as a candidate fusion partner for the nucleoporin gene NUP98. The NUP98-PHF23 fusion results from a cryptic translocation t(11;17)(p15;p13) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

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gi 1907139000 263 MIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15546    13 MIECSECLTWIHLSCAKIRKNNVPEVFICQKC 44

PHD finger found in putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase UBR7; UBR7, also termed N-recognin-7, is a UBR box-containing protein that belongs to the E3 ubiquitin ligase family that recognizes N-degrons or structurally related molecules for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis or related processes through the UBR box motif. In addition to the UBR box, UBR7 also harbors a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger. The biochemical properties of UBR7 remain unclear.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1907139000 252 CIC------EVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGL-LEENVPEKYTCYVCQD 296
Cdd:cd15542     2 CTCdrpypdPEDEVEDEMIQCVLCEDWFHGRHLGLtPPEPDPDEFDEMICSG 53

PHD finger 3 found in histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A) and 2B (KMT2B); This family includes histone-lysine N-methyltransferase trithorax (Trx) like proteins, KMT2A (MLL1) and KMT2B (MLL2), which comprise the mammalian Trx branch of the COMPASS family, and are both essential for mammalian embryonic development. KMT2A regulates chromatin-mediated transcription through the catalysis of methylation of histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4), and is frequently rearranged in acute leukemia. KMT2A functions as the catalytic subunit in the MLL1 complex. KMT2B is a second human homolog of Drosophila trithorax, located on chromosome 19 and functions as the catalytic subunit in the MLL2 complex. It plays a critical role in memory formation through mediating hippocampal H3K4 di- and trimethylation. It is also required for RNA polymerase II association and protection from DNA methylation at the MagohB CpG island promoter. Both KMT2A and KMT2B contain a CxxC (x for any residue) zinc finger domain, three plant homeodomain (PHD) fingers, an extended PHD (ePHD) finger, Cys2HisCys5HisCys2His, two FY (phenylalanine tyrosine)-rich domains, and a SET (Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax) domain. This model corresponds to the third PHD finger.

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gi 1907139000 258 EENDF---MIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEE------NVPE--KYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15508    10 DDDDYdskMMQCSQCDHWVHAKCEGLSDEmyeilsYLPEsiEYTCSLC 57

PHD finger found in lysine-specific demethylase PHF2; PHF2, also termed GRC5, or PHD finger protein 2, is a histone lysine demethylase ubiquitously expressed in various tissues. It contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger and a JmjC domain and plays an important role in adipogenesis. The PHD finger domain can recognize trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3). PHF2 also has dimethylated histone H3 lysine 9(H3K9me2) demethylase activity and acts as a coactivator of several metabolism-related transcription factors. Moreover, it can demethylate ARID5B and further forms a complex with demethylated ARD5B to bind the promoter regions of target genes. The overexpression of PHF2 is involved in the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

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gi 1907139000 252 CICEVQEE-NDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP--EKYTCYVCQ 295
Cdd:cd15641     2 CICRLPYDvTRFMIECDACKDWFHGSCVGVEEEEAPdiDIYHCPNCE 48

PHD finger found in lysine-specific demethylase 7 (KDM7); KDM7, also termed JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 1D (JHDM1D), or KIAA1718, is a dual histone demethylase that catalyzes demethylation of monomethylated and dimethylated H3K9 (H3K9me2/me1) and H3K27 (H3K27me2/me1), which functions as an eraser of silencing marks on chromatin during brain development. It also plays a tumor-suppressive role by regulating angiogenesis. KDM7 contains a plant homeodomain (PHD) that binds Lys4-trimethylated histone 3 (H3K4me3) and a jumonji domain that demethylates either H3K9me2 or H3K27me2.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1907139000 252 CIC-EVQEENDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVP--EKYTCYVCQ 295
Cdd:cd15640     2 CVCrQPYDVNRFMIECDICKDWFHGSCVQVEEHHAAdiDLYHCPNCE 48

PHD finger found in histone lysine demethylase PHF8; PHF8, also termed PHD finger protein 8, or KDM7B, is a monomethylated histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me1) demethylase that transcriptionally regulates many cell cycle genes. It also preferentially acts on H3K9me2 and H3K9me1. PHF8 is modulated by CDC20-containing anaphase-promoting complex (APC (cdc20)) and plays an important role in the G2/M transition. It acts as a critical molecular sensor for mediating retinoic acid (RA) treatment response in RAR alpha-fusion-induced leukemia. Moreover, PHF8 is essential for cytoskeleton dynamics and is associated with X-linked mental retardation. PHF8 contains an N-terminal plant homeodomain (PHD) finger followed by a JmjC domain. The PHD finger mediates binding to nucleosomes at active gene promoters and the JmjC domain catalyzes the demethylation of mono- or dimethyl-lysines.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1907139000 250 VRCICEVQEE-NDFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCMGLLEENVPE--KYTCYVCQ 295
Cdd:cd15642     1 VYCLCRLPYDvTRFMIECDVCQDWFHGSCVGVEEEKAAEidLYHCPNCQ 49

PHD finger found in Arabidopsis thaliana histone acetyltransferases (HATs) HAC and similar proteins; This family includes A. thaliana HACs (HAC1/2/4/5/12), which are histone acetyltransferases of the p300/CREB-binding protein (CBP) co-activator family. CBP-type HAT proteins are also found in animals, but absent in fungi. The domain architecture of CBP-type HAT proteins differs between plants and animals. Members in this family contain an N-terminal partially conserved KIX domain, a Zf-TAZ domain, a Cysteine rich CBP-type HAT domain that harbors a plant homeodomain (PHD) finger, a Zf-ZZ domain, and a Zf-TAZ domain. PHD fingers can recognize the unmodified and modified histone H3 tail, and some have been found to interact with non-histone proteins.

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gi 1907139000 254 CEVQEEndFMIQCEECQCWQHGVCM---GLLEENVPEKYTCYVC 294
Cdd:cd15614    32 DEEFEE--AWVQCDKCERWQHQICGlynGRRNADETAEYVCPLC 73