cytotoxic and regulatory T-cell molecule isoform 1 precursor [Homo sapiens]
List of domain hits
Name | Accession | Description | Interval | E-value | |||
IgV_1_Necl_like | cd05717 | First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules; member of the ... |
21-114 | 6.75e-47 | |||
First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules; member of the V-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains; The members here are composed of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 3 (CADM3)), Necl-2 (CADM1), Necl-3 (CADM2), and similar proteins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 to Necl-5). They all have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-1, Necl-2, and Necl-3 have Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-1 is specifically expressed in neural tissue, and is important to the formation of synapses, axon bundles, and myelinated axons. Necl-2 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is a putative tumour suppressor gene which is downregulated in aggressive neuroblastoma. Necl-3 accumulates in central and peripheral nervous system tissue and has been shown to selectively interact with oligodendrocytes. This group also contains Class-I MHC-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM), whose expression pattern is consistent with its expression in Class-I MHC-restricted T-cells. : Pssm-ID: 409382 Cd Length: 94 Bit Score: 155.37 E-value: 6.75e-47
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Ig super family | cl11960 | Immunoglobulin domain; The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain found ... |
121-207 | 3.53e-11 | |||
Immunoglobulin domain; The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain found in the Ig superfamily. The Ig superfamily is a heterogenous group of proteins, built on a common fold comprised of a sandwich of two beta sheets. Members of this group are components of immunoglobulin, neuroglia, cell surface glycoproteins, including T-cell receptors, CD2, CD4, CD8, and membrane glycoproteins, including butyrophilin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. A predominant feature of most Ig domains is a disulfide bridge connecting the two beta-sheets with a tryptophan residue packed against the disulfide bond. Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains can be divided into 4 main classes based on their structures and sequences: the Variable (V), Constant 1 (C1), Constant 2 (C2), and Intermediate (I) sets. Typically, the V-set domains have A, B, E, and D strands in one sheet and A', G, F, C, C' and C" in the other. The structures in C1-set are smaller than those in the V-set; they have one beta sheet that is formed by strands A, B, E, and D and the other by strands G, F, C, and C'. Moreover, a C1-set Ig domain contains a short C' strand (three residues) and lacks A' and C" strand. Unlike other Ig domain sets, C2-set structures do not have a D strand. Like the V-set Ig domains, members of the I-set have a discontinuous A strand, but lack a C" strand. The actual alignment was detected with superfamily member pfam08205: Pssm-ID: 472250 Cd Length: 89 Bit Score: 58.97 E-value: 3.53e-11
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Name | Accession | Description | Interval | E-value | |||
IgV_1_Necl_like | cd05717 | First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules; member of the ... |
21-114 | 6.75e-47 | |||
First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules; member of the V-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains; The members here are composed of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 3 (CADM3)), Necl-2 (CADM1), Necl-3 (CADM2), and similar proteins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 to Necl-5). They all have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-1, Necl-2, and Necl-3 have Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-1 is specifically expressed in neural tissue, and is important to the formation of synapses, axon bundles, and myelinated axons. Necl-2 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is a putative tumour suppressor gene which is downregulated in aggressive neuroblastoma. Necl-3 accumulates in central and peripheral nervous system tissue and has been shown to selectively interact with oligodendrocytes. This group also contains Class-I MHC-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM), whose expression pattern is consistent with its expression in Class-I MHC-restricted T-cells. Pssm-ID: 409382 Cd Length: 94 Bit Score: 155.37 E-value: 6.75e-47
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C2-set_2 | pfam08205 | CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain; These domains belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. |
121-207 | 3.53e-11 | |||
CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain; These domains belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Pssm-ID: 400489 Cd Length: 89 Bit Score: 58.97 E-value: 3.53e-11
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IG_like | smart00410 | Immunoglobulin like; IG domains that cannot be classified into one of IGv1, IGc1, IGc2, IG. |
24-114 | 7.95e-10 | |||
Immunoglobulin like; IG domains that cannot be classified into one of IGv1, IGc1, IGc2, IG. Pssm-ID: 214653 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 85 Bit Score: 55.20 E-value: 7.95e-10
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Ig_3 | pfam13927 | Immunoglobulin domain; This family contains immunoglobulin-like domains. |
18-98 | 1.78e-06 | |||
Immunoglobulin domain; This family contains immunoglobulin-like domains. Pssm-ID: 464046 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 78 Bit Score: 45.25 E-value: 1.78e-06
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IgI_2_Necl-1-4 | cd05761 | Second immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 - Necl-4; member of ... |
115-215 | 4.31e-04 | |||
Second immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 - Necl-4; member of the I-set of Ig superfamily domains; The members here are composed of the second immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 3 or CADM3), Necl-2 (also known as CADM1), Necl-3 (also known as CADM2) and Necl-4 (also known as CADM4). These nectin-like molecules have similar domain structures to those of nectins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 through Necl-5). These have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, one transmembrane region, and one cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-1 and Necl-2 have Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-1 is specifically expressed in neural tissue and is important to the formation of synapses, axon bundles, and myelinated axons. Necl-2 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, and is a putative tumour suppressor gene, which is downregulated in aggressive neuroblastoma. Necl-3 has been shown to accumulate in tissues of the central and peripheral nervous system, where it is expressed in ependymal cells and myelinated axons. It is observed at the interface between the axon shaft and the myelin sheath. Necl-4 is expressed on Schwann cells, and plays a key part in initiating peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination. Necl-4 participates in cell-cell adhesion and is proposed to play a role in tumor suppression. Pssm-ID: 409418 Cd Length: 102 Bit Score: 39.33 E-value: 4.31e-04
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Name | Accession | Description | Interval | E-value | |||
IgV_1_Necl_like | cd05717 | First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules; member of the ... |
21-114 | 6.75e-47 | |||
First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules; member of the V-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains; The members here are composed of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 3 (CADM3)), Necl-2 (CADM1), Necl-3 (CADM2), and similar proteins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 to Necl-5). They all have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-1, Necl-2, and Necl-3 have Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-1 is specifically expressed in neural tissue, and is important to the formation of synapses, axon bundles, and myelinated axons. Necl-2 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is a putative tumour suppressor gene which is downregulated in aggressive neuroblastoma. Necl-3 accumulates in central and peripheral nervous system tissue and has been shown to selectively interact with oligodendrocytes. This group also contains Class-I MHC-restricted T-cell-associated molecule (CRTAM), whose expression pattern is consistent with its expression in Class-I MHC-restricted T-cells. Pssm-ID: 409382 Cd Length: 94 Bit Score: 155.37 E-value: 6.75e-47
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IgV_1_Necl-1 | cd05882 | First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-1 (Necl-1); member ... |
23-114 | 1.87e-16 | |||
First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-1 (Necl-1); member of the V-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains; The members here are composed of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-1, Necl-1 (also known as celll adhesion molecule 3 (CADM3), SynCAM2, or IGSF4). Nectin-like molecules have similar domain structures to those of nectins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 - Necl-5). They all have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-1 has Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-1 is specifically expressed in neural tissue and is important to the formation of synapses, axon bundles, and myelinated axons. Pssm-ID: 143290 Cd Length: 95 Bit Score: 74.31 E-value: 1.87e-16
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IgV_1_Necl-2 | cd05881 | First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule 2; member of the ... |
23-103 | 3.63e-15 | |||
First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule 2; member of the V-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains; The members here are composed of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-2, Necl-2 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 1 (CADM1), SynCAM1, IGSF4A, Tslc1, sgIGSF, and RA175). Nectin-like molecules have similar domain structures to those of nectins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 - Necl-5). They all have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region, belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-2 has Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-2 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is a putative tumour suppressor gene, which is downregulated in aggressive neuroblastoma. Pssm-ID: 409465 Cd Length: 94 Bit Score: 70.42 E-value: 3.63e-15
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IgV_1_Necl-3 | cd07701 | First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-3; member of the ... |
23-115 | 1.01e-14 | |||
First (N-terminal) immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-3; member of the V-set of Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains; The members here are composed of the N-terminal immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of nectin-like molecule-3, Necl-3 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 2 (CADM2), SynCAM2, IGSF4D). Nectin-like molecules have similar domain structures to those of nectins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 - Necl-5). They all have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region, belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-3 accumulates in central and peripheral nervous system tissue, and has been shown to selectively interact with oligodendrocytes. Pssm-ID: 409498 Cd Length: 96 Bit Score: 69.35 E-value: 1.01e-14
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C2-set_2 | pfam08205 | CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain; These domains belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. |
121-207 | 3.53e-11 | |||
CD80-like C2-set immunoglobulin domain; These domains belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Pssm-ID: 400489 Cd Length: 89 Bit Score: 58.97 E-value: 3.53e-11
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IG_like | smart00410 | Immunoglobulin like; IG domains that cannot be classified into one of IGv1, IGc1, IGc2, IG. |
24-114 | 7.95e-10 | |||
Immunoglobulin like; IG domains that cannot be classified into one of IGv1, IGc1, IGc2, IG. Pssm-ID: 214653 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 85 Bit Score: 55.20 E-value: 7.95e-10
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IgV | cd00099 | Immunoglobulin variable domain (IgV); The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin ... |
19-98 | 1.57e-07 | |||
Immunoglobulin variable domain (IgV); The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin variable domain (IgV). The IgV family contains the standard Ig superfamily V-set AGFCC'C"/DEB domain topology, and are components of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptors. The basic structure of Ig molecules is a tetramer of two light chains and two heavy chains linked by disulfide bonds. In Ig, each chain is composed of one variable domain (IgV) and one or more constant domains (IgC); these names reflect the fact that the variability in sequences is higher in the variable domain than in the constant domain. Within the variable domain, there are regions of even more variability called the hypervariable or complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) which are responsible for antigen binding. A predominant feature of most Ig domains is the disulfide bridge connecting 2 beta-sheets with a tryptophan residue packed against the disulfide bond. Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains can be divided into 4 main classes based on their structures and sequences: the Variable (V), Constant 1 (C1), Constant 2 (C2), and Intermediate (I) sets. Typically, the V-set domains have A, B, E and, D strands in one sheet and A', G, F, C, C', and C" strands in the other. Pssm-ID: 409355 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 111 Bit Score: 49.25 E-value: 1.57e-07
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Ig_3 | pfam13927 | Immunoglobulin domain; This family contains immunoglobulin-like domains. |
18-98 | 1.78e-06 | |||
Immunoglobulin domain; This family contains immunoglobulin-like domains. Pssm-ID: 464046 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 78 Bit Score: 45.25 E-value: 1.78e-06
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V-set | pfam07686 | Immunoglobulin V-set domain; This domain is found in antibodies as well as neural protein P0 ... |
24-115 | 1.41e-05 | |||
Immunoglobulin V-set domain; This domain is found in antibodies as well as neural protein P0 and CTL4 amongst others. Pssm-ID: 462230 Cd Length: 109 Bit Score: 43.60 E-value: 1.41e-05
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ig | pfam00047 | Immunoglobulin domain; Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily are found in hundreds of ... |
25-112 | 8.81e-05 | |||
Immunoglobulin domain; Members of the immunoglobulin superfamily are found in hundreds of proteins of different functions. Examples include antibodies, the giant muscle kinase titin and receptor tyrosine kinases. Immunoglobulin-like domains may be involved in protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. Pssm-ID: 395002 Cd Length: 86 Bit Score: 41.03 E-value: 8.81e-05
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IgI_2_Necl-1-4 | cd05761 | Second immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 - Necl-4; member of ... |
115-215 | 4.31e-04 | |||
Second immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 - Necl-4; member of the I-set of Ig superfamily domains; The members here are composed of the second immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of the nectin-like molecules Necl-1 (also known as cell adhesion molecule 3 or CADM3), Necl-2 (also known as CADM1), Necl-3 (also known as CADM2) and Necl-4 (also known as CADM4). These nectin-like molecules have similar domain structures to those of nectins. At least five nectin-like molecules have been identified (Necl-1 through Necl-5). These have an extracellular region containing three Ig-like domains, one transmembrane region, and one cytoplasmic region. The N-terminal Ig-like domain of the extracellular region belongs to the V-type subfamily of Ig domains, is essential to cell-cell adhesion, and plays a part in the interaction with the envelope glycoprotein D of various viruses. Necl-1 and Necl-2 have Ca(2+)-independent homophilic and heterophilic cell-cell adhesion activity. Necl-1 is specifically expressed in neural tissue and is important to the formation of synapses, axon bundles, and myelinated axons. Necl-2 is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, and is a putative tumour suppressor gene, which is downregulated in aggressive neuroblastoma. Necl-3 has been shown to accumulate in tissues of the central and peripheral nervous system, where it is expressed in ependymal cells and myelinated axons. It is observed at the interface between the axon shaft and the myelin sheath. Necl-4 is expressed on Schwann cells, and plays a key part in initiating peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination. Necl-4 participates in cell-cell adhesion and is proposed to play a role in tumor suppression. Pssm-ID: 409418 Cd Length: 102 Bit Score: 39.33 E-value: 4.31e-04
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I-set | pfam07679 | Immunoglobulin I-set domain; |
26-98 | 1.50e-03 | |||
Immunoglobulin I-set domain; Pssm-ID: 400151 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 90 Bit Score: 37.62 E-value: 1.50e-03
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IgI_VEGFR_like | cd05742 | Immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (R) and ... |
24-114 | 2.69e-03 | |||
Immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (R) and similar proteins; member of the I-set of IgSF domains; The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (R) and related proteins. The VEGFRs have an extracellular component with seven Ig-like domains, a transmembrane segment, and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain interrupted by a kinase-insert domain. The VEGFR family consists of three members: VEGFR-1 (Flt-1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). VEGF-A interacts with both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. VEGFR-1 binds strongest to VEGF; VEGF-2 binds more weakly. VEGFR-3 appears not to bind VEGF, but binds other members of the VEGF family (VEGF-C and -D). VEGFRs bind VEGFs with high affinity with the IG-like domains. VEGF-A is important to the growth and maintenance of vascular endothelial cells and to the development of new blood- and lymphatic-vessels in physiological and pathological states. VEGFR-2 is a major mediator of the mitogenic, angiogenic, and microvascular permeability-enhancing effects of VEGF-A. VEGFR-1 may play an inhibitory part in these processes by binding VEGF and interfering with its interaction with VEGFR-2. VEGFR-1 has a signaling role in mediating monocyte chemotaxis. VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 may mediate a chemotactic and a survival signal in hematopoietic stem cells or leukemia cells. VEGFR-3 has been shown to be involved in tumor angiogenesis and growth. This group also contains alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor precursor (PDGFR)-alpha (CD140a), and PDGFR-beta (CD140b). PDGFRs alpha and beta have an extracellular component with five Ig-like domains, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic portion that has protein tyrosine kinase activity. Pssm-ID: 409404 Cd Length: 102 Bit Score: 37.13 E-value: 2.69e-03
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IgC1 | cd00098 | Immunoglobulin Constant-1 (C1)-set domain; The members here are composed of C1-set domains, ... |
129-204 | 3.57e-03 | |||
Immunoglobulin Constant-1 (C1)-set domain; The members here are composed of C1-set domains, classical Ig-like domains resembling the antibody constant domain. Members of the IgC1 family are components of immunoglobulin, T-cell receptors, CD1 cell surface glycoproteins, secretory glycoproteins A/C, and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I/II molecules. In immunoglobulins, each chain is composed of one variable domain (IgV) and one or more IgC domains. These names reflect the fact that the variability in sequences is higher in the variable domain than in the constant domain. The IgV domain is responsible for antigen binding, while the IgC domain is involved in oligomerization and molecular interactions. The structures in C1-set are smaller than those in the V-set; they have one beta sheet that is formed by strands A, B, E, and D and the other strands by G, F, C, and C'. Pssm-ID: 409354 Cd Length: 95 Bit Score: 36.67 E-value: 3.57e-03
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Ig | cd00096 | Immunoglobulin domain; The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain found ... |
34-98 | 3.91e-03 | |||
Immunoglobulin domain; The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin (Ig) domain found in the Ig superfamily. The Ig superfamily is a heterogenous group of proteins, built on a common fold comprised of a sandwich of two beta sheets. Members of this group are components of immunoglobulin, neuroglia, cell surface glycoproteins, including T-cell receptors, CD2, CD4, CD8, and membrane glycoproteins, including butyrophilin and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. A predominant feature of most Ig domains is a disulfide bridge connecting the two beta-sheets with a tryptophan residue packed against the disulfide bond. Ig superfamily (IgSF) domains can be divided into 4 main classes based on their structures and sequences: the Variable (V), Constant 1 (C1), Constant 2 (C2), and Intermediate (I) sets. Typically, the V-set domains have A, B, E, and D strands in one sheet and A', G, F, C, C' and C" in the other. The structures in C1-set are smaller than those in the V-set; they have one beta sheet that is formed by strands A, B, E, and D and the other by strands G, F, C, and C'. Moreover, a C1-set Ig domain contains a short C' strand (three residues) and lacks A' and C" strand. Unlike other Ig domain sets, C2-set structures do not have a D strand. Like the V-set Ig domains, members of the I-set have a discontinuous A strand, but lack a C" strand. Pssm-ID: 409353 [Multi-domain] Cd Length: 70 Bit Score: 35.77 E-value: 3.91e-03
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IgV_TIM-3_like | cd20982 | Immunoglobulin Variable (IgV) domain of T cell Immunoglobulin Domain and Mucin Domain 3 (Tim-3) ... |
27-98 | 7.44e-03 | |||
Immunoglobulin Variable (IgV) domain of T cell Immunoglobulin Domain and Mucin Domain 3 (Tim-3), and similar domains; The members here are composed of the immunoglobulin variable (IgV) domain of T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (Tim-3; also known as Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVcr-2) and Cluster of Differentiation 366 (CD366)) and similar proteins. TIM-3 is a checkpoint inhibitor in immune responses to tumors, as well as involved in chronic viral infections. Thus, Tim-3 has emerged as one of most promising immune checkpoint targets for cancer immunotherapy. Tim-3 is highly expressed on Th1 lymphocytes and CD11b(+) macrophages and is upregulated on activated T and myeloid cells. TIM-3 regulates macrophage, activation and inhibits Th1 mediated immune responses to promote immunological tolerance. There are three TIM family members in humans (TIM-1, TIM-3, and TIM-4) and eight members in mice (TIM-1 to TIM-8). The IgV domain of human TIM-3 has been shown to bind ligands such as carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1), high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)and galectin-9 (GAL9). The binding of GAL9 to TIM-3 can negatively regulate Th1 immune response, enhance immune tolerance and inhibit anti#tumor immunity. Dysregulation of the TIM-3/GAL9 pathway is implicated in numerous chronic autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Pssm-ID: 409574 Cd Length: 107 Bit Score: 35.90 E-value: 7.44e-03
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