high mobility group;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 41406089    423 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYK 492
Cdd:smart00398   1 KPKRPMSAFMLFSQENRAKIKAENPDLSNAEISKKLGERWKLLSEEEKAPYEEKAKKDKERYEEEMPEYK 70

Chromatin-associated proteins containing the HMG domain [Chromatin structure and dynamics];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEE-QARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKP 495
Cdd:COG5648  72 KRPLSAYFLYSAENRDEIRKENPKLTFGEVGKLLSEKWKELTDEEKEPYYKEaNSDRERYQREKEEYNKKLP 143

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Caenorhabditis elegans protein egg laying defective 13 (EGL-13) and similar proteins; EGL-13 may act as a transcription factor that is required for uterine cell fate decisions in Caenorhabditis elegans. It controls genes required for the specification and differentiation of O(2) and CO(2)-sensing neurons and for maintaining URX sensory neuronal cell fate.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 41406089 422 SHIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPKR 499
Cdd:cd22042   1 PHIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILKACPDMHNSNISKILGAKWKAMSNAEKQPYYEEQSRLSKLHMEKHPDYRYRPRPKR 78

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group A, group B and group G of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; This subfamily includes SoxA, SoxB, and SoxG proteins. SRY is the only member of group A SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors. SRY, also called testis-determining factor, is a transcriptional regulator that controls a genetic switch in male development. It promotes DNA bending and is also involved in pre-mRNA splicing. The SRY HMG box recognizes DNA by partial intercalation in the minor groove. It binds to the DNA consensus sequence 5'-[AT]AACAA[AT]-3'. SoxB transcription factors play critical roles in the regulation of neurogenesis. They can be divided into two main subgroups, SoxB1 (Sox-1/Sox-2/Sox-3) and SoxB2 (SOX-14/SOX-21). SoxB1 proteins suppress neurogenesis by maintaining neural cells in an undifferentiated state. SoxB2 proteins may have the opposite activity and promote neuronal differentiation. SOX-5 is the only member of group G Sox transcription factors. It is also called SOX-12, SOX-20, SOX-26, or SOX-27. SOX-5 is a crucial transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in cell fate determination. It binds to the 5'-AACAAT-3' sequence. SOX-15 can be a tumor suppressor in multiple cancer types.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 41406089 423 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPK 498
Cdd:cd22028   1 RVKRPMNAFMVWSREQRRKIAQENPKMHNSEISKRLGAEWKQLSEDEKRPFIDEAKRLRAQHMKEHPDYKYRPRRK 76

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group F SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; SoxF transcription factors includes three members: Sox7, Sox17, and Sox18. They regulate endothelial cell fate as well as development and differentiation of the developing heart, blood cells, and lymphatic vessels.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 41406089 423 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPK 498
Cdd:cd22032   1 RIRRPMNAFMVWAKDERKRLADENPDLHNAELSKMLGKKWKSLSLAEKRPFVEEAERLRVQHMQDYPNYKYRPRRR 76

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in group E SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors; SoxE transcription factors includes three members: Sox8, Sox9, and Sox10. They function as important transcriptional regulators of neural differentiation and nervous system development. They regulate mammalian development directing sex determination, gliogenesis, pancreas specification and neural crest development. SOX-8 is specifically expressed by M cells in the intestinal epithelium. It acts as a transcription factor necessary for the maintenance of spermatogenesis. It may play a role in central nervous system, limb and facial development. SOX-9 is involved in cell differentiation, sex determination, and tumorigenesis. It plays a role in chondrocyte differentiation and skeletal development. SOX-10 plays a central role in the development of melanocytes and glial cells from neural crest precursors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 41406089 423 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPR 496
Cdd:cd22031   1 HVKRPMNAFMVWAQAARRKLADQYPHLHNAELSKTLGKLWRLLSESEKRPFIEEAERLRVQHKKDHPDYKYQPR 74

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 18 (SOX18) and similar proteins; SOX-18 is a transcription factor involved in the development of cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels during embryonic development. It binds to the consensus sequence 5'-AACAAAG-3' and is able to trans-activate transcription via this site. SOX-18 belongs to the group F of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 41406089 422 SHIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPKRT 500
Cdd:cd22048   2 SRIRRPMNAFMVWAKDERKRLAQQNPDLHNAVLSKMLGQSWKSLSAAEKRPFVEEAERLRVQHLQDHPNYKYRPRRKKQ 80

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 7 (SOX7) and similar proteins; SOX-7 is an endothelial-associated transcription factor that acts as a tumor suppressor in a number of cancer types. It binds the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. SOX-7 belongs to the group F of SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 41406089 417 ESRNSSHIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPR 496
Cdd:cd22046   5 EKGSEPRIRRPMNAFMVWAKDERKRLAVQNPDLHNAELSKMLGKSWKALTPSQKRPYVEEAERLRVQHMQDYPNYKYRPR 84

                ...
gi 41406089 497 PKR 499
Cdd:cd22046  85 RKK 87

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 15 (SOX15) and similar proteins; SOX-15, also called SOX-12, SOX-20, SOX-26, or SOX-27, is a crucial transcription factor involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in cell fate determination. It binds to the 5'-AACAAT-3' sequence. SOX-15 can be a tumor suppressor in multiple cancer types. SOX-5 is the only member of group G SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 41406089 424 IKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPK 498
Cdd:cd22035   8 VKRPMNAFMVWSSAQRRQMAQEHPKMHNSEISKRLGAAWKLLPEAEKRPFVEEAKRLRARHMRDYPDYKYRPRRK 82

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 4 (SOX4) and similar proteins; SOX-4 is a transcriptional activator that promotes neuronal differentiation both in the adult and embryonic neural progenitors. It binds with high affinity to the T-cell enhancer motif 5'-AACAAAG-3' motif. SOX-4 is abnormally expressed in various cancers. SOX-4 belongs to group C SRY-related high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox) transcription factors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 41406089 423 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRPK 498
Cdd:cd22036   2 HIKRPMNAFMVWSQIERRKIMEQSPDMHNAEISKRLGKRWKLLKDSDKIPFIREAERLRLKHMADYPDYKYRPRKK 77

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae repressor ROX1 and similar proteins; This family includes class I members of the HMG-box superfamily of DNA-binding proteins, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae repressor ROX1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe mating-type M-specific polypeptide Mc (mat-Mc), Schizosaccharomyces pombe transcription factor ste11, Podospora anserina MAT+ sexual cell fertilization-promoting factor (FPR1), Podospora anserina sporulation minus regulator 2 (SMR2) and Candida albicans repressor of filamentous growth 1 (RFG1). These proteins contain a single HMG box, and bind the minor groove of DNA in a highly sequence-specific manner. ROX1, also called heme-dependent repression factor, or hypoxic function repressor, is a transcription factor that represses the expression of HEM13, COX5B, ANB1, CYC7 or AAC3. It binds to the DNA sequence 5'-RRRTAACAAGAG-3'. mat-Mc belongs to the mating type protein family, which contains sequence specific DNA-binding proteins that act as master switches in yeast differentiation by controlling gene expression in a cell type-specific fashion. mat-Mc is a positive regulator of MFM genes and is required for conjugation and efficient meiosis. Its HMG box recognizes the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAAG-3'. Ste11 is a key transcription factor for sexual development. It activates the transcription of the matp, matm, mei2, mfm, ste6 and rgs1 genes. It binds specifically to a DNA fragment carrying a 10-base motif 5'-TTCTTTGTTY-3'. FPR1 controls fertilization, probably by determining the mating type. SMR2 is a transcription factor that is required for post-fertilization events. It is required for the developmental events that occur in the female organ after fertilization. RFG1 is a transcription regulator that functions in both the positive and negative regulation of filamentous growth, depending upon environmental conditions.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 41406089 424 IKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKP 495
Cdd:cd01389   1 IPRPPNAFILFRKEKHKQLRAQNPGLTNSEISKIIGKMWKNLSEEEKEPYKELAEEEKEEHKLKYPDYKYQP 72

HMG (high mobility group) box;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 41406089   424 IKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDY 491
Cdd:pfam00505   1 PKRPMSAFFLFSKEQRAKLKAENPGLKNAEISKILGEKWKALSEEEKKPYEEKAEKEKARYEKEHPEY 68

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in HMG box-containing protein 1 (HBP1) and similar proteins; HBP1, also called HMG box transcription factor 1, or high mobility group box transcription factor 1, is a transcriptional repressor that binds to the promoter region of target genes. It plays a role in the regulation of the cell cycle and the Wnt pathway. HBP1 binds preferentially to the sequence 5'-TTCATTCATTCA-3'.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPD 490
Cdd:cd21988   1 KRPMNAFMLFAKKYRVEYTQMHPGKDNRAISVILGDRWKKMKNEERRVYTLEAKALAEEHKRLHPD 66

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the transcription factor 7 (TCF-7)-like family; The TCF7-like family includes TCF-7, TCF7-like 1 (TF7L1), lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF-1), and similar proteins. TCF-7, also called T-cell-specific transcription factor 1, or T-cell factor 1 (TCF-1), is a T lymphocyte-specific transcriptional activator involved in T-cell lymphocyte differentiation. It is necessary for the survival of CD4(+) CD8(+) immature thymocytes. It binds to the T-lymphocyte-specific enhancer element (5'-WWCAAAG-3') found in the promoter of the CD3E gene. TF7L1, also called HMG box transcription factor 3 (TCF-3), participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. It binds to DNA and acts as a repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as an activator in its presence. TF7L2, also called HMG box transcription factor 4, or T-cell-specific transcription factor 4, or T-cell factor 4, or TCF-4, participates in the Wnt signaling pathway and modulates MYC expression by binding to its promoter in a sequence-specific manner. It acts as a repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and it activates transcription from promoters with several copies of the TCF motif 5'-CCTTTGATC-3' in the presence of CTNNB1. LEF-1, also called T cell-specific transcription factor 1-alpha (TCF1-alpha), is a transcription factor that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. It may participate in the Wnt signaling pathway. All family members contain one HMG-box domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 41406089 423 HIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEqARLSRQ-HLEKYPDY----KYKPRP 497
Cdd:cd21996   1 HIKKPLNAFMLYMKEMRAKVVAECTLKESAAINQILGRRWHALSREEQAKYYEL-ARKERQlHMQLYPGWsardNYGKKK 79

                ....
gi 41406089 498 KRTC 501
Cdd:cd21996  80 KRKR 83

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in basic helix-loop-helix and HMG box domain-containing protein 1 (BHMG1) and similar proteins; BHMG1 is an uncharacterized HMG-box containing protein that contains a degenerate basic motif not likely to bind DNA.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYP 489
Cdd:cd21977   2 KKWVNGFIMFCRLNRKNYIDKHPGLASTELTKELGQLWRELSAEEKKPYCVRARELSQLHNRKVK 66

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae non-histone chromosomal proteins NHP6A, NHP6B and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae high-mobility-group proteins NHP6A and its closely related paralog NHP6B. NHP6A and NHP6B seem to be functionally redundant. They are DNA-binding proteins that induce severe bending of DNA and are required for DNA-binding by the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. They augment the fidelity of transcription by RNA polymerase III independently of any role in the FACT complex. They may also play essential roles in transcriptional initiation fidelity of some but not all tRNA genes.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPyYEEQARLSRQHLEK 487
Cdd:cd01390  15 KRGLSAYMFFSQDNREKVKEENPDATFGEVGKLLGEKWKELSEEEKAP-YEEKAAKDKKRYEE 76

first high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Arabidopsis thaliana high mobility group B protein 6 (HMGB6) and similar proteins; HMGB6, also called nucleosome/chromatin assembly factor group D 06 (or D 6), WRKY transcription factor 53 (WRKY53), or WRKY DNA-binding protein 53, is a master regulator of age-induced leaf senescence. It acts in a complex transcription factor signaling network regulating senescence specific gene expression; hydrogen peroxide might be involved in signal transduction. The subfamily also includes Arabidopsis thaliana HMGB13 (also known as nucleosome/chromatin assembly factor group D 13). Both HMGB6 and HMGB13 contain three HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the first one.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYK 492
Cdd:cd22006   1 KKPKTAYFLWCKDQREEVKKENPNADFSEVSKILGAKWKNLSEEEKKPYEEKYKEEKEKYLKVVGEEK 68

first high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae intrastrand cross-link recognition protein (Ixr1) and similar proteins; Ixr1, also called structure-specific recognition protein (SSRP), is a homolog of the yeast mitochondrial regulator ABF2. It binds to platinated DNA and confers sensitivity to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Ixr1 contains two HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the first one.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAF-PDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYKYKPRP 497
Cdd:cd22011   2 KRPSSAYFLFSQEIRKNLKSQGsPEEKVPELSKRAAEQWRSLTLAEKQPYYDEVEVLKKQYDVEKEEYEKELPP 75

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in structure-specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) and similar proteins; SSRP1, also called FACT complex subunit SSRP1, chromatin-specific transcription elongation factor 80 kDa subunit, facilitates chromatin transcription complex 80 kDa subunit (FACT 80 kDa subunit or FACTp80), facilitates chromatin transcription complex subunit SSRP1, recombination signal sequence recognition protein 1, or T160, is a factor that facilitates transcript elongation through nucleosomes. It is a component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication, and DNA repair.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 41406089 426 RPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYK 492
Cdd:cd21994   1 RPMSAYMLWLNENREKIKKENPGISVTEISKKAGEIWKELDEEDKEKWEQKAEKAKERYDKAMKEYK 67

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the high mobility group protein 20 (HMG20) subfamily; The HMG20 subfamily includes HMG20A and HMG20B. HMG20A, also called HMG box-containing protein 20A, HMG domain-containing protein 1, HMG domain-containing protein HMGX1, HMGXB1, or iBRAF, is a chromatin-associated protein involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. It is required for SNAI1-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. HMG20A acts as an inhibitor of HMG20B. HMG20B, also called SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1-related, SMARCE1-related protein (SMARCE1R), BRCA2-associated factor 35 (BRAF35), HMG box-containing protein 20B, HMG domain-containing protein 2, HMG domain-containing protein HMGX2, Sox-like transcriptional factor, or structural DNA-binding protein BRAF35, is a DNA binding factor that acts as a repressor of erythroid differentiation. It is required for correct progression through the G2 phase of the cell cycle and entry into mitosis. It is also required for RCOR1/CoREST mediated repression of neuronal specific gene promoters. HMG20B is a core subunit of the Lys-specific demethylase 1/REST co-repressor 1 (LSD1-CoREST) histone demethylase complex. Both HMG20A and HMG20B contain one HMG-box.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEE 476
Cdd:cd21980   3 KAPLTGYVRFLNERREKLRAENPDLSFPEITKILGAEWSSLSAEEKQKYLDE 54

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Arabidopsis thaliana FACT complex subunit SSRP1 and similar proteins; SSRP1, also called facilitates chromatin transcription complex subunit SSRP1, high mobility group B protein 8, nucleosome/chromatin assembly factor group D 08 (or D 8), protein NUCLEAR FUSION DEFECTIVE 8, or recombination signal sequence recognition protein 1, is a component of the FACT complex, a general chromatin factor that acts to reorganize nucleosomes. The FACT complex is involved in multiple processes that require DNA as a template such as mRNA elongation, DNA replication, and DNA repair. SSRP1 may bind specifically to double-stranded DNA. It is required for karyogamy during female gametophyte development, when the two polar nuclei fuse to form the diploid central cell nucleus. SSRP1 contains only one HMG-box domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPyYEEQARLSRQHLEK-YPDYK 492
Cdd:cd22013  10 KRALSGFMFFSLMERENLKKEKPGISFGEVGKVLGEKWKNMSADDKAP-YEAKAQVDKERYKKeMSGYK 77

second high mobility group (HMG)-box found in the high mobility group protein B (HMGB) family; HMGB proteins are chromatin-associated nuclear proteins that act as architectural factors in nucleoprotein structures, which regulate DNA-dependent processes including transcription. In mammals, four family members are present: HMGB1, HMGB2, HMGB3 and HMGB4. They regulate the expression of a wide range of genes through architectural remodeling of the chromatin structure. HMGB1, also called high mobility group protein 1 (HMG-1), is a prototypical alarmin or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule when released from cells. It plays important roles in the regulation of a wide range of processes, including transcription, replication, DNA repair, and nucleosome formation, in the nucleus. It also plays multiple roles in regulating inflammation and responses to cell and tissue stress. HMGB2, also called high mobility group protein 2 (HMG-2), has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumor growth. It acts as a chromatin-associated nonhistone protein involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleic-acid-mediated innate immune responses in mammalian. It binds DNA to stabilize nucleosomes and promote transcription. HMGB3, also called high mobility group protein 2a (HMG-2a), or high mobility group protein 4 (HMG-4), is an X-linked member of HMGB family and functions as a universal sentinel for nucleic acid-mediated innate immune responses. HMGB3 has been implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as inflammatory response. HMGB4 is expressed by neuronal cells and affects the expression of genes involved in neural differentiation. It is a factor that regulates chromatin and expression of neuronal differentiation markers. The family also includes high mobility group protein B1 pseudogene 1 (HMGB1P1) and nuclear auto-antigen Sp-100. HMGB1P1, also called putative high mobility group protein B1-like 1 (HMGB1L1), or putative high mobility group protein 1-like 1 (HMG-1L1), is an HMG-box containing protein that binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. Sp-100, also called nuclear dot-associated Sp100 protein, or speckled 100 kDa. It is a tumor suppressor that is a major constituent of the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies, a subnuclear organelle involved in many physiological processes including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. Through the regulation of ETS1, Sp-100 may play a role in angiogenesis, controlling endothelial cell motility and invasion. It may also play roles in the regulation of telomeres lengthening, TP53-mediated transcription, FAS-mediated apoptosis, etc. In addition, the family includes Drosophila melanogaster high mobility group protein DSP1 (dDSP1) and similar proteins. dDSP1, also called protein dorsal switch 1, is a Drosophila HMG1 protein that binds preferentially single-stranded DNA and unwinds double-stranded DNA. It converts Dorsal and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B from transcriptional activators to repressors. Members of the HMGB family contain two HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the second one.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYK 492
Cdd:cd21979   4 KRPPSAFFLFCSEHRPKIKGEHPGLSIGDVAKKLGEMWNNTSAKDKQPYEKKAAKLKEKYEKDIAAYR 71

HMG-box domain; This short 71 residue domain is an HMG-box domain. HMG-box domains mediate re-modelling of chromatin-structure. Mammalian HMG-box proteins are of two types: those that are non-sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins with two HMG-box domains and a long highly acidic C-tail; and a diverse group of sequence-specific transcription factor-proteins with either a single HMG-box or up to six copies, and no acidic C-tail.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 41406089   425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPyYEEQARLSRQ 483
Cdd:pfam09011   5 KRARNAYAFFVQEMIPEHKRQNPVIGFAEVSKLCSERWKNLSEEEKEK-YEEMAKEDKN 62

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in protein maelstrom (MAEL) and similar proteins; MAEL is an RNA-binding protein that has evolved from an ancient nuclease active in protists. It plays a central role during spermatogenesis by repressing transposable elements and preventing their mobilization, which is essential for germline integrity. It acts via the piRNA metabolic process, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins and governs the methylation and subsequent repression of transposons.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQA---FPDMHNssISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPyYEEQARLSRQ 483
Cdd:cd21992   1 KKKKNAFYFFMLELKPELERKgknFPGMAE--AAPLASPKWKSLSPEEKEP-YEEMAKEEKE 59

high mobility group protein; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 41406089  425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHN--SSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPyYEEQARLSRQHLEK 487
Cdd:PTZ00199  24 KRALSAYMFFAKEKRAEIIAENPELAKdvAAVGKMVGEAWNKLSEEEKAP-YEKKAQEDKVRYEK 87

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in WD repeat and HMG-box DNA-binding protein 1 (WDHD1) and similar proteins; WDHD1, also called acidic nucleoplasmic DNA-binding protein 1 (And-1), acts as a replication initiation factor that brings together the MCM2-7 helicase and the DNA polymerase alpha/primase complex in order to initiate DNA replication.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYE 475
Cdd:cd21993   3 KKKKSGFQLWLEENRSSIEEENPELSEAEIIKLAMQRFRALPKEEKQKWNE 53

first high mobility group (HMG)-box found in upstream-binding factor 1 (UBF1) and similar proteins; UBF1, also called UBTF, nucleolar transcription factor 1, or auto-antigen NOR-90, is a nucleolar transcription factor that recognizes the ribosomal RNA gene promoter and activates transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I through cooperative interactions with the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex. It binds specifically to the upstream control element. UBF1 contains six HMG-box domains. This model corresponds to the first one. This model also includes the first HMG-box domain of upstream-binding factor 1-like protein 1 (UBTFL1), which contains two HMG-box domains.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPY---YEEQARLSRQHLEKY 488
Cdd:cd21998   5 KKPLTPYFRFFMEKRAKYAKKHPEMSNLELTKILSKKYKELPEKKKQKYiqdYEKEKEEYEQKMARF 71

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in high mobility group protein 20A (HMG20A) and similar proteins; HMG20A, also called HMG box-containing protein 20A, HMG domain-containing protein 1 (HMGXB1), HMG domain-containing protein HMGX1, HMGXB1, or iBRAF, is a chromatin-associated protein involved in neuronal differentiation and maturation. It is required for SNAI1-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition. HMG20A acts as an inhibitor of HMG20B.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 41406089 419 RNSSHIKRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQHLEKYPDYK 492
Cdd:cd22017  16 RDSNAPKAPLTGYVRFMNERREQLRAERPDVPFPEITRMLGNEWSKLPAEEKQRYLDEAEKDKERYMKELEQYQ 89

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae high mobility group protein 1 (HMO1) and similar proteins; HMO1, also called high spontaneous mutagenesis protein 2 (HSM2), is a DNA-binding protein that is probably part of the rDNA transcription apparatus. It acts synergetically with the RPA49 subunit of RNA polymerase I during rDNA transcription. It may participate in mutagenesis control.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPY---YEEQARLSRQHLEKY 488
Cdd:cd22015   2 KKPLTPYFAFSNHVRPQLKAERPKASPTEIAEEISERWANLSDEEKQLWedkYEEEMKEYQKALEAY 68

high mobility group (HMG)-box found in HMG domain-containing protein 4 (HMGXB4) and similar proteins; HMGXB4, also called HMG box-containing protein 4, high mobility group protein 2-like 1 (HMG2L1), or protein HMGBCG, is a non-histone chromosomal protein that negatively regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during development. It plays a role in the hematopoietic system.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 41406089 425 KRPMNAFMVWAKDERRKILQAFPDMHNSSISKILGSRWKSMTNQEKQPYYEEQARLSRQH 484
Cdd:cd21982   2 KKNMSAYQVFCKEYRVSIVAEHPGIDFGELSKKLAEVWKQLPEKDKLVWKQKAQYLQHKQ 61