S-100: S-100 domain, which represents the largest family within the superfamily of proteins carrying the Ca-binding EF-hand motif. Note that this S-100 hierarchy contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. S100 proteins are expressed exclusively in vertebrates, and are implicated in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities. Intracellularly, S100 proteins act as Ca-signaling or Ca-buffering proteins. The most unusual characteristic of certain S100 proteins is their occurrence in extracellular space, where they act in a cytokine-like manner through RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation products. Structural data suggest that many S100 members exist within cells as homo- or heterodimers and even oligomers; oligomerization contributes to their functional diversification. Upon binding calcium, most S100 proteins change conformation to a more open structure exposing a hydrophobic cleft. This hydrophobic surface represents the interaction site of S100 proteins with their target proteins. There is experimental evidence showing that many S100 proteins have multiple binding partners with diverse mode of interaction with different targets. In addition to S100 proteins (such as S100A1,-3,-4,-6,-7,-10,-11,and -13), this group includes the ''fused'' gene family, a group of calcium binding S100-related proteins. The ''fused'' gene family includes multifunctional epidermal differentiation proteins - profilaggrin, trichohyalin, repetin, hornerin, and cornulin; functionally these proteins are associated with keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope. These ''fused'' gene proteins contain N-terminal sequence with two Ca-binding EF-hands motif, which may be associated with calcium signaling in epidermal cells and autoprocessing in a calcium-dependent manner. In contrast to S100 proteins, "fused" gene family proteins contain an extraordinary high number of almost perfect peptide repeats with regular array of polar and charged residues similar to many known cell envelope proteins.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  45 PLEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVA 124
Cdd:cd00213     2 ELEKAIETIIDVFHKYSGKEGDKDTLSKKELKELLETELPNFLKNQKDPEAVDKIMKDLDVNKDGKVDFQEFLVLIGKLA 81

                  ....*..
gi 1473222592 125 MMCNEFF 131
Cdd:cd00213    82 VACHEFF 88

S-100: S-100 domain, which represents the largest family within the superfamily of proteins carrying the Ca-binding EF-hand motif. Note that this S-100 hierarchy contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. S100 proteins are expressed exclusively in vertebrates, and are implicated in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities. Intracellularly, S100 proteins act as Ca-signaling or Ca-buffering proteins. The most unusual characteristic of certain S100 proteins is their occurrence in extracellular space, where they act in a cytokine-like manner through RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation products. Structural data suggest that many S100 members exist within cells as homo- or heterodimers and even oligomers; oligomerization contributes to their functional diversification. Upon binding calcium, most S100 proteins change conformation to a more open structure exposing a hydrophobic cleft. This hydrophobic surface represents the interaction site of S100 proteins with their target proteins. There is experimental evidence showing that many S100 proteins have multiple binding partners with diverse mode of interaction with different targets. In addition to S100 proteins (such as S100A1,-3,-4,-6,-7,-10,-11,and -13), this group includes the ''fused'' gene family, a group of calcium binding S100-related proteins. The ''fused'' gene family includes multifunctional epidermal differentiation proteins - profilaggrin, trichohyalin, repetin, hornerin, and cornulin; functionally these proteins are associated with keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope. These ''fused'' gene proteins contain N-terminal sequence with two Ca-binding EF-hands motif, which may be associated with calcium signaling in epidermal cells and autoprocessing in a calcium-dependent manner. In contrast to S100 proteins, "fused" gene family proteins contain an extraordinary high number of almost perfect peptide repeats with regular array of polar and charged residues similar to many known cell envelope proteins.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  45 PLEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVA 124
Cdd:cd00213     2 ELEKAIETIIDVFHKYSGKEGDKDTLSKKELKELLETELPNFLKNQKDPEAVDKIMKDLDVNKDGKVDFQEFLVLIGKLA 81

                  ....*..
gi 1473222592 125 MMCNEFF 131
Cdd:cd00213    82 VACHEFF 88

S-100: S-100 domain, which represents the largest family within the superfamily of proteins carrying the Ca-binding EF-hand motif. Note that this S-100 hierarchy contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. S100 proteins are expressed exclusively in vertebrates, and are implicated in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities. Intracellularly, S100 proteins act as Ca-signaling or Ca-buffering proteins. The most unusual characteristic of certain S100 proteins is their occurrence in extracellular space, where they act in a cytokine-like manner through RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation products. Structural data suggest that many S100 members exist within cells as homo- or heterodimers and even oligomers; oligomerization contributes to their functional diversification. Upon binding calcium, most S100 proteins change conformation to a more open structure exposing a hydrophobic cleft. This hydrophobic surface represents the interaction site of S100 proteins with their target proteins. There is experimental evidence showing that many S100 proteins have multiple binding partners with diverse mode of interaction with different targets. In addition to S100 proteins (such as S100A1,-3,-4,-6,-7,-10,-11,and -13), this group includes the ''fused'' gene family, a group of calcium binding S100-related proteins. The ''fused'' gene family includes multifunctional epidermal differentiation proteins - profilaggrin, trichohyalin, repetin, hornerin, and cornulin; functionally these proteins are associated with keratin intermediate filaments and partially crosslinked to the cell envelope. These ''fused'' gene proteins contain N-terminal sequence with two Ca-binding EF-hands motif, which may be associated with calcium signaling in epidermal cells and autoprocessing in a calcium-dependent manner. In contrast to S100 proteins, "fused" gene family proteins contain an extraordinary high number of almost perfect peptide repeats with regular array of polar and charged residues similar to many known cell envelope proteins.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  45 PLEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVA 124
Cdd:cd00213     2 ELEKAIETIIDVFHKYSGKEGDKDTLSKKELKELLETELPNFLKNQKDPEAVDKIMKDLDVNKDGKVDFQEFLVLIGKLA 81

                  ....*..
gi 1473222592 125 MMCNEFF 131
Cdd:cd00213    82 VACHEFF 88

S-100A1: S-100A1 domain found in proteins similar to S100A1. S100A1 is a calcium-binding protein belonging to a large S100 vertebrate-specific protein family within the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. Note that the S-100 hierarchy, to which this S-100A1 group belongs, contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. As is the case with many other members of S100 protein family, S100A1 is implicated in intracellular and extracellular regulatory activities, including interaction with myosin-associated twitchin kinase, actin-capping protein CapZ, sinapsin I, and tubulin. Structural data suggests that S100A1 proteins exist within cells as antiparallel homodimers, while heterodimers with S100A4 and S100B also has been reported. Upon binding calcium S100A1 changes conformation to expose a hydrophobic cleft which is the interaction site of S100A1 with its more that 20 known target proteins.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  46 LEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVAM 125
Cdd:cd05025     4 LETAMETLINVFHAHSGKEGDKYKLSKKELKDLLQTELSDFLDAQKDADAVDKIMKELDENGDGEVDFQEFVVLVAALTV 83

                  ....*.
gi 1473222592 126 MCNEFF 131
Cdd:cd05025    84 ACNNFF 89

S-100B: S-100B domain found in proteins similar to S100B. S100B is a calcium-binding protein belonging to a large S100 vertebrate-specific protein family within the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. Note that the S-100 hierarchy, to which this S-100B group belongs, contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. S100B is most abundant in glial cells of the central nervous system, predominately in astrocytes. S100B is involved in signal transduction via the inhibition of protein phoshorylation, regulation of enzyme activity and by affecting the calcium homeostasis. Upon calcium binding the S100B homodimer changes conformation to expose a hydrophobic cleft, which represents the interaction site of S100B with its more than 20 known target proteins. These target proteins include several cellular architecture proteins such as tubulin and GFAP; S100B can inhibit polymerization of these oligomeric molecules. Furthermore, S100B inhibits the phosphorylation of multiple kinase substrates including the Alzheimer protein tau and neuromodulin (GAP-43) through a calcium-sensitive interaction with the protein substrates.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  46 LEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVAM 125
Cdd:cd05027     3 LEKAMVALIDVFHQYSGREGDKHKLKKSELKELINNELSHFLEEIKEQEVVDKVMETLDSDGDGECDFQEFMAFVAMVTT 82

                  ....*.
gi 1473222592 126 MCNEFF 131
Cdd:cd05027    83 ACHEFF 88

Calgranulins: S-100 domain found in proteins belonging to the Calgranulin subgroup of the S100 family of EF-hand calcium-modulated proteins, including S100A8, S100A9, and S100A12 . Note that the S-100 hierarchy, to which this Calgranulin group belongs, contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. These proteins are expressed mainly in granulocytes, and are involved in inflammation, allergy, and neuritogenesis, as well as in host-parasite response. Calgranulins are modulated not only by calcium, but also by other metals such as zinc and copper. Structural data suggested that calgranulins may exist in multiple structural forms, homodimers, as well as hetero-oligomers. For example, the S100A8/S100A9 complex called calprotectin plays important roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes, wound repair, and regulating zinc-dependent enzymes as well as microbial growth.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  46 LEKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVAM 125
Cdd:cd05030     3 LEKAIETIINVFHQYSVRKGHPDTLYKKEFKQLVEKELPNFLKKEKNQKAIDKIFEDLDTNQDGQLSFEEFLVLVIKVGV 82

                  ....
gi 1473222592 126 MCNE 129
Cdd:cd05030    83 AAHE 86

S-100A11: S-100A11 domain found in proteins similar to S100A11. S100A11 is a member of the S-100 domain family within EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins superfamily. Note that the S-100 hierarchy, to which this S-100A11 group belongs, contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. S100 proteins exhibit unique patterns of tissue- and cell type-specific expression and have been implicated in the Ca2+-dependent regulation of diverse physiological processes, including cell cycle regulation, differentiation, growth, and metabolic control . S100 proteins have also been associated with a variety of pathological events, including neoplastic transformation and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, usually via over expression of the protein. S100A11 is expressed in smooth muscle and other tissues and involves in calcium-dependent membrane aggregation, which is important for cell vesiculation . As is the case for many other S100 proteins, S100A11 is homodimer, which is able to form a heterodimer with S100B through subunit exchange. Ca2+ binding to S100A11 results in a conformational change in the protein, exposing a hydrophobic surface that interacts with target proteins. In addition to binding to annexin A1 and A6 S100A11 also interacts with actin and transglutaminase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1473222592  47 EKALDVMVSTFHKYSGKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLSCVAMM 126
Cdd:cd05023     5 ERCIESLIAVFQKYAGKDGDSYQLSKTEFLSFMNTELASFTKNQKDPGVLDRMMKKLDLNSDGQLDFQEFLNLIGGLAVA 84

                  ....*
gi 1473222592 127 CNEFF 131
Cdd:cd05023    85 CHESF 89

S-100A13: S-100A13 domain found in proteins similar to S100A13. S100A13 is a calcium-binding protein belonging to a large S100 vertebrate-specific protein family within the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. Note that the S-100 hierarchy, to which this S-100A13 group belongs, contains only S-100 EF-hand domains, other EF-hands have been modeled separately. S100A13 is involved in the cellular export of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1), which plays an important role in angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. Export is based on the CuII-dependent formation of multiprotein complexes containing the S100A13 protein. Assembly of these complexes occurs near the inner surface of the plasma membrane. Binding of two Ca(II) ions per monomer triggers key conformational changes leading to the creation of two identical and symmetrical Cu(II)-binding sites on the surface of the protein, close to the interface between the two monomers. These Cu(II)-binding sites are unique among the S100 proteins, which are reported to bind Cu(II) or Zn(II) ions in addition to Ca(II) ions. In addition, the three-dimensional structure of S100A13 differs significantly from those of other S100 proteins; the hydrophobic pocket that largely contributes to protein-protein interactions in other S100 proteins is absent in S100A13. The structure of S100A13 contains a large patch of negatively charged residues flanked by dense cationic clusters, formed mostly from positively charged residues from the C-terminal end, which plays major role in binding FGF-1.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1473222592  45 PLEKALDVMVSTFHKYSgKEGDKFKLNRSELKELLMRELPSFLgkrTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEY 116
Cdd:cd05022     2 ELEKAIETLVSNFHKAS-VKGGKESLTASEFQELLTQQLPHLL---KDVEGLEEKMKNLDVNQDSKLSFEEF 69

EF-hand domain pair;

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1473222592  69 KLNRSELKELLMRELpsfLGKRTDEAAFQKLMSNLDSNRDNEVDFQEYCVFLS 121
Cdd:pfam13499  18 YLDVEELKKLLRKLE---EGEPLSDEEVEELFKEFDLDKDGRISFEEFLELYS 67