Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 2; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein (AIMP) 2 subfamily; AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex that functions as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. There are three AIMPs, named AIMP1-3, which play diverse regulatory roles. AIMP2, also called p38 or JTV-1, contains a C-terminal domain with similarity to the C-terminal alpha helical domain of GSTs. It plays an important role in the control of cell fate via antiproliferative (by enhancing the TGF-beta signal) and proapoptotic (activation of p53 and TNF-alpha) activities. Its roles in the control of cell proliferation and death suggest that it is a potent tumor suppressor. AIMP2 heterozygous mice with lower than normal expression of AIMP2 show high susceptibility to tumorigenesis. AIMP2 is also a substrate of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of its substrates. Mutations in the Parkin gene is found in 50% of patients with autosomal-recessive early-onset parkinsonism. The accumulation of AIMP2, due to impaired Parkin function, may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1031698857 136 ARFLFSLFG-QKHNAVNATLIDSWVDIAIFQLKEGSSKEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQIGGCS 214
Cdd:cd03200     1 ARFLFRLLGdESDDPVNATLIDSWVDTAIFQLLEGSSKEKAAVLRALNSALGRSPWLVGSEPTVADIALWSAVLQTGLAS 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*..
gi 1031698857 215 vTVPANVQRWMRSCENL 231
Cdd:cd03200    81 -GAPANVQRWMKSCENL 96

Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 2; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein (AIMP) 2 subfamily; AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex that functions as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. There are three AIMPs, named AIMP1-3, which play diverse regulatory roles. AIMP2, also called p38 or JTV-1, contains a C-terminal domain with similarity to the C-terminal alpha helical domain of GSTs. It plays an important role in the control of cell fate via antiproliferative (by enhancing the TGF-beta signal) and proapoptotic (activation of p53 and TNF-alpha) activities. Its roles in the control of cell proliferation and death suggest that it is a potent tumor suppressor. AIMP2 heterozygous mice with lower than normal expression of AIMP2 show high susceptibility to tumorigenesis. AIMP2 is also a substrate of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of its substrates. Mutations in the Parkin gene is found in 50% of patients with autosomal-recessive early-onset parkinsonism. The accumulation of AIMP2, due to impaired Parkin function, may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1031698857 136 ARFLFSLFG-QKHNAVNATLIDSWVDIAIFQLKEGSSKEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQIGGCS 214
Cdd:cd03200     1 ARFLFRLLGdESDDPVNATLIDSWVDTAIFQLLEGSSKEKAAVLRALNSALGRSPWLVGSEPTVADIALWSAVLQTGLAS 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*..
gi 1031698857 215 vTVPANVQRWMRSCENL 231
Cdd:cd03200    81 -GAPANVQRWMKSCENL 96

Glutathione S-transferase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1031698857 175 AAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQ--QIGGCSVTVPANVQRWMRSCENLAPFNTAL 238
Cdd:COG0625   132 ARLLAVLEARLAGGPYLAGDRFSIADIALAPVLRrlDRLGLDLADYPNLAAWLARLAARPAFQRAL 197

Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain; This domain is closely related to pfam00043.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1031698857 176 AVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQI-----GGCSVTVPANVQRWMR 226
Cdd:pfam13410  11 AALDALEARLADGPGLLGDRPTLADIALAPVLARLdaaypGLDLREGYPRLRAWLE 66

Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 2; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein (AIMP) 2 subfamily; AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex that functions as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. There are three AIMPs, named AIMP1-3, which play diverse regulatory roles. AIMP2, also called p38 or JTV-1, contains a C-terminal domain with similarity to the C-terminal alpha helical domain of GSTs. It plays an important role in the control of cell fate via antiproliferative (by enhancing the TGF-beta signal) and proapoptotic (activation of p53 and TNF-alpha) activities. Its roles in the control of cell proliferation and death suggest that it is a potent tumor suppressor. AIMP2 heterozygous mice with lower than normal expression of AIMP2 show high susceptibility to tumorigenesis. AIMP2 is also a substrate of Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of its substrates. Mutations in the Parkin gene is found in 50% of patients with autosomal-recessive early-onset parkinsonism. The accumulation of AIMP2, due to impaired Parkin function, may play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1031698857 136 ARFLFSLFG-QKHNAVNATLIDSWVDIAIFQLKEGSSKEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQIGGCS 214
Cdd:cd03200     1 ARFLFRLLGdESDDPVNATLIDSWVDTAIFQLLEGSSKEKAAVLRALNSALGRSPWLVGSEPTVADIALWSAVLQTGLAS 80

                          90
                  ....*....|....*..
gi 1031698857 215 vTVPANVQRWMRSCENL 231
Cdd:cd03200    81 -GAPANVQRWMKSCENL 96

Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of various Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and similar domains; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (AaRS)-like subfamily; This model characterizes the GST_C-like domain found in the N-terminal region of some eukaryotic AaRSs, as well as similar domains found in proteins involved in protein synthesis including Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 2 (AIMP2), AIMP3, and eukaryotic translation Elongation Factor 1 beta (eEF1b). AaRSs comprise a family of enzymes that catalyze the coupling of amino acids with their matching tRNAs. This involves the formation of an aminoacyl adenylate using ATP, followed by the transfer of the activated amino acid to the 3'-adenosine moiety of the tRNA. AaRSs may also be involved in translational and transcriptional regulation, as well as in tRNA processing. AaRSs in this subfamily include GluRS from lower eukaryotes, as well as GluProRS, MetRS, and CysRS from higher eukaryotes. AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex found in higher eukaryotes. The GST_C-like domain is involved in protein-protein interactions, mediating the formation of aaRS complexes such as the MetRS-Arc1p-GluRS ternary complex in lower eukaryotes and the multi-aaRS complex in higher eukaryotes, that act as molecular hubs for protein synthesis. AaRSs from prokaryotes, which are active as dimers, do not contain this GST_C-like domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1031698857 151 NATLIDSWVDIAIFQLKEgssKEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQIGGCSV----TVPANVQRWMR 226
Cdd:cd10289     1 EAAQVDQWLDLAGSLLKG---KELEALLKSLNSYLASRTFLVGYSLTLADVAVFSALYPSGQKLSdkekKKFPHVTRWFN 77

                  ....*
gi 1031698857 227 SCENL 231
Cdd:cd10289    78 HIQNL 82

Glutathione S-transferase [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1031698857 175 AAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQ--QIGGCSVTVPANVQRWMRSCENLAPFNTAL 238
Cdd:COG0625   132 ARLLAVLEARLAGGPYLAGDRFSIADIALAPVLRrlDRLGLDLADYPNLAAWLARLAARPAFQRAL 197

C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Class Delta and Epsilon Glutathione S-transferases; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Class Delta and Epsilon subfamily; GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. The class Delta and Epsilon subfamily is made up primarily of insect GSTs, which play major roles in insecticide resistance by facilitating reductive dehydrochlorination of insecticides or conjugating them with GSH to produce water-soluble metabolites that are easily excreted. They are also implicated in protection against cellular damage by oxidative stress.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1031698857 163 IFQLKEGSSKEKAAV---FRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQIGGCSV--TVPANVQRWMRSCENLAPFN 235
Cdd:cd03177    29 LFGGAEPPEEKLDKLeeaLEFLETFLEGSDYVAGDQLTIADLSLVATVSTLEVVGFdlSKYPNVAAWYERLKALPPGE 106

Glutathione S-transferase C-terminal-like, alpha helical domain of Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein 3; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex-Interacting Multifunctional Protein (AIMP) 3 subfamily; AIMPs are non-enzymatic cofactors that play critical roles in the assembly and formation of a macromolecular multi-tRNA synthetase protein complex that functions as a molecular hub to coordinate protein synthesis. There are three AIMPs, named AIMP1-3, which play diverse regulatory roles. AIMP3, also called p18 or eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon-1 (EEF1E1), contains a C-terminal domain with similarity to the C-terminal alpha helical domain of GSTs. It specifically interacts with methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) and is translocated to the nucleus during DNA synthesis or in response to DNA damage and oncogenic stress. In the nucleus, it interacts with ATM and ATR, which are upstream kinase regulators of p53. It appears to work against DNA damage in cooperation with AIMP2, and similar to AIMP2, AIMP3 is also a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. AIMP3 transgenic mice have shorter lifespans than wild-type mice and they show characteristics of progeria, suggesting that AIMP3 may also be involved in cellular and organismal aging.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1031698857 154 LIDSWVDIAIFQLKEGSSKEKA-AVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQI 210
Cdd:cd10305     6 QVDQWLEYRVTQVAPASDKADAkSLLKELNSYLQDRTYLVGHKLTLADVVLYYGLHPI 63

C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Ure2p and related Glutathione S-transferase-like proteins; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, Ure2p-like subfamily; composed of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ure2p, YfcG and YghU from Escherichia coli, and related GST-like proteins. Ure2p is a regulator for nitrogen catabolism in yeast. It represses the expression of several gene products involved in the use of poor nitrogen sources when rich sources are available. A transmissible conformational change of Ure2p results in a prion called [Ure3], an inactive, self-propagating and infectious amyloid. Ure2p displays a GST fold containing an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain. The N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain is sufficient to induce the [Ure3] phenotype and is also called the prion domain of Ure2p. In addition to its role in nitrogen regulation, Ure2p confers protection to cells against heavy metal ion and oxidant toxicity, and shows glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity. YfcG and YghU are two of the nine GST homologs in the genome of Escherichia coli. They display very low or no GSH transferase, but show very good disulfide bond oxidoreductase activity. YghU also shows modest organic hydroperoxide reductase activity. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of GSH with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST active site is located in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1031698857 172 KEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLW---SVLQQIGGCSVTVPANVQRW 224
Cdd:cd03178    43 DEVKRLYGVLDKRLSDRPYLAGEEYSIADIALYpwtHYADLGGFADLSEYPNVKRW 98

C-terminal, alpha helical domain of an unknown subfamily 7 of Glutathione S-transferases; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, unknown subfamily 7; composed of uncharacterized proteins with similarity to GSTs. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST fold contains an N-terminal thioredoxin-fold domain and a C-terminal alpha helical domain, with an active site located in a cleft between the two domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1031698857 135 IARFLFSLFGQKHNAVN-ATLIDSW-VDIAIFQLKEGSskekAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWS--VLQQI 210
Cdd:cd03206     1 VQRWLSFAAGEIAHGPAaARLIHLFgAPLDPERARAIS----HRLLRLLDQHLAGRDWLAGDRPTIADVACYPyiALAPE 76

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....
gi 1031698857 211 GGCSVTVPANVQRWMRSCENLAPF 234
Cdd:cd03206    77 GGVSLEPYPAIRAWLARVEALPGF 100

C-terminal, alpha helical domain of Escherichia coli YfcG Glutathione S-transferases and related uncharacterized proteins; Glutathione S-transferase (GST) C-terminal domain family, YfcG-like subfamily; composed of the Escherichia coli YfcG and related proteins. GSTs are cytosolic dimeric proteins involved in cellular detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic alkylating agents, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress. GSTs also show GSH peroxidase activity and are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The GST active site is located in a cleft between the N- and C-terminal domains. GSH binds to the N-terminal domain while the hydrophobic substrate occupies a pocket in the C-terminal domain. YfcG is one of nine GST homologs in Escherichia coli. It is expressed predominantly during the late stationary phase where the predominant form of GSH is glutathionylspermidine (GspSH), suggesting that YfcG might interact with GspSH. It has very low or no GSH transferase or peroxidase activity, but displays a unique disulfide bond reductase activity that is comparable to thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutaredoxins (GRXs). However, unlike TRXs and GRXs, YfcG does not contain a redox active cysteine residue and may use a bound thiol disulfide couple such as 2GSH/GSSG for activity. The crystal structure of YcfG reveals a bound GSSG molecule in its active site. The actual physiological substrates for YfcG are yet to be identified.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1031698857 172 KEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQIGGCSVTVP--ANVQRW 224
Cdd:cd10291    43 NETKRLYGVLDRRLAKSKYLAGDEYSIADIAIWPWVARHEWQGIDLAdfPNLKRW 97

Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain; GST conjugates reduced glutathione to a variety of targets including S-crystallin from squid, the eukaryotic elongation factor 1-gamma, the HSP26 family of stress-related proteins and auxin-regulated proteins in plants. Stringent starvation proteins in E. coli are also included in the alignment but are not known to have GST activity. The glutathione molecule binds in a cleft between N and C-terminal domains. The catalytically important residues are proposed to reside in the N-terminal domain. In plants, GSTs are encoded by a large gene family (48 GST genes in Arabidopsis) and can be divided into the phi, tau, theta, zeta, and lambda classes.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1031698857 165 QLKEGSSKEKAAVFRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADV----VLWSVLQQIGGCSVTVPANVQRWMRSCENL 231
Cdd:pfam00043  22 PEVDEALEKVARVLSALEEVLKGQTYLVGDKLTLADIalapALLWLYELDPACLREKFPNLKAWFERVAAR 92

glutathionine S-transferase; Provisional

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1031698857 178 FRSMNSALGKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQ 208
Cdd:PRK10542  133 FQYVDEALADEQWICGQRFTIADAYLFTVLR 163

Glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain; This domain is closely related to pfam00043.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1031698857 186 GKSPWLAGNELTVADVVLWSVLQQI 210
Cdd:pfam14497  45 NGGGYLVGDKLTYADLALFQVLDGL 69