Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (TNFRSF11A), also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK); TNFRSF11A (also known as RANK, FEO, OFE, ODFR, OSTS, PDB2, CD26, OPTB7, TRANCER, LOH18CR1) induces the activation of NF-kappa B and MAPK8/JNK through interactions with various TRAF adaptor proteins. This receptor and its ligand are important regulators of the interaction between T cells and dendritic cells. The receptor is also an essential mediator for osteoclast and lymph node development. Mutations at this locus have been associated with familial expansile osteolysis, autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and Juvenile Paget's disease (JPD) of bone. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this locus. Mutation analysis may improve diagnosis, prognostication, recurrence risk assessment, and perhaps treatment selection among the monogenic disorders of RANKL/OPG/RANK activation.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  33 PCTSEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRC 112
Cdd:cd13411    1 PCSSERHYEYSGRCCSKCEPGKYMSSKCTVTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDTWNEEDKCLLHKVCDAGKALVAVDPGNSTAPRRC 80

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 113 ACTAGYHWSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCTFLGKRVEHHGTEKSDA 192
Cdd:cd13411   81 ACTAGYHWSEDCDCCRRNTECAPGFGAQHPVQLNKDTVCEPCLVGYFSDVFSSTDKCKPWTNCTILGLEEAVPGTNKSDV 160

                 ...
gi 401015113 193 VCS 195
Cdd:cd13411  161 VCS 163

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (TNFRSF11A), also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK); TNFRSF11A (also known as RANK, FEO, OFE, ODFR, OSTS, PDB2, CD26, OPTB7, TRANCER, LOH18CR1) induces the activation of NF-kappa B and MAPK8/JNK through interactions with various TRAF adaptor proteins. This receptor and its ligand are important regulators of the interaction between T cells and dendritic cells. The receptor is also an essential mediator for osteoclast and lymph node development. Mutations at this locus have been associated with familial expansile osteolysis, autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and Juvenile Paget's disease (JPD) of bone. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this locus. Mutation analysis may improve diagnosis, prognostication, recurrence risk assessment, and perhaps treatment selection among the monogenic disorders of RANKL/OPG/RANK activation.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  33 PCTSEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRC 112
Cdd:cd13411    1 PCSSERHYEYSGRCCSKCEPGKYMSSKCTVTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDTWNEEDKCLLHKVCDAGKALVAVDPGNSTAPRRC 80

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 113 ACTAGYHWSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCTFLGKRVEHHGTEKSDA 192
Cdd:cd13411   81 ACTAGYHWSEDCDCCRRNTECAPGFGAQHPVQLNKDTVCEPCLVGYFSDVFSSTDKCKPWTNCTILGLEEAVPGTNKSDV 160

                 ...
gi 401015113 193 VCS 195
Cdd:cd13411  161 VCS 163

Dystroglycan (Dystrophin-associated glycoprotein 1); Dystroglycan is one of the dystrophin-associated glycoproteins, which is encoded by a 5.5 kb transcript in human. The protein product is cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits, [alpha] (N-terminal) and [beta] (C-terminal). In skeletal muscle the dystroglycan complex works as a transmembrane linkage between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. [alpha]-dystroglycan is extracellular and binds to merosin ([alpha]-2 laminin) in the basement membrane, while [beta]-dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein and binds to dystrophin, which is a large rod-like cytoskeletal protein, absent in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Dystrophin binds to intracellular actin cables. In this way, the dystroglycan complex, which links the extracellular matrix to the intracellular actin cables, is thought to provide structural integrity in muscle tissues. The dystroglycan complex is also known to serve as an agrin receptor in muscle, where it may regulate agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering at the neuromuscular junction. There is also evidence which suggests the function of dystroglycan as a part of the signal transduction pathway because it is shown that Grb2, a mediator of the Ras-related signal pathway, can interact with the cytoplasmic domain of dystroglycan. In general, aberrant expression of dystrophin-associated protein complex underlies the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy and severe childhood autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy. Interestingly, no genetic disease has been described for either [alpha]- or [beta]-dystroglycan. Dystroglycan is widely distributed in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues. During epithelial morphogenesis of kidney, the dystroglycan complex is shown to act as a receptor for the basement membrane. Dystroglycan expression in mouse brain and neural retina has also been reported. However, the physiological role of dystroglycan in non-muscle tissues has remained unclear.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  173 TNCTFLGKRVEHHgTEKSDAVCSSSLPARKPPNE-----PH------VYLPGLIILLLFASVALVAAIIFGVCYRKKGKa 241
Cdd:pfam05454  98 TNISVVGSGSCRH-TEFIPTNQLDYIPSRTPPTGtpdrpTEksseddVYLHTVIPAVVVAAILLIAGIIAMICYRKKRK- 175

                          90
                  ....*....|....*..
gi 401015113  242 ltGNVTGNSNSTFISSG 258
Cdd:pfam05454 176 --GKLTLEDQATFIKKG 190

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11A (TNFRSF11A), also known as receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK); TNFRSF11A (also known as RANK, FEO, OFE, ODFR, OSTS, PDB2, CD26, OPTB7, TRANCER, LOH18CR1) induces the activation of NF-kappa B and MAPK8/JNK through interactions with various TRAF adaptor proteins. This receptor and its ligand are important regulators of the interaction between T cells and dendritic cells. The receptor is also an essential mediator for osteoclast and lymph node development. Mutations at this locus have been associated with familial expansile osteolysis, autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, and Juvenile Paget's disease (JPD) of bone. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this locus. Mutation analysis may improve diagnosis, prognostication, recurrence risk assessment, and perhaps treatment selection among the monogenic disorders of RANKL/OPG/RANK activation.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  33 PCTSEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRC 112
Cdd:cd13411    1 PCSSERHYEYSGRCCSKCEPGKYMSSKCTVTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDTWNEEDKCLLHKVCDAGKALVAVDPGNSTAPRRC 80

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 113 ACTAGYHWSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCTFLGKRVEHHGTEKSDA 192
Cdd:cd13411   81 ACTAGYHWSEDCDCCRRNTECAPGFGAQHPVQLNKDTVCEPCLVGYFSDVFSSTDKCKPWTNCTILGLEEAVPGTNKSDV 160

                 ...
gi 401015113 193 VCS 195
Cdd:cd13411  161 VCS 163

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (TNFRSF5) in teleosts; also known as CD40; TNFRSF5 (commonly known as CD40 and also as CDW40, p50, Bp50) is widely expressed in diverse cell types including B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. It is essential in mediating a wide variety of immune and inflammatory responses, including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. Its natural immunomodulating ligand is CD40L, and a primary defect in the CD40/CD40L system is associated with X-linked hyper-IgM (XHIM) syndrome. It is also involved in tumorigenesis; CD40 expression is significantly higher in gastric carcinomas and it is associated with the lymphatic metastasis of cancer cells and their tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification. Upregulated levels of CD40/CD40L on B cells and T cells may play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of breast cancer. Consequently, the CD40/CD40L system serves as a link between tumorigenesis, atherosclerosis, and the immune system, and offers a potential target for drug therapy for related diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and immunological rejection. Salmon CD40 and CD40L are widely expressed, particularly in immune tissues, and their importance for the immune response is indicated by their relatively high expression in salmon lymphoid organs and gills.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  34 CTSEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKcTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCA 113
Cdd:cd13422    1 CDPETQYEKDGECCKMCGPGTRMSSD-SGCLDPQCQPCGEDEYQDKYTKENKCKRQPYCDPNKNFEISVNKSKTSRSVCK 79

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 114 CTAGYHWSQD-CECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCTFlGKRVEHHGTEKSDA 192
Cdd:cd13422   80 CKPGFHCSSEeCLTCVPHTTCGPGQGVKSKGNHIRDTVCEECPDGTFSNNSSAEGVCKKWTECES-GYKVEAAGTNTSDN 158

                 ..
gi 401015113 193 VC 194
Cdd:cd13422  159 IC 160

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B), also known as TNFR2; TNFRSF1B (also known as TNFR2, type 2 TNFR, TNFBR, TNFR80, TNF-R75, TNF-R-II, p75, CD120b) binds TNF-alpha, but lacks the death domain (DD) that is associated with the cytoplasmic domain of TNFRSF1A (TNFR1). It is inducible and expressed exclusively by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, T cells, thymocytes, myocytes, endothelial cells, and in human mesenchymal stem cells. TNFRSF1B protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OLGs) against oxidative stress, and induces the up-regulation of cell survival genes. While pro-inflammatory and pathogen-clearing activities of TNF are mediated mainly through activation of TNFRSF1A, a strong activator of NF-kappaB, TNFRSF1B is more responsible for suppression of inflammation. Although the affinities of both receptors for soluble TNF are similar, TNFRSF1B is sometimes more abundantly expressed and thought to associate with TNF, thereby increasing its concentration near TNFRSF1A receptors, and making TNF available to activate TNFRSF1A (a ligand-passing mechanism).

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  34 CTSEKHY--EHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLlhkVCDT--GKALVAVVAGNSTTP 109
Cdd:cd10577    1 CRNSKEYydEKAQMCCSKCPPGQHVKHSCTKTSDTVCAPCEESTYTQLWNWVPECL---SCSSpcSSDQVETQACTRQQN 77

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 110 RRCACTAGYHWS----QDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCtflgKRVEHH 185
Cdd:cd10577   78 RICSCKPGWYCVlklqEGCRQCRPLKKCGPGFGVARPGTASSDVECKPCAPGTFSDTTSSTDTCRPHRIC----SSVAIP 153

                        170
                 ....*....|
gi 401015113 186 GTEKSDAVCS 195
Cdd:cd10577  154 GNASMDAVCA 163

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) in teleost; also known as TNFR2; This subfamily of TNFRSF1B (also known as TNFR2, type 2 TNFR, TNFBR, TNFR80, TNF-R75, TNF-R-II, p75, CD120b) is found in teleosts. It binds TNF-alpha, but lacks the death domain (DD) that is associated with the cytoplasmic domain of TNFRSF1A (TNFR1). It is inducible and expressed exclusively by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, T cells, thymocytes, myocytes, endothelial cells, and in human mesenchymal stem cells. TNFRSF1B protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OLGs) against oxidative stress, and induces the up-regulation of cell survival genes. While pro-inflammatory and pathogen-clearing activities of TNF are mediated mainly through activation of TNFRSF1A, a strong activator of NF-kappaB, TNFRSF1B is more responsible for suppression of inflammation. Although the affinities of both receptors for soluble TNF are similar, TNFRSF1B is sometimes more abundantly expressed and thought to associate with TNF, thereby increasing its concentration near TNFRSF1A receptors, and making TNF available to activate TNFRSF1A (a ligand-passing mechanism). Knockout studies in zebrafish embryos have shown that a signaling balance between TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B is required for endothelial cell integrity. TNFRSF1A signals apoptosis through caspase-8, whereas TNFRSF1B signals survival via NF-kB in endothelial cells. In goldfish (Carassius aurutus L.), TNFRSF1B expression is substantially higher than that of TNFRSF1 in tissues and various immune cell types. Both receptors are most robustly expressed in monocytes; mRNA levels of TNFRSF1B are lowest in peripheral blood leukocytes.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  35 TSEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCAC 114
Cdd:cd15835    9 TTEYYNDGSNLCCSKCRPGTRLKTKCSETSDTVCEPCPSGQYSENWNYYPNCFSCPKCKERKGLQYAQNCSSTTNAVCVC 88

                         90       100       110       120
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 401015113 115 TAG-----YHWSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVC 151
Cdd:cd15835   89 KPGmycimGFDHPSCSECKKYRTCKPGYGVSVPGTPTSDVKC 130

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16 (TNFRSF16), also known as p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) or CD271; TNFRSF16 (also known as nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR or p75(NTR)), CD271, Gp80-LNGFR) is a common receptor for both neurotrophins and proneurotrophins, and plays a diverse role in many tissues, including the nervous system. It has been shown to be expressed in various types of stem cells and has been used to prospectively isolate stem cells with different degrees of potency. p75NTR owes its signaling to the recruitment of intracellular binding proteins, leading to the activation of different signaling pathways. It binds nerve growth factor (NGF) and the complex can initiate a signaling cascade which has been associated with both neuronal apoptosis and neuronal survival of discrete populations of neurons, depending on the presence or absence of intracellular signaling molecules downstream of p75NTR (e.g. NF-kB, JNK, or p75NTR intracellular death domain). p75NTR can also bind NGF in concert with the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA) protein where it is thought to modulate the formation of the high-affinity neurotrophin binding complex. On melanoma cell, p75NTR is an immunosuppressive factor, induced by interferon (IFN)-gamma, and mediates down-regulation of melanoma antigens. It can interact with the aggregated form of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides, and plays an important role in etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by influencing protein tau hyper-phosphorylation. p75(NTR) is involved in the formation and progression of retina diseases; its expression is induced in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and its knockdown rescues RPE cell proliferation activity and inhibits RPE apoptosis induced by hypoxia. It can therefore be a potential therapeutic target for RPE hypoxia or oxidative stress diseases.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  33 PCTSEkHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTsDSVCLPCGPDE-YLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVagNSTTPRR 111
Cdd:cd13416    2 ACPSG-QYTSSGECCEQCPPGEGVARPCGDN-QTVCEPCLDGVtFSDVVSHTEPCQPCTRCPGLMSMRAPC--TATHDTV 77

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 112 CACTAGYHWSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCTfLGKRVEHHGTEKSD 191
Cdd:cd13416   78 CECAYGYYLDEDSGTCEPCTVCPPGQGVVQSCGPNQDTVCEACPEGTYSDEDSSTDPCLPCTVCE-DGEVELRECTPVSD 156

                 ...
gi 401015113 192 AVC 194
Cdd:cd13416  157 TVC 159

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4), also known as CD134 or OXO40; TNFRSF4 (also known as OX40, ACT35, CD134, IMD16, TXGP1L) activates NF-kappaB through its interaction with adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF5. It also promotes the expression of apoptosis inhibitors BCL2 and BCL2lL1/BCL2-XL, and thus suppresses apoptosis. It is primarily expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, where it is transiently expressed and upregulated on the most recently antigen-activated T cells within inflammatory lesions. This makes it an attractive target to modulate immune responses, i.e. TNFRSF4 (OX40) blocking agents to inhibit adverse inflammation or agonists to enhance immune responses. An artificially created biologic fusion protein, OX40-immunoglobulin (OX40-Ig), prevents OX40 from reaching the T-cell receptors, thus reducing the T-cell response. Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of its natural ligand OX40 ligand (OX40L, CD252), which is also found on activated T cells, have been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  44 GRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEdKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCACTAGYhwsqd 123
Cdd:cd13406   12 EKCCHECPPGEGMESRCTGTQDTVCSPCEPGFYNEAVNYE-PCKPCTQCNQRSGSEEKQKCTKTSDTVCRCRPGT----- 85

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 401015113 124 ceccrrntecapglgaqHPLQLNKDTV-CKPCLAGYFSDAfsSTDKCRPWTNCTFLGKRVEHHGTEKSDAVCSS 196
Cdd:cd13406   86 -----------------QPLDSYKPGVdCVPCPPGHFSRG--DNQACKPWTNCSLAGKRTLRPGSSTSDAVCED 140

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), also known as death receptor (DR6); TNFRSF21 (also known as death receptor 6 (DR6), CD358, BM-018) is highly expressed in differentiating neurons as well as in the adult brain, and is upregulated in injured neurons. DR6 negatively regulates neurondendrocyte, axondendrocyte, and oligodendrocyte survival, hinders axondendrocyte and oligodendrocyte regeneration and its inhibition has a neuro-protective effect in nerve injury. It activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8, also called c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), and induces cell apoptosis by associating with TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD), which is known to mediate signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor receptors. TNFRSF21 plays a role in T-helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. Its possible ligand is alpha-amyloid precursor protein (APP), hence probably involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease; when released, APP binds in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate a caspase-dependent self-destruction program that removes unnecessary or connectionless axons. Increasing beta-catenin levels in brain endothelium upregulates TNFRSF21 and TNFRSF19, indicating that these death receptors are downstream target genes of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which has been shown to be required for blood-brain barrier development. DR6 is up-regulated in numerous solid tumors as well as in tumor vascular cells, including ovarian cancer and may be a clinically useful diagnostic and predictive serum biomarker for some adult sarcoma subtypes.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  39 HYEHLGRC------CNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCllH---KVCDTGkaLVAVVAGNSTTP 109
Cdd:cd10583    1 KYRHVDPAtgtqltCDKCPAGTYVSKHCTETSLRECSPCPNGTFTRHENGIEQC--HrcrKPCPAP--MIEKTPCTALTD 76

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 110 RRCACTAGYHWSQDCecCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKPCLAGYFSDAFSSTDKCRPWTNCTFLGKRVEHHGTEK 189
Cdd:cd10583   77 RECTCPPGTFLSNDT--CVPHSVCPVGWGVRKKGTETEDVRCKPCPRGTFSDVPSSVLKCKTYTDCLGLGLVVIKPGTKE 154

                 ....*
gi 401015113 190 SDAVC 194
Cdd:cd10583  155 TDNVC 159

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), also known as lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR); TNFRSF3 (also known as lymphotoxin beta receptor, LTbetaR, CD18, TNFCR, TNFR3, D12S370, TNFR-RP, TNFR2-RP, LT-BETA-R, TNF-R-III) plays a role in signaling during development of lymphoid and other organs, lipid metabolism, immune response, and programmed cell death. Its ligands include lymphotoxin (LT) alpha/beta membrane form (heterotrimer) and tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (also known as LIGHT). TNFRSF3 agonism by these ligands initiates canonical, as well as non-canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling, and preferentially results in the translocation of p52-RELB complexes into the nucleus. While these ligands are often expressed by T and B cells, TNFRSF3 is conspicuous absence on T and B lymphocytes and NK cells, suggesting that signaling may be unidirectional for TNFRSF3. Activity of this receptor has also been linked to carcinogenesis; it helps trigger apoptosis and can also lead to release of the interleukin 8 (IL8). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding multiple isoforms have been observed.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  28 LQIAPPCTSEKH---------YE-HLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKA 97
Cdd:cd10578   20 PQLVPPYRTENQtcwdqekeyYEpRHQVCCSRCPPGTHVSAECSRSQDTVCATCPENSYNEHWNHLSICQLCRPCDPVLG 99

                         90       100       110       120
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 401015113  98 LVAVVAGNSTTPRRCACTAGY---HWSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQ 140
Cdd:cd10578  100 FEEVAPCTSDRKTQCRCQPGMfcvHWDNECEHCEPLSDCPPGTEAE 145

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members, virus-encoded; This family contains viral TNFR homologs that include vaccinia virus (VACV) cytokine response modifier E (CrmE), an encoded TNFR that shares significant sequence similarity with mammalian type 2 TNF receptors (TNFSFR1B, p75, TNFR type 2), a cowpox virus encoded cytokine-response modifier B (crmB), which is a secreted form of TNF receptor that can contribute to the modification of TNF-mediated antiviral processes, and a myxoma virus (MYXV) T2 (M-T2) protein that binds and inhibits rabbit TNF-alpha. The CrmE structure confirms that the canonical TNFR fold is adopted, but only one of the two "ligand-binding" loops of TNFRSF1A is conserved, suggesting a mechanism for the higher affinity of poxvirus TNFRs for TNFalpha over lymphotoxin-alpha. CrmB protein specifically binds TNF-alpha and TNF-beta indicating that cowpox virus seeks to invade antiviral processes mediated by TNF. Intracellular M-T2 blocks virus-induced lymphocyte apoptosis via a highly conserved viral preligand assembly domain (vPLAD), which controls receptor signaling competency prior to ligand binding.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  36 SEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCL-LHKVCDTGkaLVAVVAGNSTTPRRCAC 114
Cdd:cd15839    4 NDYNSNSNNLCCKSCPPGTYASHLCDTTSNTKCDPCPSDTFTSIPNHIPACLsCRGRCSSN--QVETKSCSNTQNRICSC 81

                         90       100       110       120
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 401015113 115 TAGYH----WSQDCECCRRNTECAPGLGAQHPlQLNKDTVCKPC 154
Cdd:cd15839   82 APGYYcllkGSDGCVACAPKTKCGVGYGVSGH-TSTGDVICKKC 124

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) in teleosts; also known as TNFR1; This subfamily of TNFRSF1 ((also known as type I TNFR, TNFR1, DR1, TNFRSF1A, CD120a, p55) is found in teleosts. It binds TNF-alpha, through the death domain (DD), and activates NF-kappaB, mediates apoptosis and activates signaling pathways controlling inflammatory, immune, and stress responses. It mediates signal transduction by interacting with antiapoptotic protein BCL2-associated athanogene 4 (BAG4/SODD) and adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRADD that play regulatory roles. The human genetic disorder called tumor necrosis factor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), or periodic fever syndrome, is associated with germline mutations of the extracellular domains of this receptor, possibly due to impaired receptor clearance. Serum levels of TNFRSF1A are elevated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and high levels are also associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. Knockout studies in zebrafish embryos have shown that a signaling balance between TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B is required for endothelial cell integrity. TNFRSF1A signals apoptosis through caspase-8, whereas TNFRSF1B signals survival via NF-kappaB in endothelial cells. Thus, this apoptotic pathway seems to be evolutionarily conserved, as TNFalpha promotes apoptosis of human endothelial cells and triggers caspase-2 and P53 activation in these cells via TNFRSF1A.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  44 GRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSD-SVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTgKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCACTAGYHWSQ 122
Cdd:cd15834   11 GICCNKCHPGYKLKEECTAPGErSQCTPCPEGTYLEQINYSPNCRRCTLCKV-KNEEEVSPCKKSSNTVCRCKKGYYKSR 89

                         90       100       110       120       130
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 401015113 123 -DCEC--CRRNTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCKpCLAGYFSDafssTDKCRPWTNCT 176
Cdd:cd15834   90 iDSETreCLKCKTCGPGEIEIQPCTPESNTVCE-CKDNYYRN----NNKCKPCQKCS 141

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14), also known as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM); TNFRSF14 (also known as herpes virus entry mediator or HVEM, ATAR, CD270, HVEA, LIGHTR, TR2) regulates T-cell immune responses by activating inflammatory, as well as inhibitory signaling pathways. HVEM acts as a receptor for the canonical TNF-related ligand LIGHT (lymphotoxin-like), which exhibits inducible expression, and competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for HVEM. It also acts as a ligand for the immunoglobulin superfamily proteins BTLA (B and T lymphocyte attenuator) and CD160, a feature distinguishing HVEM from other immune regulatory molecules, thus, creating a functionally diverse set of intrinsic and bidirectional signaling pathways. HVEM is highly expressed in the gut epithelium. Genome-wide association studies have shown that Hvem is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene, suggesting that HVEM could have a regulatory role influencing the regulation of epithelial barrier, host defense, and the microbiota. Mouse models have revealed that HVEM is involved in colitis pathogenesis, mucosal host defense, and epithelial immunity, thus acting as a mucosal gatekeeper with multiple regulatory functions in the mucosa. HVEM plays a critical role in both tumor progression and resistance to antitumor immune responses, possibly through direct and indirect mechanisms. It is known to be expressed in several human malignancies, including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, follicular lymphoma and melanoma. HVEM network may therefore be an attractive target for drug intervention.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  36 SEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCACT 115
Cdd:cd10582    2 KEDEYPVGSECCPKCSPGYRVKKACGELTGTVCEPCPPGTYTAHLNGLSKCLQCRVCDPAMGLVTRRNCSSTENTVCGCI 81

                 ...
gi 401015113 116 AGY 118
Cdd:cd10582   82 PGH 84

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6), also known as fas cell surface death receptor (Fas); TNFRSF6 (also known as fas cell surface death receptor (FasR) or Fas, APT1, CD95, FAS1, APO-1, FASTM, ALPS1A) contains a death domain and plays a central role in the physiological regulation of programmed cell death. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of the immune system. The receptor interactions with the Fas ligand (FasL), allowing the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex that includes Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), caspase 8, and caspase 10; autoproteolytic processing of the caspases in the complex triggers a downstream caspase cascade, leading to apoptosis. This receptor has also been shown to activate NF-kappaB, MAPK3/ERK1, and MAPK8/JNK, and is involved in transducing the proliferating signals in normal diploid fibroblast and T cells. Of the several alternatively spliced transcript variants, some are candidates for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain may negatively regulate the apoptosis mediated by the full length isoform.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  36 SEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDS-VCLPCGP-DEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCA 113
Cdd:cd10579   11 SEGLYRGGQFCCQPCPPGTRKAIDCTTNGGKpDCVPCTEgKEYTDKKHYSDKCRRCKICDEEHGLEVEKNCTRTQNTKCR 90

                         90       100       110       120
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113 114 CTAGYHW-SQDCECCRRNTECapGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVCK 152
Cdd:cd10579   91 CKSNFFCnSSPCEHCDPCTTC--EHGIIEECTPTSNTKCK 128

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25), also known as death receptor 3 (DR3); TNFRSF25 (also known as death receptor 3 (DR3), death domain receptor 3 (DDR3), apoptosis-mediating receptor, lymphocyte associated receptor of death (LARD), apoptosis inducing receptor (AIR), APO-3, translocating chain-association membrane protein (TRAMP), WSL-1, WSL-LR or TNFRSF12) is preferentially expressed in thymocytes and lymphocytes, and may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis. It has been detected in lymphocyte-rich tissues such as colon, intestine, thymus and spleen, as well as in the prostate. Various death domain containing adaptor proteins mediate the signal transduction of this receptor; it activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) and induces cell apoptosis by associating with TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD), which is known to mediate signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor receptors. DR3 associates with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine 1A (TL1A also known as TNFSF15) on activated lymphocytes and induces pro-inflammatory signals; TL1A also binds decoy receptor DcR3 (also known as TNFRSF6B). DR3/DcR3/TL1A expression is increased in both serum and inflamed tissues in autoimmune diseases such as in several autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), allergic asthma, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), making modulation of TL1A-DR3 interaction a potential therapeutic target.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  32 PPCTSEKHYEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTT-TSDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNE-EDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTP 109
Cdd:cd13420    2 CDCASEFQKRNGPFCCRGCPAGHYLKAPCTEpCGNSTCLPCPRGTFLARENHhKTDCTRCQACDEQASQVALENCSAVSD 81

                         90
                 ....*....|....*
gi 401015113 110 RRCACTAGyhWSQDC 124
Cdd:cd13420   82 THCGCESG--WFVEC 94

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10 (TNFRSF10), includes TNFRSF10A (DR4), TNFRSF10B (DR5), TNFRSF10C (DcR1) and TNFRSF10D (DcR2); TNFRSF10 family contains TNFRSF10A (also known as DR4, Apo2, TRAIL-R1, CD261), TNFRSF10B (also known as DR5, KILLER, TRICK2A, TRAIL-R2, TRICKB, CD262), TNFRSF10C (also known as DcR1, TRAIL-R3, LIT, TRID, CD263), and TNFRSF10D (also known as DcR2, TRUNDD, TRAIL-R4, CD264). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL) binds to all 4 receptors. DR4 (TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2) are membrane-bound and contain a death domain in their intracellular portion, which is able to transmit an apoptotic signal, thus often called death receptors. In contrast, DcR1 (TRAIL-R3), which lacks the complete intracellular portion and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4), which has a truncated cytoplasmic death domain, do not transmit an apoptotic signal, thus known as decoy receptors. Apoptosis mediated by DR4 and DR5 requires Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain (FADD), a death domain containing adaptor protein. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms and one non-coding transcript have been found for TNFRSF10B/DR5. DcR1 appears to function as an antagonistic receptor that protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis; it has been found to be a p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene. The expression of this gene is detected in many normal tissues but not in most cancer cell lines, which may explain the specific sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptosis-inducing activity of TRAIL. DcR2 has been shown to play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis. The membrane expression of all of these receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2) is greater in normal endometrium (NE) than in endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC). In EAC patients, membrane expression of these receptors are not independent predictors of survival. DcR1 and DcR2 expression is critical in cell growth and apoptosis in cutaneous or uveal melanoma; DcR1 and DcR2 are frequently methylated in both, leading to loss of gene expression and melanomagenesis. On the other hand, DR4 and DR5 methylation is rare in cutaneous melanoma and frequent in uveal melanoma; their expression is wholly independent of the promoter methylation status. DcR1 and DcR2 genes are also reported to be hyper-methylated in prostate cancer. The TRAIL ligand, a potent and specific inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells, has been explored as a therapeutic drug; experimental data has shown that DR4 specific TRAIL variants are more efficacious than wild-type TRAIL in pancreatic cancer.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  46 CCNKCEPGKYMSSKctttsDSVCLPCGPD-EYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKalVAVVAGNSTTPRRCACTAG-YHWSQD 123
Cdd:cd10580    1 SCGLCPAGTYVSED-----SGDCIPCKEGvDYTEHPNGLPSCLPCTVCKSDE--EELSPCTTTRNTECQCKPGtFCDPDS 73

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 401015113 124 CECCRR-NTECAPGLGAQHPLQLNKDTVC 151
Cdd:cd10580   74 PEVCQKcSTRCPEGMVEVSPCTPWSDLKC 102

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (TNFRSF6) in teleosts; also known as fas cell surface death receptor (FasR); This subfamily of TNFRSF6 (also known as fas cell surface death receptor (FasR) or Fas; APT1; CD95; FAS1; APO-1; FASTM; ALPS1A) is found in teleosts. It contains a death domain and plays a central role in the physiological regulation of programmed cell death. In humans, it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and diseases of the immune system. The receptor interactions with the Fas ligand (FasL), allowing the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex that includes Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), caspase 8, and caspase 10; autoproteolytic processing of the caspases in the complex triggers a downstream caspase cascade, leading to apoptosis. This receptor has also been shown to activate NF-kappaB, MAPK3/ERK1, and MAPK8/JNK, and is involved in transducing the proliferating signals in normal diploid fibroblast and T cells. In channel catfish and the Japanese rice fish, medaka, homologs of Fas receptor (FasR), as well as FADD and caspase 8, have been identified and characterized, and likely constitute the teleost equivalent of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). FasL/FasR are involved in the initiation of apoptosis and suggest that mechanisms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in teleosts are similar to those used by mammals; presumably, the mechanism of apoptosis induction via death receptors was evolutionarily established during the appearance of vertebrates.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 401015113  40 YEHLGRCCNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTT-SDSVCLPCGPDEYLDSWNEEDKCLLHKVCDTGKALVAVVAGNSTTPRRCACTAGY 118
Cdd:cd13423    7 YQHEGLTCCLCPAGQHVEKHCTNNgTDGECEACEDGTYNSHPNSLDSCEPCTSCDPNANLEVEERCTPSSDTVCRCKEGH 86

                         90
                 ....*....|....*..
gi 401015113 119 HWSQDCEC--CRRNTEC 133
Cdd:cd13423   87 YCDKGEECkvCYPCDTC 103

Tumor necrosis factor receptor / nerve growth factor receptor repeats; Repeats in growth factor receptors that are involved in growth factor binding. TNF/TNFR

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 401015113    39 HYEHLGRC--CNKCEPGKYMSSKCTTTSDSVC 68
Cdd:smart00208   8 SDGNHSSClrCRRCPPGLVVKQPCTATSDTVC 39