Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; In general, SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins (Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1), kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1, Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl), cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators (SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma), amongst others.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 339 KTSDTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLStGMPGSFLIRVSERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLAD 418
Cdd:cd10350    1 KSSDTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLS-TMPGSFLIRVSEKIKGYALSYLSEEGCKHFLIDASADSYSFLGVDQLQHATLAD 79

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....
gi 292658783 419 LVEYHKEEPITSLGKELLLYPCGQ 442
Cdd:cd10350   80 LVEYHKEEPITSLGKELLLYPCGQ 103

Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 4A (SH2D4A); SH2D4A contains a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 339 KTSDTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLStGMPGSFLIRVSERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLAD 418
Cdd:cd10350    1 KSSDTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLS-TMPGSFLIRVSEKIKGYALSYLSEEGCKHFLIDASADSYSFLGVDQLQHATLAD 79

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....
gi 292658783 419 LVEYHKEEPITSLGKELLLYPCGQ 442
Cdd:cd10350   80 LVEYHKEEPITSLGKELLLYPCGQ 103

Src homology 2 domains; Src homology 2 domains bind phosphotyrosine-containing polypeptides via 2 surface pockets. Specificity is provided via interaction with residues that are distinct from the phosphotyrosine. Only a single occurrence of a SH2 domain has been found in S. cerevisiae.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783   346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGmPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLI-DASADAYSFlgVDQLQHATLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:smart00252   2 PWYHGFISREEAEKLLKNEG-DGDFLVRDSESSPGdYVLSVRVKGKVKHYRIrRNEDGKFYL--EGGRKFPSLVELVEHY 78

                   ....*
gi 292658783   424 KEEPI 428
Cdd:smart00252  79 QKNSL 83

MAEBL; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783   98 IAERARLKAEQEAEEPRKthSEEFTNSLKTKSQYHDLQAPDNQQTKDIWKKVAEKEELEQGSRPAptlEEEKIRSLSSSS 177
Cdd:PTZ00121 1262 MAHFARRQAAIKAEEARK--ADELKKAEEKKKADEAKKAEEKKKADEAKKKAEEAKKADEAKKKA---EEAKKKADAAKK 1336

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783  178 RNIQQMLADSINRM--------------KAYAFHQKKESMKKKQDEEINQIEEERTKQICKSWKEDSEWQASLRKSKAAD 243
Cdd:PTZ00121 1337 KAEEAKKAAEAAKAeaeaaadeaeaaeeKAEAAEKKKEEAKKKADAAKKKAEEKKKADEAKKKAEEDKKKADELKKAAAA 1416

                         170
                  ....*....|....*.
gi 292658783  244 EKRRSLAKQAREDYKR 259
Cdd:PTZ00121 1417 KKKADEAKKKAEEKKK 1432

Src homology 2 domain found in the SH2 domain containing protein 4A (SH2D4A); SH2D4A contains a single SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 339 KTSDTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLStGMPGSFLIRVSERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLAD 418
Cdd:cd10350    1 KSSDTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLS-TMPGSFLIRVSEKIKGYALSYLSEEGCKHFLIDASADSYSFLGVDQLQHATLAD 79

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....
gi 292658783 419 LVEYHKEEPITSLGKELLLYPCGQ 442
Cdd:cd10350   80 LVEYHKEEPITSLGKELLLYPCGQ 103

Src homology 2 domain found in hematopoietic SH2 (HSH2) protein; HSH2 is thought to function as an adapter protein involved in tyrosine kinase signaling. It may also be involved in regulating cytokine signaling and cytoskeletal reorganization in hematopoietic cells. HSH2 contains several putative protein-binding motifs, SH3-binding proline-rich regions, and phosphotyrosine sites, but lacks enzymatic motifs. HSH2 was found to interact with cytokine-regulated tyrosine kinase c-FES and an activated Cdc42-associated tyrosine kinase ACK1. HSH2 binds c-FES through both its C-terminal region and its N-terminal region including the SH2 domain and binds ACK1 via its N-terminal proline-rich region. Both kinases bound and tyrosine-phosphorylated HSH2 in mammalian cells. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 342 DTIAPWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMpGSFLIRVSERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVE 421
Cdd:cd09946    4 DGVPEWFHGAISREAAENMLESQPL-GSFLIRVSHSHVGYTLSYKAQSSCRHFMVKLLDDGTFMIPGEKVAHTSLHALVT 82

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 292658783 422 YHKEEPITSLGkELLLYPCGQ 442
Cdd:cd09946   83 FHQQKPIEPRR-ELLTQACRQ 102

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; In general, SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins (Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1), kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1, Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl), cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators (SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma), amongst others.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGmPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDG-CKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:cd00173    1 PWFHGSISREEAERLLRGKP-DGTFLVRESSSEPGdYVLSVRSGDGkVKHYLIERNEGGYYLLGGSGRTFPSLPELVEHY 79

SH2 domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 292658783  347 WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGvDQLQHATLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:pfam00017   1 WYHGKISRQEAERLLLNGKPDGTFLVRESESTPGgYTLSVRDDGKVKHYKIQSTDNGGYYIS-GGVKFSSLAELVEHY 77

C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2) domain found in SH2 domain Phosphatases (SHP) proteins; The SH2 domain phosphatases (SHP-1, SHP-2/Syp, Drosophila corkscrew (csw), and Caenorhabditis elegans Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (Ptp-2)) are cytoplasmic signaling enzymes. They are both targeted and regulated by interactions of their SH2 domains with phosphotyrosine docking sites. These proteins contain two SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2) followed by a tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain, and a C-terminal extension. Shp1 and Shp2 have two tyrosyl phosphorylation sites in their C-tails, which are phosphorylated differentially by receptor and nonreceptor PTKs. Csw retains the proximal tyrosine and Ptp-2 lacks both sites. Shp-binding proteins include receptors, scaffolding adapters, and inhibitory receptors. Some of these bind both Shp1 and Shp2 while others bind only one. Most proteins that bind a Shp SH2 domain contain one or more immuno-receptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs): [SIVL]xpYxx[IVL]. Shp1 N-SH2 domain blocks the catalytic domain and keeps the enzyme in the inactive conformation, and is thus believed to regulate the phosphatase activity of SHP-1. Its C-SH2 domain is thought to be involved in searching for phosphotyrosine activators. The SHP2 N-SH2 domain is a conformational switch; it either binds and inhibits the phosphatase, or it binds phosphoproteins and activates the enzyme. The C-SH2 domain contributes binding energy and specificity, but it does not have a direct role in activation. Csw SH2 domain function is essential, but either SH2 domain can fulfill this requirement. The role of the csw SH2 domains during Sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase (SEV) signaling is to bind Daughter of Sevenless rather than activated SEV. Ptp-2 acts in oocytes downstream of sheath/oocyte gap junctions to promote major sperm protein (MSP)-induced MAP Kinase (MPK-1) phosphorylation. Ptp-2 functions in the oocyte cytoplasm, not at the cell surface to inhibit multiple RasGAPs, resulting in sustained Ras activation. It is thought that MSP triggers PTP-2/Ras activation and ROS production to stimulate MPK-1 activity essential for oocyte maturation and that secreted MSP domains and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases function antagonistically to control ROS and MAPK signaling. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 347 WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLS-EDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQhaTLADLVEYHK 424
Cdd:cd09931    2 WFHGHLSGKEAEKLLLEKGKPGSFLVRESQSKPGdFVLSVRTdDDKVTHIMIRCQGGKYDVGGGEEFD--SLTDLVEHYK 79

                 ....
gi 292658783 425 EEPI 428
Cdd:cd09931   80 KNPM 83

Src homology 2 domain found in dual adaptor for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides ( DAPP1)/B lymphocyte adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32)-like proteins; DAPP1/Bam32 contains a putative myristoylation site at its N-terminus, followed by a SH2 domain, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at its C-terminus. DAPP1 could potentially be recruited to the cell membrane by any of these domains. Its putative myristoylation site could facilitate the interaction of DAPP1 with the lipid bilayer. Its SH2 domain may also interact with phosphotyrosine residues on membrane-associated proteins such as activated tyrosine kinase receptors. And finally its PH domain exhibits a high-affinity interaction with the PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) PtdIns(3,4)P(2) second messengers produced at the cell membrane following the activation of PI 3-kinases. DAPP1 is thought to interact with both tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and 3-phosphoinositides and therefore may play a role in regulating the location and/or activity of such proteins(s) in response to agonists that elevate PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and PtdIns(3,4)P(2). This protein is likely to play an important role in triggering signal transduction pathways that lie downstream from receptor tyrosine kinases and PI 3-kinase. It is likely that DAPP1 functions as an adaptor to recruit other proteins to the plasma membrane in response to extracellular signals. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 347 WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVS-ERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFlGVDQLqhATLADLVEYHKE 425
Cdd:cd10355    8 WYHGNLTRHAAEALLLSNGVDGSYLLRNSnEGTGLFSLSVRAKDSVKHFHVEYTGYSFKF-GFNEF--SSLQDFVKHFAN 84

                 ...
gi 292658783 426 EPI 428
Cdd:cd10355   85 QPL 87

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Abelson murine lymphosarcoma virus (ABL) proteins; ABL-family proteins are highly conserved tyrosine kinases. Each ABL protein contains an SH3-SH2-TK (Src homology 3-Src homology 2-tyrosine kinase) domain cassette, which confers autoregulated kinase activity and is common among nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Several types of posttranslational modifications control ABL catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and stability, with consequences for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ABL functions. Binding partners provide additional regulation of ABL catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and downstream signaling. By combining this cassette with actin-binding and -bundling domain, ABL proteins are capable of connecting phosphoregulation with actin-filament reorganization. Vertebrate paralogs, ABL1 and ABL2, have evolved to perform specialized functions. ABL1 includes nuclear localization signals and a DNA binding domain which is used to mediate DNA damage-repair functions, while ABL2 has additional binding capacity for actin and for microtubules to enhance its cytoskeletal remodeling functions. SH2 is involved in several autoinhibitory mechanism that constrain the enzymatic activity of the ABL-family kinases. In one mechanism SH2 and SH3 cradle the kinase domain while a cap sequence stabilizes the inactive conformation resulting in a locked inactive state. Another involves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which binds the SH2 domain through residues normally required for phosphotyrosine binding in the linker segment between the SH2 and kinase domains. The SH2 domain contributes to ABL catalytic activity and target site specificity. It is thought that the ABL catalytic site and SH2 pocket have coevolved to recognize the same sequences. Recent work now supports a hierarchical processivity model in which the substrate target site most compatible with ABL kinase domain preferences is phosphorylated with greatest efficiency. If this site is compatible with the ABL SH2 domain specificity, it will then reposition and dock in the SH2 pocket. This mechanism also explains how ABL kinases phosphorylates poor targets on the same substrate if they are properly positioned and how relatively poor substrate proteins might be recruited to ABL through a complex with strong substrates that can also dock with the SH2 pocket. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTlKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQlQHATLADLVEYHK 424
Cdd:cd09935    4 SWYHGPIS-RNAAEYLLSSGINGSFLVRESESSPGqYSISLRYDGRVYHYRISEDSDGKVYVTQEH-RFNTLAELVHHHS 81

                         90
                 ....*....|....*...
gi 292658783 425 EEP---ITslgkeLLLYP 439
Cdd:cd09935   82 KNAdglIT-----TLRYP 94

N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 (GAP); RasGAP is part of the GAP1 family of GTPase-activating proteins. The protein is located in the cytoplasm and stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21, but not its oncogenic counterpart. Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in RAS inactivation, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Mutations leading to changes in the binding sites of either protein are associated with basal cell carcinomas. Alternative splicing results in two isoforms. The shorter isoform which lacks the N-terminal hydrophobic region, has the same activity, and is expressed in placental tissues. In general the longer isoform contains 2 SH2 domains, a SH3 domain, a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, and a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain. The C-terminus contains the catalytic domain of RasGap which catalyzes the activation of Ras by hydrolyzing GTP-bound active Ras into an inactive GDP-bound form of Ras. This model contains the N-terminal SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 344 IAP----WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGvdqLQHATLAD 418
Cdd:cd10353   14 TAPptnqWYHGRLDRTIAEERLRQAGKLGSYLIRESDRRPGsFVLSFLSRTGVNHFRIIAMCGDYYIGG---RRFSSLSD 90

                 ....*
gi 292658783 419 LVEYH 423
Cdd:cd10353   91 LIGYY 95

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in feline sarcoma, Fujinami poultry sarcoma, and fes-related (Fes/Fps/Fer) proteins; The Fps family consists of members Fps/Fes and Fer/Flk/Tyk3. They are cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases implicated in signaling downstream from cytokines, growth factors and immune receptors. Fes/Fps/Fer contains three coiled-coil regions, an SH2 (Src-homology-2) and a TK (tyrosine kinase catalytic) domain signature. Members here include: Fps/Fes, Fer, Kin-31, and In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLStgmPGSFLIRVSERIKG----YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYsfLGVDQLQHATLADLVE 421
Cdd:cd10361    7 PYYHGLLPREDAEELLKN---DGDFLVRKTEPKGGgkrkLVLSVRWDGKIRHFVINRDDGGK--YYIEGKSFKSISELIN 81

                 ....*....
gi 292658783 422 YHKE--EPI 428
Cdd:cd10361   82 YYQKtkEPI 90

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase (SHIP) and SLAM-associated protein (SAP); The SH2-containing inositol-5'-phosphatase, SHIP (also called SHIP1/SHIP1a), is a hematopoietic-restricted phosphatidylinositide phosphatase that translocates to the plasma membrane after extracellular stimulation and hydrolyzes the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-generated second messenger PI-3,4,5-P3 (PIP3) to PI-3,4-P2. As a result, SHIP dampens down PIP3 mediated signaling and represses the proliferation, differentiation, survival, activation, and migration of hematopoietic cells. PIP3 recruits lipid-binding pleckstrin homology(PH) domain-containing proteins to the inner wall of the plasma membrane and activates them. PH domain-containing downstream effectors include the survival/proliferation enhancing serine/threonine kinase, Akt (protein kinase B), the tyrosine kinase, Btk, the regulator of protein translation, S6K, and the Rac and cdc42 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Vav. SHIP is believed to act as a tumor suppressor during leukemogenesis and lymphomagenesis, and may play a role in activating the immune system to combat cancer. SHIP contains an N-terminal SH2 domain, a centrally located phosphatase domain that specifically hydrolyzes the 5'-phosphate from PIP3, PI-4,5-P2 and inositol-1,3,4,5- tetrakisphosphate (IP4), a C2 domain, that is an allosteric activating site when bound by SHIP's enzymatic product, PI-3,4-P2; 2 NPXY motifs that bind proteins with a phosphotyrosine binding (Shc, Dok 1, Dok 2) or an SH2 (p85a, SHIP2) domain; and a proline-rich domain consisting of four PxxP motifs that bind a subset of SH3-containing proteins including Grb2, Src, Lyn, Hck, Abl, PLCg1, and PIAS1. The SH2 domain of SHIP binds to the tyrosine phosphorylated forms of Shc, SHP-2, Doks, Gabs, CD150, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule, Cas, c-Cbl, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs), and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP (also called SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a 5 residue N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short 25 residue C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and natural killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in XLP patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4, Ly-9, and CD84. SAP is believed to function as a signaling inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding of other signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like protein EAT-2 recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX(V/I), which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of a restricted number of T, B, and NK cell surface receptors and are proposed to be natural inhibitors or regulators of the physiological role of a small family of receptors on the surface of these cells. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 345 APWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADaySFLGVDQLQ------HATLA 417
Cdd:cd10343    3 PPWYHGNITRSKAEELLSKAGKDGSFLVRDSESVSGaYALCVLYQNCVHTYRILPNAE--DKLSVQASEgvpvrfFTTLP 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 292658783 418 DLVEYHKEEP---ITSlgkelLLYP 439
Cdd:cd10343   81 ELIEFYQKENmglVTH-----LLYP 100

C-terminal Src homology 2 (C-SH2) domain in Phospholipase C gamma; Phospholipase C gamma is a signaling molecule that is recruited to the C-terminal tail of the receptor upon autophosphorylation of a highly conserved tyrosine. PLCgamma is composed of a Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain followed by an elongation factor (EF) domain, 2 catalytic regions of PLC domains that flank 2 tandem SH2 domains (N-SH2, C-SH2), and ending with a SH3 domain and C2 domain. N-SH2 SH2 domain-mediated interactions represent a crucial step in transmembrane signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases. SH2 domains recognize phosphotyrosine (pY) in the context of particular sequence motifs in receptor phosphorylation sites. Both N-SH2 and C-SH2 have a very similar binding affinity to pY. But in growth factor stimulated cells these domains bind to different target proteins. N-SH2 binds to pY containing sites in the C-terminal tails of tyrosine kinases and other receptors. Recently it has been shown that this interaction is mediated by phosphorylation-independent interactions between a secondary binding site found exclusively on the N-SH2 domain and a region of the FGFR1 tyrosine kinase domain. This secondary site on the SH2 cooperates with the canonical pY site to regulate selectivity in mediating a specific cellular process. C-SH2 binds to an intramolecular site on PLCgamma itself which allows it to hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate into diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate. These then activate protein kinase C and release calcium. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSER-IKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYsflGVDQLQHATLADLVEYHK 424
Cdd:cd09932    5 EWFHANLTREQAEEMLMRVPRDGAFLVRPSETdPNSFAISFRAEGKIKHCRIKQEGRLF---VIGTSQFESLVELVSYYE 81

                 ...
gi 292658783 425 EEP 427
Cdd:cd09932   82 KHP 84

Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter proteins D (SHD); The expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHD may be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may function as an adapter protein in the central nervous system. It is also thought to be involved in apoptotic regulation. SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate sequence preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition to a poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKAnELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSE-RIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVEYHK 424
Cdd:cd10390    2 PWFHGPLSRADA-ENLLSLCKEGSYLVRLSEtRPQDCSLSLRSSQGFLHLKFARTRENQVVLGQHSGPFPSVPELVLHYS 80

                         90
                 ....*....|....*..
gi 292658783 425 EEPITSLGKE--LLLYP 439
Cdd:cd10390   81 SRPLPVQGAEhlALLYP 97

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter protein family; The SH2B adapter protein family has 3 members: SH2B1 (SH2-B, PSM), SH2B2 (APS), and SH2B3 (Lnk). SH2B family members contain a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2 (SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. SH2B3 negatively regulates lymphopoiesis and early hematopoiesis. The lnk-deficiency results in enhanced production of B cells, and expansion as well as enhanced function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), demonstrating negative regulatory functions of Sh2b3/Lnk in cytokine signaling. Sh2b3/Lnk also functions in responses controlled by cell adhesion and in crosstalk between integrin- and cytokine-mediated signaling. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP--GSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSflGVDQLQHATLADLVEY 422
Cdd:cd10346    9 PWFHGTLSRSDAAQLVLHSGADghGVFLVRQSETRRGeFVLTFNFQGRAKHLRLTLNEKGQC--RVQHLWFPSIFDMLEH 86

                 ....*.
gi 292658783 423 HKEEPI 428
Cdd:cd10346   87 FRQNPI 92

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3); SH2B2 (APS), like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family, contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B1 and SH2B2 function in signaling pathways found downstream of growth hormone receptor and receptor tyrosine kinases, including the insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), nerve growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor receptors. SH2B2beta, a new isoform of SH2B2, is an endogenous inhibitor of SH2B1 and/or SH2B2 (SH2B2alpha), negatively regulating insulin signaling and/or JAK2-mediated cellular responses. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP--GSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIdaSADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVEY 422
Cdd:cd10411    9 PWFHGTLSRVKAAQLVLAGGPRshGLFVIRQSETRPGeYVLTFNFQGKAKHLRL--SLNGHGQCHVQHLWFQSVFDMLRH 86

                 ....*.
gi 292658783 423 HKEEPI 428
Cdd:cd10411   87 FHTHPI 92

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 7 (Grb7) proteins; The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains. Grb7 is part of the Grb7 family of proteins which also includes Grb10, and Grb14. They are composed of an N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like (RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb7 binds strongly to the erbB2 receptor, unlike Grb10 and Grb14 which bind weakly to it. Grb7 family proteins are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGM-PGSFLIRVSER-IKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLI---DASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLV 420
Cdd:cd10413    6 PWFHGRISREESQRLIGQQGLvDGVFLVRESQRnPQGFVLSLCHLQKVKHYLIlpsEEEGRLYFSMDDGQTRFTDLLQLV 85

                 ....
gi 292658783 421 EYHK 424
Cdd:cd10413   86 EFHQ 89

Src homology 2 domain found in SH2 domain-containing adapter proteins B, D, E, and F (SHB, SHD, SHE, SHF); SHB, SHD, SHE, and SHF are SH2 domain-containing proteins that play various roles throughout the cell. SHB functions in generating signaling compounds in response to tyrosine kinase activation. SHB contains proline-rich motifs, a phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain, tyrosine phosphorylation sites, and a SH2 domain. SHB mediates certain aspects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-, neural growth factor (NGF) receptor TRKA-, T cell receptor-, interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor- and focal adhesion kinase- (FAK) signaling. SRC-like FYN-Related Kinase FRK/RAK (also named BSK/IYK or GTK) and SHB regulate apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. SHB promotes apoptosis and is also required for proper mitogenicity, spreading and tubular morphogenesis in endothelial cells. SHB also plays a role in preventing early cavitation of embryoid bodies and reduces differentiation to cells expressing albumin, amylase, insulin and glucagon. SHB is a multifunctional protein that has difference responses in different cells under various conditions. SHE is expressed in heart, lung, brain, and skeletal muscle, while expression of SHD is restricted to the brain. SHF is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, liver, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, and colon. SHD may be a physiological substrate of c-Abl and may function as an adapter protein in the central nervous system. It is also thought to be involved in apoptotic regulation. SHD contains five YXXP motifs, a substrate sequence preferred by Abl tyrosine kinases, in addition to a poly-proline rich region and a C-terminal SH2 domain. SHE contains two pTry protein binding domains, protein interaction domain (PID) and a SH2 domain, followed by a glycine-proline rich region, all of which are N-terminal to the phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain. SHF contains four putative tyrosine phosphorylation sites and an SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKAnELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVEYHK 424
Cdd:cd09945    2 GWYHGAITRIEA-ESLLRPCKEGSYLVRNSESTKQdYSLSLKSAKGFMHMRIQRNETGQYILGQFSRPFETIPEMIRHYC 80

                         90
                 ....*....|....*..
gi 292658783 425 EEPITSLGKE--LLLYP 439
Cdd:cd09945   81 LNKLPVRGAEhmCLLEP 97

C-terminal Src homology 2 (cSH2) domain found in p85; Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are essential for cell growth, migration, and survival. p110, the catalytic subunit, is composed of an adaptor-binding domain, a Ras-binding domain, a C2 domain, a helical domain, and a kinase domain. The regulatory unit is called p85 and is composed of an SH3 domain, a RhoGap domain, a N-terminal SH2 (nSH2) domain, a inter SH2 (iSH2) domain, and C-terminal (cSH2) domain. There are 2 inhibitory interactions between p110alpha and p85 of P13K: 1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110alpha and 2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha. There are 3 inhibitory interactions between p110beta and p85 of P13K: 1) p85 nSH2 domain with the C2, helical, and kinase domains of p110beta, 2) p85 iSH2 domain with C2 domain of p110alpha, and 3) p85 cSH2 domain with the kinase domain of p110alpha. It is interesting to note that p110beta is oncogenic as a wild type protein while p110alpha lacks this ability. One explanation is the idea that the regulation of p110beta by p85 is unique because of the addition of inhibitory contacts from the cSH2 domain and the loss of contacts in the iSH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 347 WFHGILTLKKANELLLstGMP-GSFLIRVSERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLqHATLADLVEYHKE 425
Cdd:cd09930    8 WLVGDINRTQAEELLR--GKPdGTFLIRESSTQGCYACSVVCNGEVKHCVIYKTETGYGFAEPYNL-YESLKELVLHYAH 84

                 ....*.
gi 292658783 426 epiTSL 431
Cdd:cd09930   85 ---NSL 87

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the growth factor receptor bound, subclass 7 (Grb7) proteins; The Grb family binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, erbB1) via their SH2 domains. There are 3 members of the Grb7 family of proteins: Grb7, Grb10, and Grb14. They are composed of an N-terminal Proline-rich domain, a Ras Associating-like (RA) domain, a Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain, a phosphotyrosine interaction region (PIR, BPS) and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The SH2 domains of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14 preferentially bind to a different RTK. Grb7 binds strongly to the erbB2 receptor, unlike Grb10 and Grb14 which bind weakly to it. Grb14 binds to Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR). Grb10 has been shown to interact with many different proteins, including the insulin and IGF1 receptors, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor-beta, Ret, Kit, Raf1 and MEK1, and Nedd4. Grb7 family proteins are phosphorylated on serine/threonine as well as tyrosine residues. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTG-MPGSFLIRVSER-IKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADA---YSFLGVDQLQHATLADLV 420
Cdd:cd09944    6 PWFHGGISRDEAARLIRQQGlVDGVFLVRESQSnPGAFVLSLKHGQKIKHYQIIPIEDEgqwYFTLDDGVTKFYDLLQLV 85

                 ....
gi 292658783 421 EYHK 424
Cdd:cd09944   86 EFYQ 89

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn; Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. Fyn is involved in the control of cell growth and is required in the following pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling, integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization, entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The protein associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on the target protein that recruits other signaling molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase, nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 347 WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP-GSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSY-----LSEDGCKHFLIdASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADL 419
Cdd:cd10368    5 WYFGKLGRKDAERQLLSFGNPrGTFLIRESETTKGaYSLSIrdwddMKGDHVKHYKI-RKLDNGGYYITTRAQFETLQQL 83

                 ....*.
gi 292658783 420 VEYHKE 425
Cdd:cd10368   84 VQHYSE 89

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 adaptor protein C (SHC); SHC is involved in a wide variety of pathways including regulating proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, and bone metabolism. An adapter protein, SHC has been implicated in Ras activation following the stimulation of a number of different receptors, including growth factors [insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), nerve growth factor, and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)], cytokines [interleukins 2, 3, and 5], erythropoietin, and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and antigens [T-cell and B-cell receptors]. SHC has been shown to bind to tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors, and receptor stimulation leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC. Upon phosphorylation, SHC interacts with another adapter protein, Grb2, which binds to the Ras GTP/GDP exchange factor mSOS which leads to Ras activation. SHC is composed of an N-terminal domain that interacts with proteins containing phosphorylated tyrosines, a (glycine/proline)-rich collagen-homology domain that contains the phosphorylated binding site, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. SH2 has been shown to interact with the tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors of EGF and PDGF and with the tyrosine-phosphorylated C chain of the T-cell receptor, providing one of the mechanisms of T-cell-mediated Ras activation. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLlstGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHF-LIDASADaysflgVDQLQHA--TLADLVE 421
Cdd:cd09925    8 PWYHGKMSRRDAESLL---QTDGDFLVRESTTTPGqYVLTGMQNGQPKHLlLVDPEGV------VRTKDRVfeSISHLIN 78

                         90
                 ....*....|....*...
gi 292658783 422 YHKEE--PITSLGKELLL 437
Cdd:cd09925   79 YHVTNglPIISEGSELHL 96

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src oncogene at 42A (Src42); Src42 is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The integration of receptor tyrosine kinase-induced RAS and Src42 signals by Connector eNhancer of KSR (CNK) as a two-component input is essential for RAF activation in Drosophila. Src42 is present in a wide variety of organisms including: California sea hare, pea aphid, yellow fever mosquito, honey bee, Panamanian leafcutter ant, and sea urchin. Src42 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP-GSFLIRVSE-RIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIdASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:cd10370    4 PWYFGKIKRIEAEKKLLLPENEhGAFLIRDSEsRHNDYSLSVRDGDTVKHYRI-RQLDEGGFFIARRTTFRTLQELVEHY 82

                 ....
gi 292658783 424 KEEP 427
Cdd:cd10370   83 SKDS 86

C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) proteins; ZAP-70 and Syk comprise a family of hematopoietic cell specific protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that are required for antigen and antibody receptor function. ZAP-70 is expressed in T and natural killer (NK) cells and Syk is expressed in B cells, mast cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, platelets, macrophages, and immature T cells. They are required for the proper development of T and B cells, immune receptors, and activating NK cells. They consist of two N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and a C-terminal kinase domain separated from the SH2 domains by a linker or hinge region. Phosphorylation of both tyrosine residues within the Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motifs (ITAM; consensus sequence Yxx[LI]x(7,8)Yxx[LI]) by the Src-family PTKs is required for efficient interaction of ZAP-70 and Syk with the receptor subunits and for receptor function. ZAP-70 forms two phosphotyrosine binding pockets, one of which is shared by both SH2 domains. In Syk the two SH2 domains do not form such a phosphotyrosine-binding site. The SH2 domains here are believed to function independently. In addition, the two SH2 domains of Syk display flexibility in their relative orientation, allowing Syk to accommodate a greater variety of spacing sequences between the ITAM phosphotyrosines and singly phosphorylated non-classical ITAM ligands. This model contains the C-terminus SH2 domains of Syk. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP-GSFLIRVSERIKGYALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDasADAYSFLGV-DQLQHATLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:cd10401    4 PWFHGKISREESEQILLIGSKTnGKFLIRERDNNGSYALCLLHDGKVLHYRID--KDKTGKLSIpDGKKFDTLWQLVEHY 81

                         90
                 ....*....|....*..
gi 292658783 424 KEEPITSLgkELLLYPC 440
Cdd:cd10401   82 SYKPDGLL--RVLTEPC 96

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Fyn-related kinase (Frk); Frk is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The Frk subfamily is composed of Frk/Rak and Iyk/Bsk/Gst. It is expressed primarily epithelial cells. Frk is a nuclear protein and may function during G1 and S phase of the cell cycle and suppress growth. Unlike the other Src members it lacks a glycine at position 2 of SH4 which is important for addition of a myristic acid moiety that is involved in targeting Src PTKs to cellular membranes. FRK and SHB exert similar effects when overexpressed in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) and beta-cells, where both induce PC12 cell differentiation and beta-cell proliferation. Under conditions that cause beta-cell degeneration these proteins augment beta-cell apoptosis. The FRK-SHB responses involve FAK and insulin receptor substrates (IRS) -1 and -2. Frk has been demonstrated to interact with retinoblastoma protein. Frk regulates PTEN protein stability by phosphorylating PTEN, which in turn prevents PTEN degradation. Frk also plays a role in regulation of embryonal pancreatic beta cell formation. Frk has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its activation loop. The tryosine involved is at the same site as the tyrosine involved in the autophosphorylation of Src. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKAN-ELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASADAYSFLGVDQLQHaTLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:cd10369    4 PWFFGAIKRADAEkQLLYSENQTGAFLIRESESQKGeFSLSVLDGGVVKHYRIRRLDEGGFFLTRRKTFS-TLNEFVNYY 82

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Carboxyl-Terminal Src Kinase (Csk); Both the C-terminal Src kinase (CSK) and CSK-homologous kinase (CHK) are members of the CSK-family of protein tyrosine kinases. These proteins suppress activity of Src-family kinases (SFK) by selectively phosphorylating the conserved C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine by a similar mechanism. CHK is also capable of inhibiting SFKs by a non-catalytic mechanism that involves binding of CHK to SFKs to form stable protein complexes. The unphosphorylated form of SFKs is inhibited by CSK and CHK by a two-step mechanism. The first step involves the formation of a complex of SFKs with CSK/CHK with the SFKs in the complex are inactive. The second step, involves the phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail tyrosine of SFKs, which then dissociates and adopt an inactive conformation. The structural basis of how the phosphorylated SFKs dissociate from CSK/CHK to adopt the inactive conformation is not known. The inactive conformation of SFKs is stabilized by two intramolecular inhibitory interactions: (a) the pYT:SH2 interaction in which the phosphorylated C-terminal tail tyrosine (YT) binds to the SH2 domain, and (b) the linker:SH3 interaction of which the SH2-kinase domain linker binds to the SH3 domain. SFKs are activated by multiple mechanisms including binding of the ligands to the SH2 and SH3 domains to displace the two inhibitory intramolecular interactions, autophosphorylation, and dephosphorylation of YT. By selective phosphorylation and the non-catalytic inhibitory mechanism CSK and CHK are able to inhibit the active forms of SFKs. CSK and CHK are regulated by phosphorylation and inter-domain interactions. They both contain SH3, SH2, and kinase domains separated by the SH3-SH2 connector and SH2 kinase linker, intervening segments separating the three domains. They lack a conserved tyrosine phosphorylation site in the kinase domain and the C-terminal tail regulatory tyrosine phosphorylation site. The CSK SH2 domain is crucial for stabilizing the kinase domain in the active conformation. A disulfide bond here regulates CSK kinase activity. The subcellular localization and activity of CSK are regulated by its SH2 domain. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGmPGSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIDASAdaySFLGVDQLQH-ATLADLVEYH 423
Cdd:cd09937    4 PWFHGKISREEAERLLQPPE-DGLFLVRESTNYPGdYTLCVSFEGKVEHYRVIYRN---GKLTIDEEEYfENLIQLVEHY 79

                 ...
gi 292658783 424 KEE 426
Cdd:cd09937   80 TKD 82

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2B adapter proteins (SH2B1, SH2B2, SH2B3); SH2B3 (Lnk), like other members of the SH2B adapter protein family, contains a pleckstrin homology domain, at least one dimerization domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain which binds to phosphorylated tyrosines in a variety of tyrosine kinases. SH2B3 negatively regulates lymphopoiesis and early hematopoiesis. The lnk-deficiency results in enhanced production of B cells, and expansion as well as enhanced function of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), demonstrating negative regulatory functions of Sh2b3/Lnk in cytokine signaling. Sh2b3/Lnk also functions in responses controlled by cell adhesion and in crosstalk between integrin- and cytokine-mediated signaling. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP--GSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSYLSEDGCKHFLIdaSADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADLVEY 422
Cdd:cd10412    9 PWFHGPISRVKAAQLVQLQGPDahGVFLVRQSETRRGeYVLTFNFQGRAKHLRL--SLTERGQCRVQHLHFPSVVDMLHH 86

                 ....*.
gi 292658783 423 HKEEPI 428
Cdd:cd10412   87 FQRSPI 92

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SLAM-associated protein (SAP)1; The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP (also called SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a 5 residue N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short 25 residue C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and natural killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in XLP patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4, Ly-9, and CD84. SAP is believed to function as a signaling inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding of other signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like protein EAT-2 recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX[VI], which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of a restricted number of T, B, and NK cell surface receptors and are proposed to be natural inhibitors or regulators of the physiological role of a small family of receptors on the surface of these cells. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 292658783 346 PWFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMPGSFLIRVSERIKG 380
Cdd:cd10342    4 AVYHGKISRETGEKLLLATGLDGSYLLRDSESVPG 38

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Fyn isoform b like proteins; Fyn is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. This cd contains the SH2 domain found in Fyn isoform b type proteins. Fyn is involved in the control of cell growth and is required in the following pathways: T and B cell receptor signaling, integrin-mediated signaling, growth factor and cytokine receptor signaling, platelet activation, ion channel function, cell adhesion, axon guidance, fertilization, entry into mitosis, and differentiation of natural killer cells, oligodendrocytes and keratinocytes. The protein associates with the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interacts with the Fyn-binding protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms exist. Fyn is primarily localized to the cytoplasmic leaflet of the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation of target proteins by Fyn serves to either regulate target protein activity, and/or to generate a binding site on the target protein that recruits other signaling molecules. FYN has been shown to interact with a number of proteins including: BCAR1, Cbl, Janus kinase, nephrin, Sky, tyrosine kinase, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, and Zap-70. Fyn has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 292658783 347 WFHGILTLKKANELLLSTGMP-GSFLIRVSERIKG-YALSY-----LSEDGCKHFLIdASADAYSFLGVDQLQHATLADL 419
Cdd:cd10419    5 WYFGKLGRKDAERQLLSFGNPrGTFLIRESETTKGaYSLSIrdwddMKGDHVKHYKI-RKLDNGGYYITTRAQFETLQQL 83

                 ....*..
gi 292658783 420 VEYHKEE 426
Cdd:cd10419   84 VQHYSEK 90