Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal domain (RasGef_N), also called REM domain (Ras exchanger motif). This domain is common in nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases and is typically found immediately N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. REM contacts the GTPase and is assumed to participate in the catalytic activity of the exchange factor. Proteins with the REM domain include Sos1 and Sos2, which relay signals from tyrosine-kinase mediated signalling to Ras, RasGRP1-4, RasGRF1,2, CNrasGEF, and RAP-specific nucleotide exchange factors, to name a few.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 410 SLNKLIERLCLPNCYDD-NYVNIFLLTYHSFCSSKKLLKKLIERFTIP--EDLEAHGLTLASIHEIHMKIRSVLVKWINE 486
Cdd:cd06224   1 TLEALIEHLTSTFDMPDpSFVSTFLLTYRSFTTPTELLEKLIERYEIAppENLEYNDWDKKKSKPIRLRVLNVLRTWVEN 80

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 74930339 487 YSPKF--DQDTIHLFQNFNCRMQSEYTSIQEIENLLLNSNEN 526
Cdd:cd06224  81 YPYDFfdDEELLELLEEFLNRLVQEGALLQELKKLLRKLLKL 122

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 74930339  10 LLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCLTTN-----ASIKNCIQCKVEYTT 59
Cdd:cd16597   2 LEEELTCSICLELFKDPVTL-PCGHNFCGVCIEKTwdsqhGSEYSCPQCRATFPR 55

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases. Small GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily function as molecular switches in fundamental events such as signal transduction, cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular trafficking. Guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) positively regulate these GTP-binding proteins in response to a variety of signals. GEFs catalyze the dissociation of GDP from the inactive GTP-binding proteins. GTP can then bind and induce structural changes that allow interaction with effectors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 723 FNDIDEFEIAKQLTLIEFENFGRIKPIDLLTCV-----DLKHKTPHITNIMERFHNISTWVSTTIVRGENLKNRVKIVNK 797
Cdd:cd00155   1 FLSLDPKELAEQLTLLDFELFRKIEPFELLGSLwskkdKNIHLSPNLERFIERFNNLSNWVASEILLCTNPKKRARLLSK 80

                        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 798 FIKIAEHLKNLNNFNSLTAILVAIQRSTV-----TKKDLVKQSVKIITDLEKLMSSDDSYSTYRTRLAQC--SPPCVPYI 870
Cdd:cd00155  81 FIQVAKHCRELNNFNSLMAIVSALSSSPIsrlkkTWEVLSSKLKKLFEELEELVDPSRNFKNYRKLLKSVgpNPPCVPFL 160

                       170       180       190       200       210       220
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339 871 SIYLQDIMDLEKKNPSNIivqtssnkTQEFINFTRRSLISKVILDLASYQRFGYStILPISNIQEYLN 938
Cdd:cd00155 161 GVYLKDLTFLHEGNPDFL--------EGNLVNFEKRRKIAEILREIRQLQSNSYE-LNRDEDILAFLW 219

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal domain (RasGef_N), also called REM domain (Ras exchanger motif). This domain is common in nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases and is typically found immediately N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. REM contacts the GTPase and is assumed to participate in the catalytic activity of the exchange factor. Proteins with the REM domain include Sos1 and Sos2, which relay signals from tyrosine-kinase mediated signalling to Ras, RasGRP1-4, RasGRF1,2, CNrasGEF, and RAP-specific nucleotide exchange factors, to name a few.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 410 SLNKLIERLCLPNCYDD-NYVNIFLLTYHSFCSSKKLLKKLIERFTIP--EDLEAHGLTLASIHEIHMKIRSVLVKWINE 486
Cdd:cd06224   1 TLEALIEHLTSTFDMPDpSFVSTFLLTYRSFTTPTELLEKLIERYEIAppENLEYNDWDKKKSKPIRLRVLNVLRTWVEN 80

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 74930339 487 YSPKF--DQDTIHLFQNFNCRMQSEYTSIQEIENLLLNSNEN 526
Cdd:cd06224  81 YPYDFfdDEELLELLEEFLNRLVQEGALLQELKKLLRKLLKL 122

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (GefO) and similar proteins; Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) activate Ras by catalyzing the replacement of GDP with GTP, and thus lie near the top of many signaling pathways. They are important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms. Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (GefO), also known as RasGEF domain-containing protein O, is faintly expressed during development of Dictyostelium discoideum. It contains a C3HC4-type RING finger, a B-box motif that shows high sequence similarity with B-Box-type zinc finger 2 found in tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs), a REM (Ras exchanger motif) domain, and a # RasGEF domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 155 RYCMEHYEH-YYAFCNDCQAPVCPSCLLTTHNRHGMIPLT 193
Cdd:cd20207   1 VVCSKHNEHmLDKFCKDCSAPVCENCVLTTHAGHNVEPIT 40

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal motif; A subset of guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases appear to possess this domain N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. The recent crystal structureof Sos shows that this domain is alpha-helical and plays a "purely structural role" (Nature 394, 337-343).

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339    404 FEVKYGSLNKLIERLcLPNCY--DDNYVNIFLLTYHSFCSSKKLLKKLIERFTIPedlEAHGLTLASIHEIHMKIR--SV 479
Cdd:smart00229   3 GLIKGGTLEALIEHL-TEAFDkaDPSFVETFLLTYRSFITTQELLQLLLYRYNAI---PPESWVEEKVNPRRVKNRvlNI 78

                           90       100       110       120
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339    480 LVKWINEYSPKFDQDtIHLFQNFNCRMQS-EYTSIQEIENLLLNSNEN 526
Cdd:smart00229  79 LRTWVENYWEDFEDD-PKLISFLLEFLELvDDEKYPGLVTSLLNLLRR 125

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger); The C3HC4 type zinc-finger (RING finger) is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339    16 CGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTT--NASIKNCIQC 53
Cdd:pfam00097   1 CPICLEEPKDPVTLLPCGHLFCSKCIRSwlESGNVTCPLC 40

B-Box-type zinc finger;

                           10        20        30
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339    155 RYCMEH-YEHYYAFCNDCQAPVCPSCLLTTHNRHGMIPL 192
Cdd:smart00336   4 PKCDSHgDEPAEFFCEECGALLCRTCDEAEHRGHTVVLL 42

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases. Small GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily function as molecular switches in fundamental events such as signal transduction, cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular trafficking. Guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) positively regulate these GTP-binding proteins in response to a variety of signals. GEFs catalyze the dissociation of GDP from the inactive GTP-binding proteins. GTP can then bind and induce structural changes that allow interaction with effectors.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 723 FNDIDEFEIAKQLTLIEFENFGRIKPIDLLTCV-----DLKHKTPHITNIMERFHNISTWVSTTIVRGENLKNRVKIVNK 797
Cdd:cd00155   1 FLSLDPKELAEQLTLLDFELFRKIEPFELLGSLwskkdKNIHLSPNLERFIERFNNLSNWVASEILLCTNPKKRARLLSK 80

                        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 798 FIKIAEHLKNLNNFNSLTAILVAIQRSTV-----TKKDLVKQSVKIITDLEKLMSSDDSYSTYRTRLAQC--SPPCVPYI 870
Cdd:cd00155  81 FIQVAKHCRELNNFNSLMAIVSALSSSPIsrlkkTWEVLSSKLKKLFEELEELVDPSRNFKNYRKLLKSVgpNPPCVPFL 160

                       170       180       190       200       210       220
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339 871 SIYLQDIMDLEKKNPSNIivqtssnkTQEFINFTRRSLISKVILDLASYQRFGYStILPISNIQEYLN 938
Cdd:cd00155 161 GVYLKDLTFLHEGNPDFL--------EGNLVNFEKRRKIAEILREIRQLQSNSYE-LNRDEDILAFLW 219

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal domain (RasGef_N), also called REM domain (Ras exchanger motif). This domain is common in nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases and is typically found immediately N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. REM contacts the GTPase and is assumed to participate in the catalytic activity of the exchange factor. Proteins with the REM domain include Sos1 and Sos2, which relay signals from tyrosine-kinase mediated signalling to Ras, RasGRP1-4, RasGRF1,2, CNrasGEF, and RAP-specific nucleotide exchange factors, to name a few.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 410 SLNKLIERLCLPNCYDD-NYVNIFLLTYHSFCSSKKLLKKLIERFTIP--EDLEAHGLTLASIHEIHMKIRSVLVKWINE 486
Cdd:cd06224   1 TLEALIEHLTSTFDMPDpSFVSTFLLTYRSFTTPTELLEKLIERYEIAppENLEYNDWDKKKSKPIRLRVLNVLRTWVEN 80

                        90       100       110       120
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 74930339 487 YSPKF--DQDTIHLFQNFNCRMQSEYTSIQEIENLLLNSNEN 526
Cdd:cd06224  81 YPYDFfdDEELLELLEEFLNRLVQEGALLQELKKLLRKLLKL 122

B-box-type 2 zinc finger found in Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (GefO) and similar proteins; Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) activate Ras by catalyzing the replacement of GDP with GTP, and thus lie near the top of many signaling pathways. They are important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms. Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (GefO), also known as RasGEF domain-containing protein O, is faintly expressed during development of Dictyostelium discoideum. It contains a C3HC4-type RING finger, a B-box motif that shows high sequence similarity with B-Box-type zinc finger 2 found in tripartite motif-containing proteins (TRIMs), a REM (Ras exchanger motif) domain, and a # RasGEF domain. The type 2 B-box (Bbox2) zinc finger is characterized by a CHC3H2 zinc-binding consensus motif.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339 155 RYCMEHYEH-YYAFCNDCQAPVCPSCLLTTHNRHGMIPLT 193
Cdd:cd20207   1 VVCSKHNEHmLDKFCKDCSAPVCENCVLTTHAGHNVEPIT 40

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal motif; A subset of guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases appear to possess this domain N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. The recent crystal structureof Sos shows that this domain is alpha-helical and plays a "purely structural role" (Nature 394, 337-343).

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339    404 FEVKYGSLNKLIERLcLPNCY--DDNYVNIFLLTYHSFCSSKKLLKKLIERFTIPedlEAHGLTLASIHEIHMKIR--SV 479
Cdd:smart00229   3 GLIKGGTLEALIEHL-TEAFDkaDPSFVETFLLTYRSFITTQELLQLLLYRYNAI---PPESWVEEKVNPRRVKNRvlNI 78

                           90       100       110       120
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339    480 LVKWINEYSPKFDQDtIHLFQNFNCRMQS-EYTSIQEIENLLLNSNEN 526
Cdd:smart00229  79 LRTWVENYWEDFEDD-PKLISFLLEFLELvDDEKYPGLVTSLLNLLRR 125

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM65 and similar proteins; TRIM65 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the innate immune receptor MDA5, enhancing its ability to stimulate interferon-beta signaling. It functions as a potential oncogenic protein that negatively regulates p53 through ubiquitination, providing insight into the development of novel approaches targeting TRIM65 for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment, and also overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, TRIM65 negatively regulates microRNA-driven suppression of mRNA translation by targeting TNRC6 proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. TRIM65 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCL-----TTNASIKNCIQCKVEY 57
Cdd:cd16609   4 LTCSICLGLYQDPVTL-PCQHSFCRACIedhwrQKDEGSFSCPECRAPF 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in checkpoint with forkhead and RING finger domains protein (CHFR); CHFR, also known as RING finger protein 196 (RNF196), is a checkpoint protein that delays entry into mitosis in response to stress. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and degrades its target proteins, such as Aurora-A, Plk1, Kif22, and PARP-1, which are critical for proper mitotic transitions. It also plays an important role in cell cycle progression and tumor suppression, and is negatively regulated by SUMOylation-mediated proteasomal ubiquitylation. Moreover, CHFR is involved in the early stage of the DNA damage response, which mediates the crosstalk between ubiquitination and poly-ADP-ribosylation. CHFR contains a fork head associated (FHA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 74930339  12 QSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTT--NASIKNCIQCKVEYTTYIPNH 64
Cdd:cd16503   1 ENLTCSICQDLLHDCVSLQPCMHNFCAACYSDwmERSNTECPTCRATVQRVNKNH 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Dictyostelium discoideum Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor O (RasGEFO) and similar proteins; RasGEFO, also known as RasGEF domain-containing protein O, functions as a Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (RasGEFs), activating Ras by catalyzing the replacement of GDP with GTP. RasGEFs are particularly important for signaling in development and chemotaxis in many organisms, including Dictyostelium. RasGEFO contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that may be responsible for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 74930339  15 TCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKNCIQCKVEYTT 59
Cdd:cd16507  11 TCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKNCIQCKVEYTT 55

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 47 (TRIM47) and similar proteins; TRIM47, also known as gene overexpressed in astrocytoma protein (GOA) or RING finger protein 100 (RNF100), belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a B-box, and two coiled coil domains, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. It plays an important role in the process of dedifferentiation that is associated with astrocytoma tumorigenesis. This subfamily also includes RING finger protein 135 (RNF135). RNF135, also known as RIG-I E3 ubiquitin ligase (REUL) or Riplet, is a widely expressed E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that consists of an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and C-terminal B30.2/SPRY and PRY motifs, but lacks the B-box and coiled-coil domains that are also typically present in TRIM proteins. RNF135 serves as a specific retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-interacting protein that ubiquitinates RIG-I and specifically stimulates RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral activity to produce antiviral type-I interferon (IFN) during the early phase of viral infection. It also has been identified as a bio-marker and therapy target of glioblastoma. It associates with the ERK signal transduction pathway and plays a role in glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPNTlIPCGHAFCLDCLT 42
Cdd:cd16604   1 LSCPICLDLLKDPVT-LPCGHSFCMGCLG 28

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 69 (TRIM69) and similar proteins; TRIM69, also known as RFP-like domain-containing protein trimless or RING finger protein 36 (RNF36), is a testis E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a specific role in apoptosis and may also play an important role in germ cell homeostasis during spermatogenesis. TRIM69 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339  10 LLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDCLT----TNASIKNCIQCK 54
Cdd:cd16611   1 LTEELHCPLCLDFFRDP-VMLSCGHNFCQSCITgfweLQAEDTTCPECR 48

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339    16 CGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDC-LTTNASIKNCIQC 53
Cdd:pfam13923   2 CPICMDMLKDPSTTTPCGHVFCQDCiLRALRAGNECPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 39 (TRIM39) and similar proteins; TRIM39, also known as RING finger protein 23 (RNF23) or testis-abundant finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in controlling DNA damage-induced apoptosis through inhibition of the anaphase promoting complex (APC/C), a multiprotein ubiquitin ligase that controls multiple cell cycle regulators, including cyclins, geminin, and others. TRIM39 also functions as a regulator of several key processes in the proliferative cycle. It directly regulates p53 stability. It modulates cell cycle progression and DNA damage responses via stabilizing p21. Moreover, TRIM39 negatively regulates the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB)-mediated signaling pathway through stabilization of Cactin, an inhibitor of NFkappaB- and Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated transcription, which is induced by inflammatory stimulants such as tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, TRIM39 is a MOAP-1-binding protein that can promote apoptosis signaling through stabilization of MOAP-1 via the inhibition of its poly-ubiquitination process. TRIM39 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339  16 CGICQNLFKDPNTlIPCGHAFCLDCLTT 43
Cdd:cd16601   4 CSLCKEYLKDPVI-IECGHNFCRACITR 30

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 59 (TRIM59) and similar proteins; TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis. It is upregulated in gastric cancer and promotes gastric carcinogenesis by interacting with and targeting the P53 tumor suppressor for its ubiquitination and degradation. It also acts as a novel accessory molecule involved in cytotoxicity of BCG-activated macrophages (BAM). Moreover, TRIM59 may serve as a multifunctional regulator for innate immune signaling pathways. It interacts with ECSIT and negatively regulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- kappa B) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3/7-mediated signal pathways. TRIM59 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region. In addition, TRIM59 contains a C-terminal transmembrane domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 74930339  12 QSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCLttnasiKNCIQCKVEYTTYIP-NHPLK 67
Cdd:cd16763   2 EDLTCSVCYSLFEDPRVL-PCSHTFCRNCL------ENILQVSGNFSIWRPlRPPLK 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Deltex3 (DTX3), Deltex-3-like (DTX3L) and similar proteins; This subfamily contains Deltex3 (DTX3) and Deltex-3-like (DTX3L), both of which are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases belonging to the Deltex (DTX) family. DTX3, also known as RING finger protein 154 (RNF154), has a biological function that remains unclear. DTX3L, also known as B-lymphoma- and BAL-associated protein (BBAP) or Rhysin-2 (Rhysin2), regulates endosomal sorting of the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 from endosomes to lysosomes. It also regulates subcellular localization of its partner protein, B aggressive lymphoma (BAL), by a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic trafficking mechanism. In contrast to other DTXs, both DTX3 and DTX3L contain a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a previously unidentified C-terminal domain. DTX3L can associate with DTX1 through its unique N termini and further enhance self-ubiquitination.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 74930339  15 TCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKN-CIQCKVEY 57
Cdd:cd16506   2 TCPICLDEIQNKKTLEKCKHSFCEDCIDRALQVKPvCPVCGVVY 45

Modified RING finger, HC subclass (C3HC3D-type), found in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) and similar proteins; TRAF7, also known as RING finger and WD repeat-containing protein 1 or RING finger protein 119 (RNF119), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in signal transduction pathways that lead either to activation or repression of NF-kappaB transcription factor by promoting K29-linked ubiquitination of several cellular targets, including the NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) and the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB transcription factor. It is also involved in K29-linked polyubiquitination that has been implicated in lysosomal degradation of proteins. Moreover, TRAF7 is required for K48-linked ubiquitination of p53, a key tumor suppressor and a master regulator of various signaling pathways, such as those related to apoptosis, cell cycle and DNA repair. It is also required for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced Jun N-terminal kinase activation and promotes cell death by regulating polyubiquitination and lysosomal degradation of c-FLIP protein. Furthermore, TRAF7 functions as small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase involved in other post-translational modification, such as sumoylation. It binds to and stimulates sumoylation of the proto-oncogene product c-Myb, a transcription factor regulating proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. It potentiates MEKK3-induced AP1 and CHOP activation and induces apoptosis. Meanwhile, TRAF7 mediates MyoD1 regulation of the pathway and cell-cycle progression in myoblasts. It also plays a role in Toll-like receptors (TLR) signaling. TRAF7 contains an N-terminal domain with a modified C3HC3D-type RING-HC finger and an adjacent zinc finger, and a unique C-terminal domain that comprises a coiled coil domain and seven WD40 repeats.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTT 43
Cdd:cd16644   6 LYCPLCQRVFKDP-VITSCGHTFCRRCALT 34

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM13, TRIM59 and similar proteins; TRIM13 and TRIM59, two closely related tripartite motif-containing proteins, belong to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, followed by a C-terminal transmembrane domain. TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). TRIM59, also known as RING finger protein 104 (RNF104) or tumor suppressor TSBF-1, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of early tumorigenesis.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCL 41
Cdd:cd16581   3 LTCSICYNIFDDPKIL-PCSHTFCKNCL 29

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 180 (RNF180) and similar proteins; RNF180, also known as Rines, is a membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase well conserved among vertebrates. It is a critical regulator of the monoaminergic system, as well as emotional and social behavior. It interacts with brain monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and targets it for ubiquitination and degradation. It also functions as a novel tumor suppressor in gastric carcinogenesis. The hypermethylated CpG site count of the RNF180 DNA promoter can be used to predict survival of gastric cancer. RNF180 contains a novel conserved dual specificity protein phosphatase Rines conserved (DSPRC) domain, a basic coiled-coil domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, and a C-terminal hydrophobic region that is predicted to be a transmembrane domain.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339  13 SLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCL 41
Cdd:cd16554   2 SLTCPVCLDLYYDPYMCYPCGHIFCEPCL 30

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 39 (RNF39) and similar proteins; RNF39, also called protein HZFw, may play a role in prolonged long term-potentiation (LTP) maintenance. It is involved in the etiology of Behcet's disease (BD). It may also be involved in HIV-1 replication. RNF39 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that inhibits retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR) pathways by mediating K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of DDX3X (DEAD-box RNA helicase 3, X-linked). RNF39 contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 74930339  10 LLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDCLT----------TNASIKNCIQCK 54
Cdd:cd16592   1 LQEETTCPICLGYFKDP-VILDCEHSFCRACIArhwgqeamegNGAEGVFCPQCG 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 13 (TRIM13) and similar proteins; TRIM13, also known as B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor suppressor Leu5, leukemia-associated protein 5, putative tumor suppressor RFP2, RING finger protein 77 (RNF77), or Ret finger protein 2, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane anchored E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with proteins localized to the ER, including valosin-containing protein (VCP), a protein indispensable for ER-associated degradation (ERAD). It also targets the known ER proteolytic substrate CD3-delta, but not the N-end rule substrate Ub-R-YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) for degradation. Moreover, TRIM13 regulates ubiquitination and degradation of NEMO to suppress tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- kappa B) activation. It is also involved in NF-kappaB p65 activation and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT)-dependent activation of c-Rel upon T-cell receptor engagement. Furthermore, TRIM13 negatively regulates melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-mediated type I interferon production. It also regulates caspase-8 ubiquitination, translocation to autophagosomes, and activation during ER stress induced cell death. Meanwhile, TRIM13 enhances ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis by increasing p53 stability and decreasing AKT kinase activity through MDM2 and AKT degradation. TRIM13 belongs to the C-V subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by an N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domain, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region. In addition, TRIM13 contains a C-terminal transmembrane domain.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 74930339  12 QSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCL 41
Cdd:cd16762   2 EDLTCPICCCLFDDPRVL-PCSHNFCKKCL 30

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339  16 CGICQ-NLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKN-CIQCKVEYTTYI 61
Cdd:cd23130   3 CPICLdDPEDEAITL-PCLHQFCYTCILRWLQTSPtCPLCKTPVTSII 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 74930339  15 TCGICQNLFKDPNTLI-PCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKN-CIQCKVEY 57
Cdd:cd16574   3 SCPICLDRFENEKAFLdGCFHAFCFTCILEWSKVKNeCPLCKQPF 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 168 (RNF168) and similar proteins; RNF168 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes noncanonical K27 ubiquitination to signal DNA damage. It, together with RNF8, functions as a DNA damage response (DDR) factor that promotes a series of ubiquitylation events on substrates, such as H2A and H2AX with H2AK13/15 ubiquitylation, facilitates recruitment of repair factors p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) or the RAP80-BRCA1 complex to sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs), and inhibits homologous recombination (HR) in cells deficient in the tumor suppressor BRCA1. RNF168 also promotes H2A neddylation, which antagonizes ubiquitylation of H2A and regulates DNA damage repair. Moreover, RNF168 forms a functional complex with RAD6A or RAD6B during the DNA damage response. RNF168 contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger that catalyzes H2A-K15ub and interacts with H2A, and two MIU (motif interacting with ubiquitin) domains responsible for the interaction with K63 linked poly-ubiquitin.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339  15 TCGICQNLFKDPNTLiPCGHAFCLDCLTTNASIKN--CIQCKVEYTTY 60
Cdd:cd16550   2 LCPICLEILVEPVTL-PCNHTLCMPCFQSTVEKASlcCPLCRLRISSW 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 62 (TRIM62) and similar proteins; TRIM62, also known as Ductal Epithelium Associated Ring Chromosome 1 (DEAR1), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was identified as a dominant regulator of acinar morphogenesis in the mammary gland. It is implicated in the inflammatory response of immune cells by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway, leading to increased activity of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor in primary macrophages. It is also involved in muscular protein homeostasis, especially during inflammation-induced atrophy, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of ICU-acquired weakness (ICUAW) by activating and maintaining inflammation in myocytes. Moreover, TRIM62 facilitates K27-linked poly-ubiquitination of CARD9 and also regulates CARD9-mediated anti-fungal immunity and intestinal inflammation. It also functions as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negatively regulates transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by binding to and promoting the ubiquitination of SMAD3, a major effector of TGFbeta-mediated EMT. TRIM62 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTTNAS---IKNCIQCK 54
Cdd:cd16608   7 LLCSICLSIYQDP-VSLGCEHYFCRQCITEHWSrseHRDCPECR 49

RING finger, HC subclass, found in midline-2 (MID2) and similar proteins; MID2, also known as midin-2, midline defect 2, RING finger protein 60 (RNF60), or tripartite motif-containing protein 1 (TRIM1), is a probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and is highly related to MID1 that associates with cytoplasmic microtubules along their length and throughout the cell cycle. Like MID1, MID2 associates with the microtubule network and may at least partially compensate for the loss of MID1. Both MID1 and MID2 interacts with Alpha 4, which is a regulatory subunit of PP2-type phosphatases, such as PP2A, and an integral component of the rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway. MID2 can also substitute for MID1 to control exocytosis of lytic granules in cytotoxic T cells. Loss-of-function mutations in MID2 lead to the human X-linked intellectual disability (XLID). MID2 belongs to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxy-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. MID2 hetero-dimerizes in vitro with its paralog MID1.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 74930339  10 LLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDC 40
Cdd:cd16754   4 LESELTCPICLELFEDP-LLLPCAHSLCFSC 33

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 222 (RNF222) and similar proteins; RNF222 is an uncharacterized C3HC4-type RING-HC finger-containing protein. It may function as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 74930339  15 TCGICQNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDCL--TTNASIKNCIQCK 54
Cdd:cd16564   2 ECPVCYEDFDDAPRILSCGHSFCEDCLvkQLVSMTISCPICR 43

RING finger, HC subclass, found in midline-1 (MID1) and similar proteins; MID1, also known as midin, midline 1 RING finger protein, putative transcription factor XPRF, RING finger protein 59 (RNF59), or tripartite motif-containing protein 18 (TRIM18), is a microtubule-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal differentiation, cell migration and adhesion, and programmed cell death along specific regions of the ventral midline during embryogenesis. It monoubiquinates the alpha4 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), promoting proteosomal degradation of the catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2Ac) and preventing the A and B subunits from forming an active complex. It promotes allergen and rhinovirus-induced asthma through the inhibition of PP2A activity. It is strongly upregulated in cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) and directs lytic granule exocytosis and cytotoxicity of killer T cells. Loss-of-function mutations in MID1 lead to the human X-linked Opitz G/BBB (XLOS) syndrome characterized by defective midline development during embryogenesis. MID1 belongs to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. MID1 hetero-dimerizes in vitro with its paralog MID2.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 74930339  10 LLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDC 40
Cdd:cd16753   2 LESELTCPICLELFEDP-LLLPCAHSLCFNC 31

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Arabidopsis thaliana ORTHRUS 1-5. They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that may participate in CpG methylation-dependent transcriptional regulation and/or epigenetic transcriptional silencing. ORTHRUS 1 mediates ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UBC11, UBC8 and UBC8 homologs (e.g. UBC10, UBC11, UBC28 and UBC29) but not with UBC27, UBC30, UBC32, UBC34 and UBC36. ORTHRUS 2 and 5 mediate ubiquitination with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC11. ORTHRUS 1 and 2 promote methylation-mediated gene silencing leading, for example, to early flowering. They can bind to CpG, CpNpG, and CpNpN DNA motifs, with a strong preference for methylated forms, and with highest affinity for CpG substrates. Members of this subfamily contain two typical C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers. This model corresponds to the second one.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 74930339  10 LLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTlIPCGHAFCLDCLT--------------------TNASIKNCIQCKVEYTTYI 61
Cdd:cd23139   2 LLKEFGCQICKKVLSLPVS-TPCGHNFCKACLEakfagiadvrdrgnggrslrARKNVKPCPCCKTDISDFL 72

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 114 (RNF114) and similar proteins; RNF114, also known as zinc finger protein 228 (ZNF228) or zinc finger protein 313 (ZNF313), is a p21(WAF1)-targeting ubiquitin E3 ligase that interacts with X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor 1 (XAF1) and may play a role in p53-mediated cell-fate decisions. It is involved in the immune response to double-stranded RNA in disease pathogenesis. Moreover, RNF114 interacts with A20 and modulates its ubiquitylation. It negatively regulates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-dependent transcription and positively regulates T-cell activation. RNF114 may play a putative role in the regulation of immune responses, since it corresponds to a novel psoriasis susceptibility gene, ZNF313. RNF114, together with three closely related proteins: RNF125, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPNTlIPCGHAFCLDCL 41
Cdd:cd16540   2 FTCPVCLEIFETPVR-VPCGHVFCNACL 28

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Caenorhabditis elegans RING finger protein NHL-1 and similar proteins; NHL-1 functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase in the presence of both UBC-13 and UBC-1 within the ubiquitin pathway of Caenorhabditis elegans. It acts in chemosensory neurons to promote stress resistance in distal tissues by the transcription factor DAF-16 activation but is dispensable for the activation of heat shock factor 1 (HSF-1). NHL-1 belongs to the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as an NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 74930339  12 QSLTCGICQNLFKDPNtLIPCGHAFCLD-CL-----TTNASIKnCIQCKVEY 57
Cdd:cd16524   4 QLLTCPICLDRYRRPK-LLPCQHTFCLSpCLeglvdYVTRKLK-CPECRAEH 53

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger and transmembrane domain-containing protein RNFT1, RNFT2, and similar proteins; Both RNFT1 and RNFT2 are multi-pass membrane proteins containing a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger. Their biological roles remain unclear.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 74930339  15 TCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDCLTT 43
Cdd:cd16532   2 ICPICQDEFKDP-VVLRCKHIFCEDCVSE 29

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM4 and similar proteins; TRIM4 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a SPRY/B30.2 domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM4, also known as RING finger protein 87 (RNF87), is a cytoplasmic E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has recently evolved and is present only in higher mammals. It transiently interacts with mitochondria, induces mitochondrial aggregation and sensitizes the cells to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced death. Its interaction with peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1) is critical for the regulation of H2O2 induced cell death. Moreover, TRIM4 functions as a positive regulator of RIG-I-mediated type I interferon induction. It regulates the K63-linked ubiquitination of RIG-1 and assembly of antiviral signaling complex at the mitochondria.

                        10        20        30
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 74930339   9 NLLQSLTCGICQNLFKDPNTlIPCGHAFCLDCLTTN 44
Cdd:cd16590   2 DIQEELTCPICLDYFQDPVS-IECGHNFCRGCLHRN 36

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Hakai, zinc finger protein 645 (ZNF645), and similar proteins; Hakai, also known as Casitas B-lineage lymphoma-transforming sequence-like protein 1, RING finger protein 188 (RNF188), or c-Cbl-like protein 1 (CBLL1), is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that disrupts cell-cell contacts in epithelial cells and is upregulated in human colon and gastric adenocarcinomas. It was identified to mediate the posttranslational downregulation of E-cadherin (CDH1), a major component of adherens junctions in epithelial cells and a potent tumor suppressor. It also promotes ubiquitination of several other tyrosine-phosphorylated Src substrates, including cortactin (CTTN) and DOK1. Hakai acts as a homodimer arranged in an anti-parallel configuration with a novel HYB (Hakai pTyr-binding) domain that forms a phosphotyrosine-binding pocket. Each monomer contains a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and a short pTyr-B domain that incorporates a novel, atypical C2H2-type Zn-finger coordination motif. Both domains are important for dimerization. ZNF645 is a novel testis-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a role in sperm production and quality control. It has a structure similar to that of the c-Cbl-like protein Hakai. In contrast to Hakai, its HYB domain demonstrates different target specificities. It interacts with v-Src-phosphorylated E-cadherin, but not to cortactin.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 74930339  29 LIPCGHAFCLDCltTNASIKNCIQC 53
Cdd:cd16508  16 MIPCKHVFCLDC--ARLHDKICPRC 38

RING finger, HC subclass, found in two RING fingers and DRIL [double RING finger linked] 1 (TRIAD1); TRIAD1, also known as ariadne-2 (ARI-2), protein ariadne-2 homolog, Ariadne RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (ARIH2), or UbcM4-interacting protein 48, is an RBR-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that catalyzes the formation of polyubiquitin chains linked via lysine-48, as well as lysine-63 residues. Its auto-ubiquitylation can be catalyzed by the E2 conjugating enzyme UBCH7. TRIAD1 has been implicated in hematopoiesis, specifically in myelopoiesis, as well as in embryogenesis. It functions as a regulator of endosomal transport and is required for the proper function of multivesicular bodies. It also acts as a novel ubiquitination target for proteasome-dependent degradation by murine double minute 2 (MDM2). As a proapoptotic protein, TRIAD1 promotes p53 activation, and inhibits MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation. Furthermore, TRIAD1 can inhibit the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of growth factor independence 1 (Gfi1), a transcriptional repressor essential for the function and development of many different hematopoietic lineages. TRIAD1 contains an RBR domain that was previously known as RING-BetweenRING-RING domain or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] domain. Based on current understanding of the structural biology of RBR ligases, the nomenclature of RBR has been corrected as RING-BRcat (benign-catalytic)-Rcat (required-for-catalysis) recently. The RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) domain uses an auto-inhibitory mechanism to modulate ubiquitination activity, as well as a hybrid mechanism that combines aspects from both RING and HECT E3 ligase function to facilitate the ubiquitination reaction. This model corresponds to the RING domain, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger required for RBR-mediated ubiquitination.

                        10        20
                ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 74930339  15 TCGIC-QNLFKDPNTLIPCGHAFCLDC 40
Cdd:cd16773   2 TCGVCcEDVPKDELFSLACGHYFCNDC 28

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM9, TRIM67, and similar proteins; Tripartite motif-containing proteins TRIM9 and TRIM67 belong to the C-I subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, consisting of three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a COS (carboxyl-terminal subgroup one signature) box, a fibronectin type III (FN3) domain, and a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. TRIM9 (the human ortholog of rat Spring), also known as RING finger protein 91 (RNF91), is a brain-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase collaborating with an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme UBCH5b. TRIM9 plays an important role in the regulation of neuronal functions and participates in neurodegenerative disorders through its ligase activity. TRIM67, also known as TRIM9-like protein (TNL), is a protein selectively expressed in the cerebellum. It interacts with PRG-1, an important molecule in the control of hippocampal excitability dependent on presynaptic LPA2 receptor signaling, and 80K-H, also known as glucosidase II beta, a protein kinase C substrate.

                        10        20        30        40
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 74930339  14 LTCGICQNLFKDPnTLIPCGHAFCLDCltTNASIKNCIQCK 54
Cdd:cd16576   4 LKCPVCGSLFTEP-VILPCSHNLCLGC--ALNIQLTCPICH 41