ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin; Ubiquitin is a protein modifier in eukaryotes that is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and DNA repair. Ubiquitination is comprised of a cascade of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes that results in a covalent bond between the C-terminus of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of a substrate lysine. Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins have similar ubiquitin beta-grasp fold and attach to other proteins in a Ubl manner but with biochemically distinct roles. Ubiquitin (Ub)and Ubl proteins conjugate and deconjugate via ligases and peptidases to covalently modify target polypeptides. Ub includes Ubq/RPL40e and Ubq/RPS27a fusions as well as homopolymeric multiubiquitin protein chains.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG 76
Cdd:cd01803    1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVEPSDTIENVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG 76

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin; Ubiquitin is a protein modifier in eukaryotes that is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and DNA repair. Ubiquitination is comprised of a cascade of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes that results in a covalent bond between the C-terminus of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of a substrate lysine. Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins have similar ubiquitin beta-grasp fold and attach to other proteins in a Ubl manner but with biochemically distinct roles. Ubiquitin (Ub)and Ubl proteins conjugate and deconjugate via ligases and peptidases to covalently modify target polypeptides. Ub includes Ubq/RPL40e and Ubq/RPS27a fusions as well as homopolymeric multiubiquitin protein chains.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG 76
Cdd:cd01803    1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVEPSDTIENVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG 76

Ubiquitin homologues; Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is involved in the regulated turnover of proteins required for controlling cell cycle progression

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 685399374     1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:smart00213   1 IELTVKTLDGKTITLEVKPSDTVSELKEKIAELTGIPPEQQRLIYKGKVLEDDRTLADYGIQDGSTIHLV 70

Ribosomal protein S27a; This family of ribosomal proteins consists mainly of the 40S ribosomal protein S27a which is synthesized as a C-terminal extension of ubiquitin (CEP). The S27a domain compromises the C-terminal half of the protein. The synthesis of ribosomal proteins as extensions of ubiquitin promotes their incorporation into nascent ribosomes by a transient metabolic stabilization and is required for efficient ribosome biogenesis. The ribosomal extension protein S27a contains a basic region that is proposed to form a zinc finger; its fusion gene is proposed as a mechanism to maintain a fixed ratio between ubiquitin necessary for degrading proteins and ribosomes a source of proteins.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 685399374  103 LKYYKVDGDGKIERLRRECPNetCGAGIFMAAMQDRQYCGRCHLT 147
Cdd:pfam01599   1 LKYYKVDDDGKVERLRKECPR--CGAGVFMAEHKDRHYCGKCGLT 43

Ribosomal protein S27AE [Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis]; Ribosomal protein S27AE is part of the Pathway/BioSystem: Archaeal ribosomal proteins

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 685399374 101 AVLKYYKVDgDGKIERLRRECPNetCGAGIFMAAMQDRQYCGRCHLT 147
Cdd:COG1998    8 AVHEYYKVE-DGKIKRKRKFCPR--CGSGVFMAEHKDRWHCGKCGYT 51

30S ribosomal protein S27ae; Validated

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 685399374 101 AVLKYYKVDGdGKIERLRRECPNetCGAGiFMAAMQDRQYCGRCHLT 147
Cdd:PRK00432   4 AKREYYEVDG-GKVKRKNKFCPR--CGSG-FMAEHLDRWHCGKCGYT 46

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin; Ubiquitin is a protein modifier in eukaryotes that is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and DNA repair. Ubiquitination is comprised of a cascade of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes that results in a covalent bond between the C-terminus of ubiquitin and the epsilon-amino group of a substrate lysine. Ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins have similar ubiquitin beta-grasp fold and attach to other proteins in a Ubl manner but with biochemically distinct roles. Ubiquitin (Ub)and Ubl proteins conjugate and deconjugate via ligases and peptidases to covalently modify target polypeptides. Ub includes Ubq/RPL40e and Ubq/RPS27a fusions as well as homopolymeric multiubiquitin protein chains.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG 76
Cdd:cd01803    1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVEPSDTIENVKAKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLVLRLRGG 76

Ubiquitin homologues; Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis is involved in the regulated turnover of proteins required for controlling cell cycle progression

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 685399374     1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:smart00213   1 IELTVKTLDGKTITLEVKPSDTVSELKEKIAELTGIPPEQQRLIYKGKVLEDDRTLADYGIQDGSTIHLV 70

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 8 (NEDD8) and similar proteins; NEDD8, also termed Neddylin, or RELATED TO UBIQUITIN (RUB/Rub1p) in plant and yeast, is a ubiquitin-like protein that conjugates to nuclear proteins in a manner analogous to ubiquitination and sentrinization. It modifies a family of molecular scaffold proteins called cullins that are responsible for assembling the ROC1/Rbx1 RING-based E3 ubiquitin ligases, of which several play a direct role in tumorigenesis. NEDD8 deamidation and its inhibition of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) activity are responsible for Cycle-inhibiting factor (Cif)/Cif homolog in Burkholderia pseudomallei (CHBP)-induced cytopathic effect. NEDD8 contains a single conserved ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions. Polyubiquitination, signals for a diverse set of cellular events via different isopeptide linkages formed between the C terminus of one ubiquitin (Ub) and the epsilon-amine of K6, K11, K27, K29, K33, K48, or K63 of a second Ub. Ubl NEDD8, contains many of the same lysines (K6, K11, K27, K33, K48) as Ub, where K27 has an role (other than conjugation) in the mechanism of protein neddylation.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 685399374   3 IFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01806    1 IKVKTLTGKEIEIDIEPTDKVERIKERVEEKEGIPPQQQRLIFSGKQMNDEKTAADYKIEGGSVLHLV 68

Ribosomal protein S27a; This family of ribosomal proteins consists mainly of the 40S ribosomal protein S27a which is synthesized as a C-terminal extension of ubiquitin (CEP). The S27a domain compromises the C-terminal half of the protein. The synthesis of ribosomal proteins as extensions of ubiquitin promotes their incorporation into nascent ribosomes by a transient metabolic stabilization and is required for efficient ribosome biogenesis. The ribosomal extension protein S27a contains a basic region that is proposed to form a zinc finger; its fusion gene is proposed as a mechanism to maintain a fixed ratio between ubiquitin necessary for degrading proteins and ribosomes a source of proteins.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 685399374  103 LKYYKVDGDGKIERLRRECPNetCGAGIFMAAMQDRQYCGRCHLT 147
Cdd:pfam01599   1 LKYYKVDDDGKVERLRKECPR--CGAGVFMAEHKDRHYCGKCGLT 43

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain 2 found in interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) and similar proteins; ISG15, also termed interferon-induced 15 kDa protein, or interferon-induced 17 kDa protein (IP17), or ubiquitin cross-reactive protein (UCRP), is an antiviral interferon-induced ubiquitin-like protein that upon viral infection it modifies cellular and viral proteins by mechanisms similar to ubiquitination. Although ISG15 has properties similar to those of other ubiquitin-like (Ubl) molecules, it is a unique member of the Ubl superfamily, whose expression and conjugation to target proteins are tightly regulated by specific signaling pathways, indicating it may have specialized functions in the immune system. ISG15 contains two tandem Ubl domains with a beta-grasp Ubl fold. This family corresponds to the second Ubl domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHL 69
Cdd:cd01810    1 LSIFVRNEKGQSHTYEVRLTQTVDQLKQKVSGREGVHDDQFWLTFEGRPLEDQLPLGEYGLKPQSTIHM 69

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain 2 found in leukocyte antigen F (HLA-F) adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) and similar proteins; FAT10, also termed ubiquitin D (UBD), or diubiquitin, is a cytokine-inducible ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifer that is highly expressed in the thymus, and targets substrates covalently for 26S proteasomal degradation. It is also associated with cancer development, antigen processing and antimicrobial defense, chromosomal stability and cell cycle regulation. FAT10 is presented on immune cells and under the inflammatory conditions, is synergistically induced by interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) in the non-immune (liver parenchymal) cells. FAT10 contains two Ubl domains. The family corresponds to the second Ubl domain of FAT10. Some family members contain only one Ubl domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDG-RTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd17053    1 LTVNSKLLTGTVHTLQVSRSTTVAQVKAMIEDQSGVPPNEQILVYNGKRLEDGdKTLGEYGIKTGDTLYLL 71

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin-like proteins UBL4A and similar proteins; UBL4A, also termed GdX, is a ubiquitously expressed ubiquitin-like (Ubl) protein that forms a complex with partner proteins and participates in the protein processing through endoplasmic reticulum (ER), acting as a chaperone. As a key component of the BCL2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG6) chaperone complex, UBL4A plays a role in mediating DNA damage signaling and cell death. UBL4A also regulates insulin-induced Akt plasma membrane translocation through promotion of Arp2/3-dependent actin branching. Moreover, UBL4A specifically stabilizes the TC45/STAT3 association and promotes dephosphorylation of STAT3 to repress tumorigenesis. UBL4B is testis-specific, and encoded by an X-derived retrogene Ubl4b, which is specifically expressed in post-meiotic germ cells in mammals. As a germ cell-specific cytoplasmic protein, UBL4B is not present in somatic cells. Moreover, UBL4B is present in elongated spermatids, but not in spermatocytes and round spermatids, suggesting its function is restricted to late spermiogenesis. The function of UBL4A may be compensated by either UBL4B or other Ubl proteins in normal conditions. Both UBL4A and UBL4B contain a conserved Ubl domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01807    1 MLITVKILQGKECTIEVSPTESVLTVKQLVAEQLNVPVSQQRLVFKGKTLADEHSLSDYSIGPGSKIHLV 70

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteasome interacting protein Dsk2p and similar proteins; The family contains several fungal multiubiquitin receptors, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dsk2p and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Dph1p, both of which have been characterized as shuttle proteins transporting ubiquitinated substrates destined for degradation from the E3 ligase to the 26S proteasome. They interact with the proteasome through their N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain (Ubl) and with ubiquitin (Ub) through their C-terminal Ub-associated domain (UBA). S. cerevisiae Dsk2p is a nuclear-enriched protein that may involve in the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway through interacting with K48-linked polyubiquitin and the proteasome. Moreover, it has been implicated in spindle pole duplication through assisting in Cdc31 assembly into the new spindle pole body (SPB). S. pombe Dph1p is an ubiquitin (Ub0 receptor working in concert with the class V myosin, Myo52, to target the degradation of the S. pombe CLIP-170 homolog, Tip1. It also can protect Ub chains against disassembly by deubiquitinating enzymes.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd16106    1 IKVTVKCSNGKKFTVEVEPDATVLELKELIAEKSDIPAEQQRLIYKGKILKDEETLSSYKIQDGHTVHLV 70

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in parkin and similar proteins; Parkin, also termed Parkinson juvenile disease protein 2, is a RBR-type E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is associated with recessive early onset Parkinson's disease (PD), and exerts a protective effect against dopamine-induced alpha-synuclein-dependent cell toxicity. Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism. Parkin functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPT5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746 and AIMP2. It mediates monoubiquitination as well as Lys-6-, Lys-11-, Lys-48- and Lys-63-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Parkin may enhance cell viability and protects dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress-mediated death by regulating mitochondrial function. It also limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, parkin displays a ubiquitin ligase-independent function in transcriptional repression of p53. Parkin contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a C-terminal RBR domain that was previously known as RING-BetweenRING-RING domain or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] domain. Based on current understanding of the structural biology of RBR ligases, the nomenclature of RBR has been corrected as RING-BRcat (benign-catalytic)-Rcat (required-for-catalysis) recently. The RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) domain use an auto-inhibitory mechanism to modulate ubiquitination activity, as well as a hybrid mechanism that combines aspects from both RING and HECT E3 ligase function to facilitate the ubiquitination reaction.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 685399374   3 IFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01798    1 VFVRFNSSHGFPVEVDSDWSILQLKEVVAKRQGVPPDQLRIIFAGKELSDDLTLQNCDLGQQSIVHAV 68

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in plant TBP-associated factors (TAFs) and similar proteins; TAFs, also termed transcription initiation factor TFIID subunits, or TAFII250 subunits, are components of the TFIID complex, a multisubunit protein complex involved in promoter recognition and essential for mediating regulation of RNA polymerase transcription. TAFs is the core scaffold of the TFIID complex, which is comprised of the TATA binding protein (TBP) and 12-15 TAFs. TAFs contain a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a Bromo domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQ-RLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd17064    1 MKVIVKSLGGKGSLLRVDASETLESLKGKASKKLDDKPSEKvKLFYSGKELEDGKSLAEQNVPPNSLVHLV 71

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in BCL2-associated athanogene 6 (BAG6) and similar proteins; BAG6, also termed large proline-rich protein BAG6, or BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 6, or HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3), or protein Scythe, or protein G3, is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling chaperone protein that is highly conserved in eukaryotes. It functions in two distinct biological pathways, ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation of defective polypeptides and tail-anchored transmembrane protein biogenesis in mammals. BAG6 is a component of the heterotrimeric BAG6 sortase complex composed of BAG6, transmembrane recognition complex 35 (TRC35) and ubiquitin-like protein 4A (UBL4A). The BAG6 complex together with the cochaperone small, glutamine-rich, tetratricopeptide repeat-containing, protein alpha (SGTA) plays a role in the biogenesis of tail-anchored membrane proteins and subsequently shown to regulate the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of mislocalized proteins. Moreover, BAG6 acts as an apoptotic regulator that binds reaper, a potent apoptotic inducer. BAG6/reaper is thought to signal apoptosis, in part through regulating the folding and activity of apoptotic signaling molecules. It is also likely a key regulator of the molecular chaperone Heat Shock Protein A2 (HSPA2) stability/function in human germ cells. Furthermore, aspartyl protease-mediated cleavage of BAG6 is necessary for autophagy and fungal resistance in plants. BAG6 contains a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, which provides a platform for discriminating substrates with shorter hydrophobicity stretches as a signal for defective proteins.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQkESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01809    1 LEVTVKTLDSQNRTFTVPEEITVKEFKEHIASSVNIPAEKQRLIFQGRVLQDDKKLKEYDVD-GKVIHLV 69

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin domain-containing proteins UBTD1, UBTD2, and similar proteins; This family represents a group of ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain-containing proteins evolutionarily conserved and found in metazoa, fungi, and plants. They may regulate the activity and/or specificity of E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes belonging to the UBE2D family. Members in this family contain an N-terminal ubiquitin binding domain (UBD) and a C-terminal Ubl domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 685399374   9 TGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQK 63
Cdd:cd01794    7 TGKDLKLSVRSTDTVLQAKRRLQALEGIEPSRQRWFFSGKLLTDKTRIEDAKIPK 61

Ribosomal protein S27AE [Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis]; Ribosomal protein S27AE is part of the Pathway/BioSystem: Archaeal ribosomal proteins

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 685399374 101 AVLKYYKVDgDGKIERLRRECPNetCGAGIFMAAMQDRQYCGRCHLT 147
Cdd:COG1998    8 AVHEYYKVE-DGKIKRKRKFCPR--CGSGVFMAEHKDRWHCGKCGYT 51

UV excision repair protein Rad23; All proteins in this family for which functions are known are components of a multiprotein complex used for targeting nucleotide excision repair to specific parts of the genome. In humans, Rad23 complexes with the XPC protein. This family is based on the phylogenomic analysis of JA Eisen (1999, Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University). [DNA metabolism, DNA replication, recombination, and repair]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 685399374    1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEG---IPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNI 61
Cdd:TIGR00601   1 MTLTFKTLQQQKFKIDMEPDETVKELKEKIEAEQGkdaYPVAQQKLIYSGKILSDDKTVKEYKI 64

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in the eukaryotic Ddi1 family; The eukaryotic Ddi1 family, including yeast aspartyl protease DNA-damage inducible 1 (Ddi1) and Ddi1-like proteins from vertebrates and other eukaryotes, has been characterized by containing an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a conserved retroviral aspartyl-protease-like domain (RVP) that is important in cell-cycle control. Yeast Ddi1 and many family members also contain a C-terminal ubiquitin-association (UBA) domain, however, Ddi1-like proteins from all vertebrates lack the UBA domain. Ddi1, also termed v-SNARE-master 1 (Vsm1), is an ubiquitin receptor involved in the cell cycle and late secretory pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It functions as an UBA-Ubl shuttle protein that is required for the proteasome to enable ubiquitin-dependent degradation of its ligands. For instance, Ddi1 plays an essential role in the final stages of proteasomal degradation of Ho endonuclease and of its cognate FBP, Ufo1. Moreover, Ddi1 and its associated protein Rad23p play a cooperative role as negative regulators in yeast PHO pathway. This family also includes mammalian regulatory solute carrier protein family 1 member 1 (RSC1A1), also termed transporter regulator RS1 (RS1), which mediates transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1. Ddi1-like proteins play a significant role in cell cycle control, growth control, and trafficking in yeast and may play a crucial role in embryogenesis in higher eukaryotes.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTL-TGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQL-EDGRTLSDYNIQ 62
Cdd:cd01796    1 MKLTVTTEdDDRLFSLEVSPDMTLEDLKALCEAETGIPAAEQVLLHNGQPLtDDKKTLEALGLK 64

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in eukaryotic protein linking integrin-associated protein (IAP, also known as CD47) with cytoskeleton (PLIC) proteins; The PLIC proteins (or ubiquilins) family contains human homologs of the yeast ubiquitin-like (Ubl) Dsk2 protein, PLIC-1 (also termed ubiquilin-1), PLIC-2 (also termed ubiquilin-2, or Chap1), PLIC-3 (also termed ubiquilin-3) and PLIC-4 (also termed ubiquilin-4, ataxin-1 interacting ubiquitin-like protein, A1Up, connexin43-interacting protein of 75 kDa, or CIP75), and mouse PLIC proteins. They are ubiquitin (Ub)-binding adaptor proteins involved in all protein degradation pathways through delivering ubiquitinated substrates to proteasomes. They also promote autophagy-dependent cell survival during nutrient starvation. PLIC-1 regulates the function of the thrombospondin receptor CD47 and G protein signaling. It plays a role in TLR4-mediated signaling through interacting with the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain of TLR4. It also inhibits the TLR3-Trif antiviral pathway by reducing the abundance of Trif. Moreover, PLIC-1 binds to gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABAARs) and modulates the Ub-dependent, proteasomal degradation of GABAARs. Furthermore, PLIC-1 acts as a molecular chaperone regulating amyloid precursor protein (APP) biosynthesis, trafficking, and degradation by stimulating K63-linked polyubiquitination of lysine 688 in the APP intracellular domain. In addition, PLIC-1 is involved in the protein aggregation-stress pathway via associating with the Ub-interacting motif (UIM) proteins ataxin 3, HSJ1a, and epidermal growth factor substrate 15 (EPS15). PLIC-2 is a protein that binds the ATPase domain of the HSP70-like Stch protein. It functions as a negative regulator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) endocytosis. It also involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-related dementia. PLIC-3 is encoded by UbiquilinN3, a testis-specific gene. It shows high sequence similarity with the Xenopus protein XDRP1, a nuclear phosphoprotein that binds to the N-terminus of cyclin A and inhibits Ca2+-induced degradation of cyclin A, but not cyclin B. PLIC-4 is an ubiquitin-like (Ubl) nuclear protein that interacts with ataxin-1 and further links ataxin-1 with the chaperone and Ub-proteasome pathways. It also binds to the non-ubiquitinated gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) and regulates the turnover of Cx43 through the proteasomal pathway. PLIC proteins contain an N-terminal Ubl domain that is responsible for the binding of Ub-interacting motifs (UIMs) expressed by proteasomes and endocytic adaptors, and C-terminal Ub-associated (UBA) domain that interacts with Ub chains present on proteins destined for proteasomal degradation. In addition, mammalian PLIC2 proteins have an extra collagen-like motif region, which is absent in other PLIC proteins and the yeast Dsk2 protein.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 685399374   3 IFVKTLTGKTiTLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01808    5 VTVKTPKEKE-DFEVPEDSSVKEFKEEISKKFKAPVEQLVLIFAGKILKDQDTLSQHGIKDGLTVHLV 71

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 48 (USP48) and similar proteins; USP48, also termed USP31, or deubiquitinating enzyme 48, or ubiquitin thioesterase 48, or ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 48, belongs to the ubiquitin specific protease (USP) family that is one of at least seven deubiquitylating enzyme (DUB) families capable of deconjugating ubiquitin (Ub)and ubiquitin-like (Ubl) adducts. While the USP proteins have a conserved catalytic core domain, USP48 differs in its domain architecture. It contains an N-terminal USP domain, three DUSP (domain present in ubiquitin-specific protease) domains, and a C-terminal Ubl domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions. USP48 is a deubiquitinating enzyme that interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and has been implicated in activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Moreover, as a nuclear deubiquitinase regulated by casein kinase 2 (CK2), USP48 controls the ubiquitin/proteasome-system (UPS)-dependent turnover of activated NF-kappaB/RelA in the nucleus together with the COP9 signalosome, suggesting a role of USP48 in a timely control of immune responses.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 685399374   9 TGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGR-TLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01795    4 RGERKSLTVSSTTTLKELKLQIMEKFSVAPFDQHLYFNGRELTDDSaTLADLGILPGDVLYLK 66

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain 1 found in leukocyte antigen F (HLA-F) adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) and similar proteins; FAT10, also termed ubiquitin D (UBD), or diubiquitin, is a cytokine-inducible ubiquitin-like (Ubl) modifer that is highly expressed in the thymus, and targets substrates covalently for 26S proteasomal degradation. It is also associated with cancer development, antigen processing and antimicrobial defense, chromosomal stability and cell cycle regulation. FAT10 is presented on immune cells and under the inflammatory conditions, is synergistically induced by interferon gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) in the non-immune (liver parenchymal) cells. FAT10 contains two Ubl domains. The family corresponds to the first Ubl domain of FAT10. Some family members contain only one Ubl domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 685399374   5 VKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd17052    4 VQSEEWDLMTFDANPQDSVKKINEHVRSKTKVPVQDQVLLLGSKILKPRRRLSSYGIDKEKTIHLT 69

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain 1 found in FAS-associated factor 1 (FAF1) and similar proteins; FAF1, also termed UBX domain-containing protein 12 (UBXD12), or UBX domain-containing protein 3A (UBXN3A), belongs to the UBXD family of proteins that contains the ubiquitin (Ub) regulatory domain X (UBX) with a beta-grasp ubiquitin-like (Ubl) fold, but without the C-terminal double glycine motif. The UBX domain is typically located at the carboxyl terminus of proteins, and participates broadly in the regulation of protein degradation. In addition, FAF1 contains two tandem Ubl domains, which show high structural similarity with the UBX domain. FAF1 functions as a cofactor of p97 (also known as VCP or Cdc48), which is a homohexameric AAA ATPase (ATPase associated with a variety of activities) involved in a variety of functions ranging from cell-cycle regulation to membrane fusion and protein degradation. The FAF1-p97 complex inhibits the proteasomal protein degradation in which p97 acts as a co-chaperone. Moreover, FAF1 is an apoptotic signaling molecule that acts downstream in the Fas signal transduction pathway. It interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of Fas, but not to a Fas mutant that is deficient in signal transduction. FAF1 is widely expressed in adult and embryonic tissues, and in tumor cell lines, and is localized not only in the cytoplasm where it interacts with Fas, but also in the nucleus. FAF1 contains phosphorylation sites for protein kinase CK2 within the nuclear targeting domain. Phosphorylation influences nuclear localization of FAF1 but does not affect its potentiation of Fas-induced apoptosis. Other functions have also been attributed to FAF1. It inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by interfering with the nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. Although the precise role of FAF1 in the ubiquitination pathway remains unclear, FAF1 interacts with valosin-containing protein (VCP), which is involved in the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway. The family corresponds to the first Ubl domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 685399374  11 KTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLI-FAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd17129   11 RTIDVVLPDTETVGDIKQILENELGIPPCKQILKgWKARTVSDSTVLRSLHLPKENSLYLL 71

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain 1 found in 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein (OASL) and similar proteins; OASL, also termed 2'-5'-OAS-related protein (2'-5'-OAS-RP), or 59 kDa 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase-like protein, or thyroid receptor-interacting protein 14, or TR-interacting protein 14 (TRIP-14), or p59 OASL (p59OASL), is an interferon (IFN)-induced antiviral protein that plays an important role in the IFNs-mediated antiviral signaling pathway. It inhibits respiratory syncytial virus replication and is targeted by the viral nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). It also displays antiviral activity against encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) via an alternative antiviral pathway independent of RNase L. Moreover, OASL does not have 2'-5'-OAS activity, but can bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to enhance RIG-I signaling. OASL belongs to the 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthase (OAS) family. While each member of this family has a conserved N-terminal OAS catalytic domain, only OASL has two tandem C-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) repeats, which is required for its antiviral activity. This family corresponds to the first Ubl domain.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIF---AGKQ--LEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01811    1 IQVTVKQLGGKSLTLWVNPYDPIWQLKEEIEKEWCIPIYQQRLSFqepGGERqvLRNDKTLADYGIFYDTTILLL 75

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in UV excision repair protein RAD23 homolog A (HR23A); HR23A, also termed RAD23A, is a DNA repair protein that binds to 19S subunit of the 26S proteasome and shuttles ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome for degradation, which is required for efficient nucleotide excision repair (NER), a primary mechanism for removing UV-induced DNA lesions. HR23A also plays a critical role in the interaction of HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) with the proteasome, especially facilitating Vpr to promote protein poly-ubiquitination. HR23A contains an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain that binds proteasomes and two C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domains that bind ubiquitin or multi-ubiquitinated substrates. In addition, it has a XPC protein-binding domain that might be necessary for its efficient NER function.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVKTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQD---KEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKES 65
Cdd:cd17126    1 VTITLKTLQQQTFKIRMEPDETVKVLKEKIEAekgRDAFPVAGQKLIYAGKILSDDVPIRDYRIDEKN 68

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in homocysteine-inducible endoplasmic reticulum stress protein HERP; HERP is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) integral membrane protein containing an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold. The Ubl domain is required for the degradation of HERP itself as well as for HERP-mediated anti-apoptotic effects. HERP is induced by the ER stress response pathway and is involved in improving the balance of folding capacity and protein loads in the ER. There are two types of HERP, HERP1 and HERP2, which are encoded by the HERPUD1 and HERPUD2 genes, respectively.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 685399374  14 TLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDK-EGIP-PDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKES----TLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01790   16 TVNCTLGWTVLKLKEHLSEVyPSKPlPEDQKLIYSGKLLEDHQTLKDVLREDDPeqvhTVHLV 78

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain 1 found in Ankyrin repeat and ubiquitin domain-containing 1 (ANKUB1) and similar proteins; ANKUB1 is an uncharacterized protein with two tandem ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domains located at the N-terminal of Ankyrin repeats (ANK). The Ubl domain may have an adaptor role in ubiquitin (Ub)-signaling by mediating protein-protein interaction. Ubl proteins have a beta-grasp Ubl fold and attach to other proteins in a Ubl manner with biochemically distinct roles. The ankyrin repeats have been identified in numerous proteins with diverse functions. The family corresponds to the first Ubl domain.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 685399374   1 MQIFVkTLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQR-------LIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTL 67
Cdd:cd17050    1 MRIFV-AFEGEREPLDVSPGQTVGDVKEMIRDKFHIDLSDGKqgrkflvLTYAGADLQDSWVLSDIGIPPGSTI 73

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in NEDD8 ultimate buster 1 (NUB1) and similar proteins; NUB1, also termed negative regulator of ubiquitin-like proteins 1, or renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-18, or protein BS4, is a NEDD8-interacting protein that can be induced by interferon. It functions as a strong post-transcriptional down-regulator of the NEDD8 expression and plays critical roles in regulating many biological events, such as cell growth, NF-kappaB signaling, and biological responses to hypoxia. NUB1 can also interact with aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1), which may function in the regulation of cell cycle progression. NUB1 contains a conserved ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, three ubiquitin-associated domains (UBA), a bipartite nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a PEST motif.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 685399374  13 ITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTL 67
Cdd:cd17062   19 ITLETSLDITGSELREKIAEELGVPEDRIKLISNGKVLKDEKTLAEQGVKNNSQV 73

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in ubiquitin-like domain-containing CTD phosphatase 1 (UBLCP1) and similar proteins; UBLCP1 is a 26S proteasome phosphatase that regulates nuclear proteasome activity. It is localized in the nucleus and it contains conserved ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, which directly interacts with the proteasome. Knockdown of UBLCP1 in cells promotes 26S proteasome assembly and selectively enhances nuclear proteasome activity. UBLCP1 may also play a role in the regulation of phosphorylation state of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain, a key event during mRNA metabolism.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 685399374  10 GKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLI---FAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQ 62
Cdd:cd01813    9 GKEYPVTVLSSDTVLDLKQRIFELTGVLPKRQKLLglkVKGKPADDDVKLSSLKLK 64

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in tubulin-folding cofactor B (TBCB) and similar proteins; TBCB, also termed cytoskeleton-associated protein 1, or cytoskeleton-associated protein CKAPI, or tubulin-specific chaperone B, is one of protein cofactors A through E that is required for the folding of tubulins prior to their incorporation into microtubules and heterodimer assembly. TBCB comprises an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain and a C-terminal cytoskeleton-associated protein with glycine-rich segment (CAP-Gly) domain. The Ubl domain of TBCB is essential for proper folding and assembly of tubulin alpha. It has a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions. Ubiquitin (Ub) is a protein modifier in eukaryotes that is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and DNA repair. TBC-A through E are necessary for the biogenesis of microtubules and for cell viability.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 685399374  20 SDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRL-------IFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHLV 70
Cdd:cd01789   22 SLTIGELKEKLELITGTPPSSMKLqlydedgKLIGTLDDDDALLGSYPVRDGMRIHVV 79

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in transcription elongation factor B (Elongin B) and similar proteins; Elongin B, also termed Elongin 18 kDa subunit, or EloB, or RNA polymerase II transcription factor SIII subunit B (SIII p18), is part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex called VEC that activates ubiquitination by the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubc5. VEC is composed of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL), elongin C, cullin 2, NEDD8, and Rbx1. ElonginB binds elonginC to form the elonginBC complex which is a positive regulator of RNA polymerase II elongation factor Elongin A. The BC complex then binds VHL (von Hippel-Lindau) tumor suppressor protein to form a VCB ternary complex. Elongin B has a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain. Ub has a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions. Ub is a protein modifier in eukaryotes that is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, cell cycle control, and DNA repair.

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                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 685399374  11 KTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIqdkEGI---PPDQQRLIFAGKQLEDGRTLSDYNI 61
Cdd:cd01788   11 TTIFTDAKESTTVFELKKII---EGIlkrPPEDQRLYKDDQLLDDTKTLGDCGF 61

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in Arabidopsis thaliana NPL4-like proteins NPL4-1, NPL4-2, and similar proteins; The family includes a group of uncharacterized plant ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain-containing proteins, including Arabidopsis thaliana NPL4-like protein 1 and NPL4-like protein 2.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 685399374  15 LEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRL-IFAGKQL---EDGRTLSDYNIQKESTLHL 69
Cdd:cd17055   14 VEVPDDATVGDLKEKIAEQLSVPVSDQTLsLDPGPDLltaKSSATLSQLGLKHGDMVFL 72

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in non-canonical Inhibitor of kappa B kinases IKKepsilon and TBK1, and similar proteins; IKKepsilon and TBK1 (TRAF family member-associated NF-kappaB activator-binding kinase 1) are non-canonical members of IKK family. They have been characterized as activators of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), but they are not essential for NF-kappaB activation. They play critical roles in antiviral response via phosphorylation and activation of transcription factors IRF3, IRF7, STAT1 and STAT3. They are also involved in the survival, tumorigenesis and development of various cancers. Both IKKepsilon and TBK1 contain an N-terminal protein kinase domain followed a ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain. The Ubl domain acts as a protein-protein interaction domain, and has been implicated in regulating kinase activity, which modulates interactions in the interferon pathway.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 685399374   7 TLTGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFAGKQLED--GRTLSDYNIQKES 65
Cdd:cd12219    9 VSTCELLKIYLDPTETLAEFQELIAEQTEIPAKNQLLLFEGQLLEEevTLPVSDYPKTTEE 69

ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain found in inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinases, IKK-alpha and IKK-beta, and similar proteins; IKK, also termed IkappaB kinase, is an enzyme complex involved in propagating the cellular response to inflammation. It is part of the upstream nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (NF-kappaB) signal transduction cascade, and plays an important role in regulating the NF-kappaB transcription factor. IKK is composed of three subunits, IKK-alpha/CHUK, IKK-beta/IKBKB, and IKK-gamma/NEMO. The IKK-alpha and IKK-beta subunits together are catalytically active whereas the IKK-gamma subunit serves a regulatory function. IKK-alpha and IKK-beta phosphorylate the IkappaB proteins, marking them for degradation via ubiquitination and allowing NF-kappaB transcription factors to go into the nucleus. IKK-alpha, also known as IKK-A, or IkappaB kinase A (IkBKA), or conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK), or I-kappa-B kinase 1 (IKK1), or nuclear factor NF-kappa-B inhibitor kinase alpha (NFKBIKA), or transcription factor 16 (TCF-16), belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family. In addition to NF-kappaB response, it has many additional cellular targets in an NF-kappaB-independent manner. For instance, it plays a role in epidermal differentiation, as well as in the regulation of the cell cycle protein cyclin D1. IKK-beta, also known as IKK-B, or IkappaB kinase B (IkBKB), or I-kappa-B kinase 2 (IKK2), or nuclear factor NF-kappa-B inhibitor kinase beta (NFKBIKB), belongs to the serine/threonine protein kinase family as well. It interacts with many different protein partners and has been implicated in the treatment of many inflammatory diseases and cancers. Both IKK-alpha and IKK-beta contain an N-terminal catalytic domain followed by a conserved ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain with a beta-grasp Ubl fold, a common structure involved in protein-protein interactions.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 685399374   9 TGKTITLEVESSDTIDNVKSKIQDKEGIPPDQQRLIFA-GKQLEDGRTLSDY 59
Cdd:cd17046   10 TYRILSYEVTEDTSLSTLQSWIERDTGIPVEDQELLLPtGVSLDPEKPASQC 61