Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases. Small GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily function as molecular switches in fundamental events such as signal transduction, cytoskeleton dynamics and intracellular trafficking. Guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) positively regulate these GTP-binding proteins in response to a variety of signals. GEFs catalyze the dissociation of GDP from the inactive GTP-binding proteins. GTP can then bind and induce structural changes that allow interaction with effectors.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   197 FDHLETGELAQHLTYLEFRSFQAI-------------------------------------TVMVLSRPGPLQRAQVLDK 239
Cdd:smart00147   1 LLLLDPKELAEQLTLLDFELFRKIdpsellgsvwgkrskkspsplnleafirrfnevsnwvATEILKQTTPKDRAELLSK 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   240 FIHVAQRLHQLQNFNTLMAVTGGLCHSAISRLKDSHAHLSPDSTKALLELTELLASHNNYARYRRTWAGCA-GFRLPVLG 318
Cdd:smart00147  81 FIQVAKHCRELNNFNSLMAIVSALSSSPISRLKKTWEKLPSKYKKLFEELEELLSPERNYKNYREALSSCNlPPCIPFLG 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   319 VHLKDLVSLHEAQPDRLPDGRLHLPKLNNLYLRLQELVALQGQHPPCSANE-DLLHLLTLSLDLFYTEDEIYELSYAREP 397
Cdd:smart00147 161 VLLKDLTFIDEGNPDFLENGLVNFEKRRQIAEILREIRQLQSQPYNLRPNRsDIQSLLQQLLDHLDEEEELYQLSLKIEP 240

                   .
gi 226246581   398 R 398
Cdd:smart00147 241 R 241

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal domain (RasGef_N), also called REM domain (Ras exchanger motif). This domain is common in nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases and is typically found immediately N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. REM contacts the GTPase and is assumed to participate in the catalytic activity of the exchange factor. Proteins with the REM domain include Sos1 and Sos2, which relay signals from tyrosine-kinase mediated signalling to Ras, RasGRP1-4, RasGRF1,2, CNrasGEF, and RAP-specific nucleotide exchange factors, to name a few.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  57 SEDELLEKCIQSFDsagslCHEDHMLNMVLAMHSWVLPSADLAARLLTSYQKA----------TGDTQELRRLQICHLVR 126
Cdd:cd06224    1 TLEALIEHLTSTFD-----MPDPSFVSTFLLTYRSFTTPTELLEKLIERYEIAppenleyndwDKKKSKPIRLRVLNVLR 75

                         90       100       110
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 226246581 127 YWLMRHPEVMHQDPQLEEVIGRFWATVAREGNSAQRRL 164
Cdd:cd06224   76 TWVENYPYDFFDDEELLELLEEFLNRLVQEGALLQELK 113

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   197 FDHLETGELAQHLTYLEFRSFQAI-------------------------------------TVMVLSRPGPLQRAQVLDK 239
Cdd:smart00147   1 LLLLDPKELAEQLTLLDFELFRKIdpsellgsvwgkrskkspsplnleafirrfnevsnwvATEILKQTTPKDRAELLSK 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   240 FIHVAQRLHQLQNFNTLMAVTGGLCHSAISRLKDSHAHLSPDSTKALLELTELLASHNNYARYRRTWAGCA-GFRLPVLG 318
Cdd:smart00147  81 FIQVAKHCRELNNFNSLMAIVSALSSSPISRLKKTWEKLPSKYKKLFEELEELLSPERNYKNYREALSSCNlPPCIPFLG 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   319 VHLKDLVSLHEAQPDRLPDGRLHLPKLNNLYLRLQELVALQGQHPPCSANE-DLLHLLTLSLDLFYTEDEIYELSYAREP 397
Cdd:smart00147 161 VLLKDLTFIDEGNPDFLENGLVNFEKRRQIAEILREIRQLQSQPYNLRPNRsDIQSLLQQLLDHLDEEEELYQLSLKIEP 240

                   .
gi 226246581   398 R 398
Cdd:smart00147 241 R 241

RasGEF domain; Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  204 ELAQHLTYLEFRSFQAITV------------------------------------MVLSRPGPLQRAQVLDKFIHVAQRL 247
Cdd:pfam00617   1 ELARQLTLIEFELFRKIKPrellgsawskkdkkenspnieamiarfnklsnwvasEILSEEDLKKRAKVIKKFIKIAEHC 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  248 HQLQNFNTLMAVTGGLCHSAISRLKDSHAHLSPDSTKALLELTELLASHNNYARYRRTWAGCAGFRLPVLGVHLKDLVSL 327
Cdd:pfam00617  81 RELNNFNSLMAILSGLNSSPISRLKKTWELVSKKYKKTLEELEKLMSPSRNFKNYREALSSASPPCIPFLGLYLTDLTFI 160

                         170
                  ....*....|....
gi 226246581  328 HEAQPDRLPDGRLH 341
Cdd:pfam00617 161 EEGNPDFLEGGLIN 174

Protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1) domains (Cysteine-rich domains); Some bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerol. Some bind RasGTP. Zinc-binding domains.

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:smart00109   1 HKHVFRTFTKPTFCCVCRKSIWGSFKQGLRCSECKVKCHKKCADKVPKAC 50

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal domain (RasGef_N), also called REM domain (Ras exchanger motif). This domain is common in nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases and is typically found immediately N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. REM contacts the GTPase and is assumed to participate in the catalytic activity of the exchange factor. Proteins with the REM domain include Sos1 and Sos2, which relay signals from tyrosine-kinase mediated signalling to Ras, RasGRP1-4, RasGRF1,2, CNrasGEF, and RAP-specific nucleotide exchange factors, to name a few.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  57 SEDELLEKCIQSFDsagslCHEDHMLNMVLAMHSWVLPSADLAARLLTSYQKA----------TGDTQELRRLQICHLVR 126
Cdd:cd06224    1 TLEALIEHLTSTFD-----MPDPSFVSTFLLTYRSFTTPTELLEKLIERYEIAppenleyndwDKKKSKPIRLRVLNVLR 75

                         90       100       110
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 226246581 127 YWLMRHPEVMHQDPQLEEVIGRFWATVAREGNSAQRRL 164
Cdd:cd06224   76 TWVENYPYDFFDDEELLELLEEFLNRLVQEGALLQELK 113

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   197 FDHLETGELAQHLTYLEFRSFQAI-------------------------------------TVMVLSRPGPLQRAQVLDK 239
Cdd:smart00147   1 LLLLDPKELAEQLTLLDFELFRKIdpsellgsvwgkrskkspsplnleafirrfnevsnwvATEILKQTTPKDRAELLSK 80

                           90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   240 FIHVAQRLHQLQNFNTLMAVTGGLCHSAISRLKDSHAHLSPDSTKALLELTELLASHNNYARYRRTWAGCA-GFRLPVLG 318
Cdd:smart00147  81 FIQVAKHCRELNNFNSLMAIVSALSSSPISRLKKTWEKLPSKYKKLFEELEELLSPERNYKNYREALSSCNlPPCIPFLG 160

                          170       180       190       200       210       220       230       240
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581   319 VHLKDLVSLHEAQPDRLPDGRLHLPKLNNLYLRLQELVALQGQHPPCSANE-DLLHLLTLSLDLFYTEDEIYELSYAREP 397
Cdd:smart00147 161 VLLKDLTFIDEGNPDFLENGLVNFEKRRQIAEILREIRQLQSQPYNLRPNRsDIQSLLQQLLDHLDEEEELYQLSLKIEP 240

                   .
gi 226246581   398 R 398
Cdd:smart00147 241 R 241

RasGEF domain; Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like small GTPases.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  204 ELAQHLTYLEFRSFQAITV------------------------------------MVLSRPGPLQRAQVLDKFIHVAQRL 247
Cdd:pfam00617   1 ELARQLTLIEFELFRKIKPrellgsawskkdkkenspnieamiarfnklsnwvasEILSEEDLKKRAKVIKKFIKIAEHC 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  248 HQLQNFNTLMAVTGGLCHSAISRLKDSHAHLSPDSTKALLELTELLASHNNYARYRRTWAGCAGFRLPVLGVHLKDLVSL 327
Cdd:pfam00617  81 RELNNFNSLMAILSGLNSSPISRLKKTWELVSKKYKKTLEELEKLMSPSRNFKNYREALSSASPPCIPFLGLYLTDLTFI 160

                         170
                  ....*....|....
gi 226246581  328 HEAQPDRLPDGRLH 341
Cdd:pfam00617 161 EEGNPDFLEGGLIN 174

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the RAS guanyl-releasing protein (RASGRP) family; The RASGRP family includes RASGRP1-4. They function as cation-, usually calcium-, and diacylglycerol (DAG)-regulated nucleotide exchange factor activating Ras through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. RASGRP1, also called calcium and DAG-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor II (CalDAG-GEFII) or Ras guanyl-releasing protein, activates the Erk/MAP kinase cascade and regulates T-cell/B-cell development, homeostasis and differentiation by coupling T-lymphocyte/B-lymphocyte antigen receptors to Ras. RASGRP1 also regulates NK cell cytotoxicity and ITAM-dependent cytokine production by activation of Ras-mediated ERK and JNK pathways. RASGRP2, also called calcium and DAG-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI), Cdc25-like protein (CDC25L), or F25B3.3 kinase-like protein, specifically activates Rap and may also activate other GTPases such as RRAS, RRAS2, NRAS, KRAS but not HRAS. RASGRP2 is involved in aggregation of platelets and adhesion of T-lymphocytes and neutrophils probably through inside-out integrin activation, as well as in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1/CHRM1 signaling pathway. RASGRP3, also called calcium and DAG-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor III (CalDAG-GEFIII), or guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1, is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor activating H-Ras, R-Ras and Ras-associated protein-1/2. It functions as an important mediator of signaling downstream from receptor coupled phosphoinositide turnover in B and T cells. RASGRP4 may function in mast cell differentiation. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECK 557
Cdd:cd20808    2 HNFQETTYFKPTFCDHCTGLLWGLIKQGYKCKDCGINCHKHCKDLVVVECR 52

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in RAS guanyl-releasing protein 3 (RASGRP3) and similar proteins; RASGRP3, also called calcium and DAG-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor III (CalDAG-GEFIII), or guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1, is a guanine nucleotide-exchange factor activating H-Ras, R-Ras and Ras-associated protein-1/2. It functions as an important mediator of signaling downstream from receptor coupled phosphoinositide turnover in B and T cells. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 226246581 500 KLGLAFLHTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKK 558
Cdd:cd20862    1 KMGPGFIHNFQEMTYLKPTFCEHCAGFLWGIIKQGYKCKDCGVNCHKQCKDLLVLACRK 59

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in RAS guanyl-releasing protein 2 (RASGRP2) and similar proteins; RASGRP2, also called calcium and DAG-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI), Cdc25-like protein (CDC25L), or F25B3.3 kinase-like protein, functions as a calcium- and DAG-regulated nucleotide exchange factor specifically activating Rap through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. It may also activate other GTPases such as RRAS, RRAS2, NRAS, KRAS but not HRAS. RASGRP2 is also involved in aggregation of platelets and adhesion of T-lymphocytes and neutrophils probably through inside-out integrin activation, as well as in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1/CHRM1 signaling pathway. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 226246581 505 FLHTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKKR 559
Cdd:cd20861    2 FIHNFAERTFLRPVACRHCKNLILGIYKQGLKCRACGVNCHKQCKDHLSIECRKR 56

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in novel protein kinase C (nPKC) theta, delta, and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. PKC-theta is selectively expressed in T-cells and plays an important and non-redundant role in several aspects of T-cell biology. PKC-delta plays a role in cell cycle regulation and programmed cell death in many cell types. Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 226246581 502 GLAFLHTFhevtFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECkkrPGAK 563
Cdd:cd20834    7 GHEFIAKF----FRQPTFCSVCKEFLWGFNKQGYQCRQCNAAVHKKCHDKILGKC---PGSA 61

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein (Stac) family; Stac proteins are putative adaptor proteins that are important for neuronal function. There are three mammalian members (Stac1, Stac2 and Stac3) of this family. Stac1 and Stac3 contain two SH3 domains while Stac2 contains a single SH3 domain at the C-terminus. Stac1 and Stac2 have been found to be expressed differently in mature dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Stac1 is mainly expressed in peptidergic neurons while Stac2 is found in a subset of nonpeptidergic and all trkB+ neurons. Stac proteins contain a cysteine-rich C1 domain and one or two SH3 domains at the C-terminus. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKvECKK 558
Cdd:cd20817    1 HSFQEHTFKKPTFCDVCKELLVGLSKQGLRCKNCKMNVHHKCQEGVP-DCSG 51

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in Munc13-1 and similar proteins; Munc13-1, also called protein unc-13 homolog A (Unc13A), is a diacylglycerol (DAG) receptor that plays a role in vesicle maturation during exocytosis as a target of the diacylglycerol second messenger pathway. It is involved in neurotransmitter release by acting in synaptic vesicle priming prior to vesicle fusion and participates in the activity-dependent refilling of readily releasable vesicle pool (RRP). Loss of MUNC13-1 function causes microcephaly, cortical hyperexcitability, and fatal myasthenia. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKKR 559
Cdd:cd20858    8 HNFEVWTATTPTYCYECEGLLWGIARQGMRCTECGVKCHEKCQDLLNADCLQR 60

Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras-like GTPases; N-terminal domain (RasGef_N), also called REM domain (Ras exchanger motif). This domain is common in nucleotide exchange factors for Ras-like small GTPases and is typically found immediately N-terminal to the RasGef (Cdc25-like) domain. REM contacts the GTPase and is assumed to participate in the catalytic activity of the exchange factor. Proteins with the REM domain include Sos1 and Sos2, which relay signals from tyrosine-kinase mediated signalling to Ras, RasGRP1-4, RasGRF1,2, CNrasGEF, and RAP-specific nucleotide exchange factors, to name a few.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581  57 SEDELLEKCIQSFDsagslCHEDHMLNMVLAMHSWVLPSADLAARLLTSYQKA----------TGDTQELRRLQICHLVR 126
Cdd:cd06224    1 TLEALIEHLTSTFD-----MPDPSFVSTFLLTYRSFTTPTELLEKLIERYEIAppenleyndwDKKKSKPIRLRVLNVLR 75

                         90       100       110
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 226246581 127 YWLMRHPEVMHQDPQLEEVIGRFWATVAREGNSAQRRL 164
Cdd:cd06224   76 TWVENYPYDFFDDEELLELLEEFLNRLVQEGALLQELK 113

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the chimaerin family; Chimaerins are a family of phorbolester- and diacylglycerol-responsive GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) specific for the Rho-like GTPase Rac. Alpha1-chimerin (formerly known as N-chimerin) and alpha2-chimerin are alternatively spliced products of a single gene, as are beta1- and beta2-chimerin. Alpha1- and beta1-chimerin have a relatively short N-terminal region that does not encode any recognizable domains, whereas alpha2- and beta2-chimerin both include a functional SH2 domain that can bind to phosphotyrosine motifs within receptors. All the isoforms contain a GAP domain with specificity in vitro for Rac1 and a diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domain which allows them to translocate to membranes in response to DAG signaling and anchors them in close proximity to activated Rac. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKK 558
Cdd:cd20806    2 HNFKVHTFKGPHWCDYCGNFMWGLIAQGVKCEDCGFNAHKQCSKLVPHDCQP 53

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in VAV proteins; VAV proteins function both as cytoplasmic guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Rho GTPases and as scaffold proteins, and they play important roles in cell signaling by coupling cell surface receptors to various effector functions. They play key roles in processes that require cytoskeletal reorganization including immune synapse formation, phagocytosis, cell spreading, and platelet aggregation, among others. Vertebrates have three VAV proteins (VAV1, VAV2, and VAV3). VAV proteins contain several domains that enable their function: N-terminal calponin homology (CH), acidic, RhoGEF (also called Dbl-homologous or DH), Pleckstrin Homology (PH), C1 (zinc finger), SH2, and two SH3 domains. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKvECK 557
Cdd:cd20810    3 HSFELTTFKEPTTCSVCKKLLKGLFFQGYKCSVCGAAVHKECIAKVK-RCG 52

second protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in classical (or conventional) protein kinase C (cPKC), novel protein kinase C (nPKC), and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. PKCs undergo three phosphorylations in order to take mature forms. In addition, cPKCs depend on calcium, DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol), and in most cases, phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG and PS for activity, while atypical PKCs (aPKCs) only require PS. PKCs phosphorylate and modify the activities of a wide variety of cellular proteins including receptors, enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, transcription factors, and other kinases. They play a central role in signal transduction pathways that regulate cell migration and polarity, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This family includes classical PKCs (cPKCs) and novel PKCs (nPKCs). There are four cPKC isoforms (named alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma) and four nPKC isoforms (delta, epsilon, eta, and theta). Members of this family contain two copies of C1 domain. This model corresponds to the second one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20793    1 HKFKVHTYYSPTFCDHCGSLLYGLVRQGLKCKDCGMNVHHRCKENVPHLC 50

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in uncharacterized proteins similar to myotubularin-related proteins; The family includes a group of uncharacterized proteins that show high sequence similarity to vertebrate myotubularin-related proteins (MTMRs), such as MTMR5 and MTMR13. MTMRs may function as guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Vertebrate MTMR5 and MTMR13 contain an N-terminal DENN domain, a PH-GRAM domain, an inactive PTP domain, a SET interaction domain, a coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal PH domain. Members of this family contain these domains and have an additional C1 domain. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 226246581 502 GLAFLHTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKK 558
Cdd:cd20828    1 GFTQPHNFEPHSFVTPTNCDYCLQILWGIVKKGMKCSECGYNCHEKCQPQVPKQCSK 57

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the classical (or conventional) protein kinase C (cPKC) family; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. cPKCs are potent kinases for histones, myelin basic protein, and protamine. They depend on calcium, DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol), and in most cases, phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. There are four cPKC isoforms, named alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma. PKC-alpha is expressed in many tissues and is associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell motility. It plays a role in the signaling of the growth factors PDGF, VEGF, EGF, and FGF. Abnormal levels of PKC-alpha have been detected in many transformed cell lines and several human tumors. In addition, PKC-alpha is required for HER2 dependent breast cancer invasion. The PKC beta isoforms (I and II), generated by alternative splicing of a single gene, are preferentially activated by hyperglycemia-induced DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) in retinal tissues. This is implicated in diabetic microangiopathy such as ischemia, neovascularization, and abnormal vasodilator function. PKC-beta also plays an important role in VEGF signaling. In addition, glucose regulates proliferation in retinal endothelial cells via PKC-betaI. PKC-beta is also being explored as a therapeutic target in cancer. It contributes to tumor formation and is involved in the tumor host mechanisms of inflammation and angiogenesis. PKC-gamma is mainly expressed in neuronal tissues. It plays a role in protection from ischemia. Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECkkrPGA 562
Cdd:cd20833    3 HKFIARFFKQPTFCSHCTDFIWGFGKQGFQCQVCSFVVHKRCHEFVTFSC---PGA 55

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in novel protein kinase C (nPKC) epsilon, eta, and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domains. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. PKC-epsilon has been shown to behave as an oncoprotein. Its overexpression contributes to neoplastic transformation depending on the cell type. It contributes to oncogenesis by inducing disordered cell growth and inhibiting cell death. It also plays a role in tumor invasion and metastasis. PKC-epsilon has also been found to confer cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion-mediated damage. Other cellular functions include the regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion, and cell motility. PKC-eta is predominantly expressed in squamous epithelia, where it plays a crucial role in the signaling of cell-type specific differentiation. It is also expressed in pro-B cells and early-stage thymocytes, and acts as a key regulator in early B-cell development. PKC-eta increases glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) proliferation and resistance to radiation, and is being developed as a therapeutic target for the management of GBM. Members of this family contain two copies of the C1 domain. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGV-TKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECkkrPGAK 563
Cdd:cd20835   10 HKFMATYLRQPTYCSHCKDFIWGViGKQGYQCQVCTCVVHKRCHQLVVTKC---PGNK 64

second protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in novel protein kinase C (nPKC) epsilon, eta, and similar proteins; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. nPKCs are calcium-independent, but require DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) and phosphatidylserine (PS) for activity. PKC-epsilon has been shown to behave as an oncoprotein. Its overexpression contributes to neoplastic transformation depending on the cell type. It contributes to oncogenesis by inducing disordered cell growth and inhibiting cell death. It also plays a role in tumor invasion and metastasis. PKC-epsilon has also been found to confer cardioprotection against ischemia and reperfusion-mediated damage. Other cellular functions include the regulation of gene expression, cell adhesion, and cell motility. PKC-eta is predominantly expressed in squamous epithelia, where it plays a crucial role in the signaling of cell-type specific differentiation. It is also expressed in pro-B cells and early-stage thymocytes, and acts as a key regulator in early B-cell development. PKC-eta increases glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) proliferation and resistance to radiation, and is being developed as a therapeutic target for the management of GBM. Members of this family contain two copies of C1 domain. This model corresponds to the second one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20838    3 HRFSVHNYKRPTFCDHCGSLLYGLYKQGLQCKVCKMNVHKRCQKNVANNC 52

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the protein kinase D (PKD) family; PKDs are important regulators of many intracellular signaling pathways such as ERK and JNK, and cellular processes including the organization of the trans-Golgi network, membrane trafficking, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. They are activated in a PKC-dependent manner by many agents including diacylglycerol (DAG), PDGF, neuropeptides, oxidative stress, and tumor-promoting phorbol esters, among others. Mammals harbor three types of PKDs: PKD1 (or PKCmu), PKD2, and PKD3 (or PKCnu). PKDs contain N-terminal tandem cysteine-rich zinc binding C1 (PKC conserved region 1), central PH (Pleckstrin Homology), and C-terminal catalytic kinase domains. This model corresponds to the first C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHC 548
Cdd:cd20795    4 HSLFVHSYKSPTFCDFCGEMLFGLVRQGLKCEGCGLNFHKRC 45

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the Myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinase (MRCK) family; MRCK is thought to be a coincidence detector of signaling by the small GTPase Cdc42 and phosphoinositides. MRCK/Cdc42 signaling mediates myosin-dependent cell motility. MRCK has been shown to promote cytoskeletal reorganization, which affects many biological processes. Three isoforms of MRCK are known, named alpha, beta and gamma. MRCKgamma is expressed in heart and skeletal muscles, unlike MRCKalpha and MRCKbeta, which are expressed ubiquitously. MRCK consists of a serine/threonine kinase domain, a cysteine rich (C1) region, a PH domain and a p21 binding motif. This model corresponds to C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20809    1 HKFIVRTFSTPTKCNHCTSLMVGLVRQGLVCEVCGYACHVSCADKAPQVC 50

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in beta-chimaerin and similar proteins; Beta-chimaerin, also called beta-chimerin (BCH) or Rho GTPase-activating protein 3 (ARHGAP3), is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for p21-rac. Insufficient expression of beta-2 chimaerin is expected to lead to higher Rac activity and could therefore play a role in the progression from low-grade to high-grade tumors. Beta-chimaerin contains a functional SH2 domain that can bind to phosphotyrosine motifs within receptors, a GAP domain with specificity in vitro for Rac1 and a diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domain which allows them to translocate to membranes in response to DAG signaling and anchors them in close proximity to activated Rac. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECK 557
Cdd:cd20857    6 HNFKVHTFRGPHWCEYCANFMWGLIAQGVRCSDCGLNVHKQCSKHVPNDCQ 56

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in uncharacterized phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit-like proteins; The family includes a group of uncharacterized proteins that show high sequence similarity to vertebrate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunits (PIK3Rs), which bind to activated (phosphorylated) protein-tyrosine kinases through its SH2 domain and regulate their kinase activity. Unlike typical PIK3Rs, members of this family have two C1 domains. This model corresponds to the first one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHC-RDQVKVECKK 558
Cdd:cd20829    1 HRLVDVYFVTPILCRHCKDYIWGKGKVGVRCEDCHACFHLVCaKYAAKHPCQR 53

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the unconventional myosin-IX family; Myosins IX (Myo9) is a class of unique motor proteins with a common structure of an N-terminal extension preceding a myosin head homologous to the Ras-association (RA) domain, a head (motor) domain, a neck with IQ motifs that bind light chains, and a C-terminal tail containing cysteine-rich zinc binding (C1) and Rho-GTPase activating protein (RhoGAP) domains. There are two genes for myosins IX in humans, IXa and IXb, that are different in their expression and localization. IXa is expressed abundantly in brain and testis, and IXb is expressed abundantly in tissues of the immune system. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKqGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKKRP 560
Cdd:cd20818    4 HKFATVQFNIPTYCEVCNSFIWLMEK-GLVCQVCKFTCHKKCYSKITAPCKGNS 56

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the Ras association domain-containing protein 1 (RASSF1)-like family; The RASSF1-like family includes RASSF1 and RASSF5. RASSF1 and RASSF5 are members of a family of RAS effectors, of which there are currently 8 members (RASSF1-8), all containing a Ras-association (RA) domain of the Ral-GDS/AF6 type. RASSF1 has eight transcripts (A-H) arising from alternative splicing and differential promoter usage. RASSF1A and 1C are the most extensively studied RASSF1; both are localized to microtubules and involved in the regulation of growth and migration. RASSF1 is a potential tumor suppressor that is required for death receptor-dependent apoptosis. RASSF5, also called new ras effector 1 (NORE1), or regulator for cell adhesion and polarization enriched in lymphoid tissues (RAPL), is expressed as three transcripts (A-C) via differential promoter usage and alternative splicing. RASSF5A is a pro-apoptotic Ras effector and functions as a Ras regulated tumor suppressor. RASSF5C is regulated by Ras related protein and modulates cellular adhesion. RASSF5 is a potential tumor suppressor that seems to be involved in lymphocyte adhesion by linking RAP1A activation upon T-cell receptor or chemokine stimulation to integrin activation. RASSF1 and RASSF5 contain a C1 domain, which is descibed in this model. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20820    2 HRFVPLELEQPTWCDLCGSVILGLFRKCLRCANCKMTCHPRCRSLVCLTC 51

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in tensin-2 like (TNS2-like) proteins; The TNS2-like group includes TNS2, and variants of TNS1 and TNS3. Tensin-2 (TNS2), also called C1 domain-containing phosphatase and tensin (C1-TEN), or tensin-like C1 domain-containing phosphatase (TENC1), is an essential component for the maintenance of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) structures. It regulates cell motility and proliferation. It may have phosphatase activity. TNS2 reduces AKT1 phosphorylation, lowers AKT1 kinase activity and interferes with AKT1 signaling. Tensin-1 (TNS1) plays a role in fibrillar adhesion formation. It may be involved in cell migration, cartilage development and in linking signal transduction pathways to the cytoskeleton. Tensin-3 (TNS3), also called tensin-like SH2 domain-containing protein 1 (TENS1), or tumor endothelial marker 6 (TEM6), may play a role in actin remodeling. It is involved in the dissociation of the integrin-tensin-actin complex. Typical TNS1 and TNS3 do not contain C1 domains, but some isoforms/variants do. Members of this family contain an N-terminal region with a zinc finger (C1 domain), a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like domain and a protein kinase 2 (C2) domain, and a C-terminal region with SH2 and pTyr binding (PTB) domains. This model corresponds to C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGvtkQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20826    3 HSFKEKSFRKPRTCDVCKQIIWN---EGSSCRVCKYACHRKCEPKVTAAC 49

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in PDZ domain-containing protein 8 (PDZD8) and similar proteins; PDZD8, also called Sarcoma antigen NY-SAR-84/NY-SAR-104, is a molecular tethering protein that connects endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial membranes. PDZD8-dependent ER-mitochondria membrane tethering is essential for ER-mitochondria Ca2+ transfer. In neurons, it is involved in the regulation of dendritic Ca2+ dynamics by regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. PDZD8 also plays an indirect role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. It contains a PDZ domain and a C1 domain. This model describes the C1 domain, a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWgvTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRD 550
Cdd:cd20825    4 HDFVLTQFQNATYCDFCKKKIW--LKEAFQCRLCGMICHKKCLD 45

second protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in protein kinase D2 (PKD2) and similar proteins; PKD2, also called PRKD2, HSPC187, or serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 (nPKC-D2), is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects downstream of PKC, and is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation via MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling, oxidative stress-induced NF-kappa-B activation, inhibition of HDAC7 transcriptional repression, signaling downstream of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and cytokine production, and plays a role in Golgi membrane trafficking, angiogenesis, secretory granule release and cell adhesion. PKD2 contains N-terminal tandem cysteine-rich zinc binding C1 (PKC conserved region 1), central PH (Pleckstrin Homology), and C-terminal catalytic kinase domains. This model corresponds to the second C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKKRPGAKGDAGPPGAPVP 574
Cdd:cd20843   12 HTFVIHSYTRPTVCQFCKKLLKGLFRQGLQCKDCKFNCHKRCATRVPNDCLGETLFNGDLVPMEAASD 79

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in protein kinase D3 (PKD3) and similar proteins; PKD3 is also called PRKD3, PRKCN, serine/threonine-protein kinase D3 (nPKC-D3), protein kinase C nu type (nPKC-nu), or protein kinase EPK2. It converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects, downstream of PKC. It is involved in the regulation of the cell cycle by modulating microtubule nucleation and dynamics. PKD3 acts as a key mediator in several cancer development signaling pathways. PKD3 contains N-terminal tandem cysteine-rich zinc binding C1 (PKC conserved region 1), central PH (Pleckstrin Homology), and C-terminal catalytic kinase domains. This model corresponds to the first C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC---KKR 559
Cdd:cd20841   11 HTLYVHSYKAPTFCDYCGEMLWGLVRQGLKCEGCGLNYHKRCAFKIPNNCsgvRKR 66

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in male germ cell RacGap (MgcRacGAP) and similar proteins; MgcRacGAP, also called Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) or protein CYK4, plays an important dual role in cytokinesis: i) it is part of centralspindlin-complex, together with the mitotic kinesin MKLP1, which is critical for the structure of the central spindle by promoting microtuble bundling; and ii) after phosphorylation by aurora B, MgcRacGAP becomes an effective regulator of RhoA and plays an important role in the assembly of the contractile ring and the initiation of cytokinesis. MgcRacGAP-like proteins contain an N-terminal C1 domain, and a C-terminal RhoGAP domain. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLwGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKKRP 560
Cdd:cd20821    3 HRFVSKTVIKPETCVVCGKRI-KFGKKALKCKDCRVVCHPDCKDKLPLPCVPTS 55

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein 2 (Stac2) and similar proteins; Stac2, also called 24b2/Stac2, or Src homology 3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein 2, plays a redundant role in promoting the expression of calcium channel CACNA1S at the cell membrane, and thereby contributes to increased channel activity. It slows down the inactivation rate of the calcium channel CACNA1C. Stac2 contains a cysteine-rich C1 domain and one SH3 domain at the C-terminus. This model corresponds to the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 226246581 506 LHTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQV 552
Cdd:cd20881    5 THSFQEHVFKKPSPCELCHQMIVGNSKQGLRCKMCKVSVHLWCSEEV 51

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) iota type; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. aPKCs only require phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. They contain a C2-like region, instead of a calcium-binding (C2) region found in classical PKCs, in their regulatory domain. There are two aPKC isoforms, zeta and iota. aPKCs are involved in many cellular functions including proliferation, migration, apoptosis, polarity maintenance and cytoskeletal regulation. They also play a critical role in the regulation of glucose metabolism and in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. PKC-iota is directly implicated in carcinogenesis. It is critical to oncogenic signaling mediated by Ras and Bcr-Abl. The PKC-iota gene is the target of tumor-specific gene amplification in many human cancers, and has been identified as a human oncogene. In addition to its role in transformed growth, PKC-iota also promotes invasion, chemoresistance, and tumor cell survival. Expression profiling of PKC-iota is a prognostic marker of poor clinical outcome in several human cancers. PKC-iota also plays a role in establishing cell polarity, and has critical embryonic functions. Members of this family contain C1 domain found in aPKC isoform iota. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKK 558
Cdd:cd21094    3 HTFQAKRFNRRAHCAICTDRIWGLGRQGYKCINCKLLVHKKCHKLVTIECGR 54

second protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in the classical (or conventional) protein kinase C (cPKC) family; PKCs are classified into three groups (classical, atypical, and novel) depending on their mode of activation and the structural characteristics of their regulatory domain. cPKCs are potent kinases for histones, myelin basic protein, and protamine. They depend on calcium, DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol), and in most cases, phosphatidylserine (PS) for activation. There are four cPKC isoforms, named alpha, betaI, betaII, and gamma. PKC-alpha is expressed in many tissues and is associated with cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell motility. It plays a role in the signaling of the growth factors PDGF, VEGF, EGF, and FGF. Abnormal levels of PKC-alpha have been detected in many transformed cell lines and several human tumors. In addition, PKC-alpha is required for HER2 dependent breast cancer invasion. The PKC beta isoforms (I and II), generated by alternative splicing of a single gene, are preferentially activated by hyperglycemia-induced DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol) in retinal tissues. This is implicated in diabetic microangiopathy such as ischemia, neovascularization, and abnormal vasodilator function. PKC-beta also plays an important role in VEGF signaling. In addition, glucose regulates proliferation in retinal endothelial cells via PKC-betaI. PKC-beta is also being explored as a therapeutic target in cancer. It contributes to tumor formation and is involved in the tumor host mechanisms of inflammation and angiogenesis. PKC-gamma is mainly expressed in neuronal tissues. It plays a role in protection from ischemia. Members of this family contain two copies of C1 domain. This model corresponds to the second one. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20836    1 HKFKVHTYSSPTFCDHCGSLLYGLIHQGMKCDTCDMNVHKRCVKNVPSLC 50

second protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in protein kinase D (PKD) and similar proteins; PKD is also called PKD1, PRKD1, protein kinase C mu type (nPKC-mu), PRKCM, serine/threonine-protein kinase D1, or nPKC-D1. It is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects downstream of PKC, and is involved in the regulation of MAPK8/JNK1 and Ras signaling, Golgi membrane integrity and trafficking, cell survival through NF-kappa-B activation, cell migration, cell differentiation by mediating HDAC7 nuclear export, cell proliferation via MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling, and plays a role in cardiac hypertrophy, VEGFA-induced angiogenesis, genotoxic-induced apoptosis and flagellin-stimulated inflammatory response. PKD contains N-terminal tandem cysteine-rich zinc binding C1 (PKC conserved region 1), central PH (Pleckstrin Homology), and C-terminal catalytic kinase domains. This model corresponds to the second C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 226246581 507 HTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWGVTKQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVECKKRPGAKGD 565
Cdd:cd20842   35 HTFVIHSYTRPTVCQYCKKLLKGLFRQGLQCKDCKFNCHKRCAPKVPNNCLGEVAINGD 93

protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in A- and C-Raf (Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma) kinases, and similar proteins; This group includes A-Raf and C-Raf, both of which are serine/threonine-protein kinases. A-Raf, also called proto-oncogene A-Raf or proto-oncogene A-Raf-1, cooperates with C-Raf in regulating ERK transient phosphorylation that is associated with cyclin D expression and cell cycle progression. Mice deficient in A-Raf are born alive but show neurological and intestinal defects. A-Raf demonstrates low kinase activity to MEK, compared with B- and C-Raf, and may also have alternative functions other than in the ERK signaling cascade. It regulates the M2 type pyruvate kinase, a key glycolytic enzyme. It also plays a role in endocytic membrane trafficking. C-Raf, also known as proto-oncogene Raf-1 or c-Raf-1, is ubiquitously expressed and was the first Raf identified. It was characterized as the acquired oncogene from an acutely transforming murine sarcoma virus (3611-MSV) and the transforming agent from the avian retrovirus MH2. C-Raf-deficient mice embryos die around mid-gestation with increased apoptosis of embryonic tissues, especially in the fetal liver. One of the main functions of C-Raf is restricting caspase activation to promote survival in response to specific stimuli such as Fas stimulation, macrophage apoptosis, and erythroid differentiation. Both A- and C-Raf are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3K, MKKK, MAPKKK), which phosphorylate and activate MAPK kinases (MAPKKs or MKKs or MAP2Ks), which in turn phosphorylate and activate MAPKs during signaling cascades that are important in mediating cellular responses to extracellular signals. They function in the linear Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway that regulates many cellular processes including cycle regulation, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. Raf proteins contain a Ras binding domain, a zinc finger cysteine-rich domain (C1), and a catalytic kinase domain. This model describes the C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 226246581 506 LHTFHEVTFRKPTFCDSCSGFLWgvtkQGYRCRECGLCCHKHCRDQVKVEC 556
Cdd:cd20870    3 THNFVRKTFLKLAFCDICQKFLL----NGFRCQTCGYKFHEHCSTKVPTMC 49

first protein kinase C conserved region 1 (C1 domain) found in protein kinase D2 (PKD2) and similar proteins; PKD2, also called PRKD2, HSPC187, or serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 (nPKC-D2), is a serine/threonine-protein kinase that converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects downstream of PKC, and is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation via MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) signaling, oxidative stress-induced NF-kappa-B activation, inhibition of HDAC7 transcriptional repression, signaling downstream of T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) and cytokine production, and plays a role in Golgi membrane trafficking, angiogenesis, secretory granule release and cell adhesion. PKD2 contains N-terminal tandem cysteine-rich zinc binding C1 (PKC conserved region 1), central PH (Pleckstrin Homology), and C-terminal catalytic kinase domains. This model corresponds to the first C1 domain. The C1 domain is a cysteine-rich zinc binding domain that does not bind DNA nor possess structural similarity to conventional zinc finger domains; it contains two separate Zn(2+)-binding sites.