mRNA decapping enzyme 2; mRNA decapping enzyme 2 (Dcp2p; EC 3.6.1.62), nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X))-type motif 20/Nudt20, is required for degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover, and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Its catalytic subunit, and Dcp1p are the two components of the decapping enzyme complex. Decapping is a key step in both general and nonsense-mediated 5'->3' mRNA-decay pathways. Dcp2p contains an all-alpha helical N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain which has the NUDIX fold. While decapping is not dependent on the N-terminus of Dcp2p, it does affect its efficiency. Dcp1p binds the N-terminal domain of Dcp2p stimulating the decapping activity of Dcp2p. Decapping permits the degradation of the transcript and is a site of numerous control inputs. It is responsible for nonsense-mediated decay as well as AU-rich element (ARE)-mediated decay. In addition, it may also play a role in the levels of mRNA. Enzymes belonging to the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+, for their activity and are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  96 VPVCGAIMLNDTMEKCVLVKGWSSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELTIREQRIRLYI 175
Cdd:cd03672     1 VPVRGAILLNEDLDKVLLVKGWKSNSSWGFPKGKINKDESDADCAIREVYEETGFDISDLINDKDYIELTINGQRVRLYI 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2057767687 176 VVGVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISKIEWHKVADLPTWIKSRDRdtpyhcgggcvkyGSSRFYMVVPFVSKLRNWLRMQRK 250
Cdd:cd03672    81 IPGVPEDTPFEPQTRKEISKIEWFDIDDLPKNKKKKGK-------------NSNKFYMVNPFVKPLKKWIKKRKQ 142

mRNA decapping enzyme 2; mRNA decapping enzyme 2 (Dcp2p; EC 3.6.1.62), nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X))-type motif 20/Nudt20, is required for degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover, and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Its catalytic subunit, and Dcp1p are the two components of the decapping enzyme complex. Decapping is a key step in both general and nonsense-mediated 5'->3' mRNA-decay pathways. Dcp2p contains an all-alpha helical N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain which has the NUDIX fold. While decapping is not dependent on the N-terminus of Dcp2p, it does affect its efficiency. Dcp1p binds the N-terminal domain of Dcp2p stimulating the decapping activity of Dcp2p. Decapping permits the degradation of the transcript and is a site of numerous control inputs. It is responsible for nonsense-mediated decay as well as AU-rich element (ARE)-mediated decay. In addition, it may also play a role in the levels of mRNA. Enzymes belonging to the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+, for their activity and are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  96 VPVCGAIMLNDTMEKCVLVKGWSSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELTIREQRIRLYI 175
Cdd:cd03672     1 VPVRGAILLNEDLDKVLLVKGWKSNSSWGFPKGKINKDESDADCAIREVYEETGFDISDLINDKDYIELTINGQRVRLYI 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2057767687 176 VVGVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISKIEWHKVADLPTWIKSRDRdtpyhcgggcvkyGSSRFYMVVPFVSKLRNWLRMQRK 250
Cdd:cd03672    81 IPGVPEDTPFEPQTRKEISKIEWFDIDDLPKNKKKKGK-------------NSNKFYMVNPFVKPLKKWIKKRKQ 142

8-oxo-dGTP pyrophosphatase MutT and related house-cleaning NTP pyrophosphohydrolases, NUDIX family [Defense mechanisms];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  90 MQYKIRVPVCGAIMLNDTmEKCVLVKGWSSRSG---WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELTI 166
Cdd:COG0494     7 SEPEHYRPAVVVVLLDDD-GRVLLVRRYRYGVGpglWEFPGGKIEPGESPEEAALRELREETGLTAEDLELLGELPSPGY 85

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2057767687 167 REQRIRLYIVVGVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISKIEWHKVADLPTWIKSRDR 213
Cdd:COG0494    86 TDEKVHVFLARGLGPGEEVGLDDEDEFIEVRWVPLDEALALVTAGEI 132

mRNA decapping enzyme 2; mRNA decapping enzyme 2 (Dcp2p; EC 3.6.1.62), nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X))-type motif 20/Nudt20, is required for degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover, and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Its catalytic subunit, and Dcp1p are the two components of the decapping enzyme complex. Decapping is a key step in both general and nonsense-mediated 5'->3' mRNA-decay pathways. Dcp2p contains an all-alpha helical N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain which has the NUDIX fold. While decapping is not dependent on the N-terminus of Dcp2p, it does affect its efficiency. Dcp1p binds the N-terminal domain of Dcp2p stimulating the decapping activity of Dcp2p. Decapping permits the degradation of the transcript and is a site of numerous control inputs. It is responsible for nonsense-mediated decay as well as AU-rich element (ARE)-mediated decay. In addition, it may also play a role in the levels of mRNA. Enzymes belonging to the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+, for their activity and are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  96 VPVCGAIMLNDTMEKCVLVKGWSSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELTIREQRIRLYI 175
Cdd:cd03672     1 VPVRGAILLNEDLDKVLLVKGWKSNSSWGFPKGKINKDESDADCAIREVYEETGFDISDLINDKDYIELTINGQRVRLYI 80

                          90       100       110       120       130       140       150
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2057767687 176 VVGVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISKIEWHKVADLPTWIKSRDRdtpyhcgggcvkyGSSRFYMVVPFVSKLRNWLRMQRK 250
Cdd:cd03672    81 IPGVPEDTPFEPQTRKEISKIEWFDIDDLPKNKKKKGK-------------NSNKFYMVNPFVKPLKKWIKKRKQ 142

8-oxo-dGTP pyrophosphatase MutT and related house-cleaning NTP pyrophosphohydrolases, NUDIX family [Defense mechanisms];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  90 MQYKIRVPVCGAIMLNDTmEKCVLVKGWSSRSG---WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELTI 166
Cdd:COG0494     7 SEPEHYRPAVVVVLLDDD-GRVLLVRRYRYGVGpglWEFPGGKIEPGESPEEAALRELREETGLTAEDLELLGELPSPGY 85

                          90       100       110       120
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2057767687 167 REQRIRLYIVVGVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISKIEWHKVADLPTWIKSRDR 213
Cdd:COG0494    86 TDEKVHVFLARGLGPGEEVGLDDEDEFIEVRWVPLDEALALVTAGEI 132

NUDIX hydrolase superfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  97 PVCGAIMLNDTmEKCVLVK--GWSSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELTIREQ-RIRL 173
Cdd:cd02883     1 VAVGAVVFDDE-GRVLLVRrsDGPGPGGWELPGGGVEPGETPEEAAVREVREETGLDVEVLRLLGVYEFPDPDEGrHVVV 79

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2057767687 174 YIVVGVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISKIEW 198
Cdd:cd02883    80 LVFLARVVGGEPPPLDDEEISEVRW 104

diadenosine hexaphosphate (Ap6A) hydrolase; Diadenosine hexaphosphate (Ap6A) hydrolase is a member of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily. Ap6A hydrolase specifically hydrolyzes diadenosine polyphosphates, but not ATP or diadenosine triphosphate, and it generates ATP as the product. Ap6A, the most preferred substrate, hydrolyzes to produce two ATP molecules, which is a novel hydrolysis mode for Ap6A. These results indicate that Ap6A hydrolase is a diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase. It requires the presence of a divalent cation, such as Mn2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Co2+, for activity. Members of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 122 GWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIK--EQDYvELTIREQRI----RLYIVvgVSEDTEFCPKTRKEISK 195
Cdd:cd03673    28 DWSLPKGKLEPGETPEEAAVREVEEETGLRVRLGRPlgTTRY-TYTRKGKGIlkkvHYWLM--RALGGEFLPQPEEEIDE 104

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 196 IEWHKVADLPTWIK-SRDRD 214
Cdd:cd03673   105 VRWLPPDEARRLLTyPSDRE 124

diadenosine tetraphosphate; Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A; EC 3.6.1.17), also called NUDIX (nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X)) motif 2/Nudt2, is a member of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily. Ap4A hydrolases are well represented in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Phylogenetic analysis reveals two distinct subgroups where plant enzymes fall into one subfamily and fungi/animals/archaea enzymes, represented by this subfamily, fall into another. Bacterial enzymes are found in both subfamilies. Ap4A is a potential by-product of aminoacyl tRNA synthesis, and accumulation of Ap4A has been implicated in a range of biological events, such as DNA replication, cellular differentiation, heat shock, metabolic stress, and apoptosis. Ap4A hydrolase cleaves Ap4A asymmetrically into ATP and AMP. It is important in the invasive properties of bacteria and thus presents a potential target for inhibition of such invasive bacteria. Besides the signature NUDIX motif (G[X5]E[X7]REUXEEXGU, where U is Ile, Leu, or Val) that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site, and a required divalent cation, Ap4A hydrolase is structurally similar to the other members of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily with some degree of variation. Several regions in the sequences are poorly defined and substrate and metal binding sites are only predicted based on kinetic studies.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 2057767687  99 CGAI---MLNDTMEKCvLVKgwSSRSG-WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDIS 153
Cdd:cd03428     5 AGAIiyrRDNGEIEFL-LLQ--HSYGGhWDFPKGHVEPGESELETALRETKEETGLTVD 60

ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase, and similar proteins; ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase (ADPRase) ( NUDIX (Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X)) motif 5; Nudt5) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADP-ribose and a variety of additional ADP-sugar conjugates to AMP and ribose-5-phosphate. In humans, there are four distinct ADPRase activities, three putative cytosolic enzymes (ADPRase-I, -II, and -Mn) and a single mitochondrial enzyme (ADPRase-m). Human ADPRase-II is also referred to as NUDT5. It lacks the N-terminal target sequence unique to mitochondrial ADPRase. The different cytosolic types are distinguished by their specificities for substrate and specific requirement for metal ions. NUDT5 forms a homodimer. It also contains a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V) which functions as a metal binding site/catalytic site. In addition to the NUDIX motif, there are additional conserved amino acid residues, distal from the signature sequence, that correlate with substrate specificity. UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase (UGPPase) (EC 3.6.1.45; also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X)) motif 14; Nudt14) hydrolyzes the pyrophosphate of the nucleoside diphosphate sugar to generate glucose-1-P and UMP. In mammals, UDP-glucose is the glucosyl donor for the synthesis of the storage polysaccharide glycogen. UGPPase, as a regulator of UDP-glucose, could play a regulatory role, but it has been shown to prefer ADP-ribose over UDP-glucose. Like other members of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily, it requires a divalent cation, such as Mg2+, for its activity. It also contains a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V) which functions as a metal binding site/catalytic site.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 123 WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVELT-IREQRIRLYIVVGVS-------EDTEFcpktrkeis 194
Cdd:cd03424    31 LELPAGKIDPGEDPEEAARRELEEETGYTAGDLELLGSFYPSPgFSDERIHLFLAEDLTpvseqalDEDEF--------- 101

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 195 kIEWHKV--ADLPTWIKSRD 212
Cdd:cd03424   102 -IEVVLVplEEALEMIEDGE 120

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 2057767687 123 WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVElTIREQRIRlYIVVG 178
Cdd:cd18882    32 WGLFGGHLEPGETPEEAIRRELEEEIGYEPGEFRFFLLYTE-DDGEDRIR-HVFHA 85

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 118 SSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIkeqdYVeLTIREQRIRLYI-VVGVSEDTEfcPKTRKEISKI 196
Cdd:cd04667    18 RRGGRWLLPGGKIEPGESPLEAAIRELKEETGLAALSLL----YL-FEHEGPHKLHHVfLAEAPDGGR--PRPGNEIARC 90

                          90
                  ....*....|....*
gi 2057767687 197 EWHKVADLPTWIKSR 211
Cdd:cd04667    91 RWVSADQLRDLNLSR 105

RNA pyrophosphohydrolase; The initiation of mRNA degradation often requires deprotection of its 5' end. In eukaryotes, the 5'-methylguanosine (cap) structure is principally removed by the NUDIX family decapping enzyme Dcp2, yielding a 5'-monophosphorylated RNA that is a substrate for 5' exoribonucleases. In bacteria, the 5'-triphosphate group of primary transcripts is also converted to a 5' monophosphate by a NUDIX protein called RNA pyrophosphohydrolase (RppH), allowing access to both endo- and 5' exoribonucleases. NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 120 RSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPLIKEQDYVeLTIREQRI--RLYIVvgvsEDTEFCPKTRK-EISKI 196
Cdd:cd04665    21 RRGWEFPGGKREPGETIEEAARRELYEETGAVIFELKPLGQYS-VHGKGQEFfgAVYYA----EVKSFEPILPYfETAEV 95

                  ....*....
gi 2057767687 197 EWhkVADLP 205
Cdd:cd04665    96 RL--FDELP 102

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2057767687 118 SSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISP 154
Cdd:cd18876    20 TYKDGWELPGGVVEAGESPLQAARREVREELGLDVPV 56

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687  98 VCGAIMLNDTMEKCVLVkgWSSRSG-WGFPKGKINKDE-PDSTcAAREVLEETGYDISPL 155
Cdd:cd03674     3 TASAFVVNPDRGKVLLV--HHRKLGrWLQPGGHVEPDEdPLEA-ALREAREETGLDVELL 59

Bdellovibrio Bacteriovorus nucleoside diphosphate sugar hydrolase, and similar proteins; Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus nucleoside diphosphate sugar (NDPS) hydrolase Bd3179 has been shown to similarities to the Escherichia coli adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) hydrolase and the guanosine diphosphate mannose (GDPM) hydrolase. It may have a role when Bdellovibrio degrades and metabolizes host cell. ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase (ADPRase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADP-ribose and a variety of additional ADP-sugar conjugates to AMP and ribose-5-phosphate. In humans, there are four distinct ADPRase activities, three putative cytosolic enzymes (ADPRase-I, -II, and -Mn) and a single mitochondrial enzyme (ADPRase-m). Human ADPRase-II is also referred to as NUDT5. It lacks the N-terminal target sequence unique to mitochondrial ADPRase. The different cytosolic types are distinguished by their specificities for substrate and specific requirement for metal ions. NUDT5 forms a homodimer. It also contains a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V) which functions as a metal binding site/catalytic site. In addition to the NUDIX motif, there are additional conserved amino acid residues, distal from the signature sequence, that correlate with substrate specificity. UDP-glucose pyrophosphatase (UGPPase) (EC 3.6.1.45; also known as nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X)) motif 14; Nudt14) hydrolyzes the pyrophosphate of the nucleoside diphosphate sugar to generate glucose-1-P and UMP. In mammals, UDP-glucose is the glucosyl donor for the synthesis of the storage polysaccharide glycogen. UGPPase, as a regulator of UDP-glucose, could play a regulatory role, but it has been shown to prefer ADP-ribose over UDP-glucose. Like other members of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily, it requires a divalent cation, such as Mg2+, for its activity. It also contains a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V) which functions as a metal binding site/catalytic site.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2057767687 120 RSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGY 150
Cdd:cd24159    67 RVFLEFPAGKIDPGEDTLETAKRELLEETGY 97

ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase; ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase (ADPRase; EC 3.6.1.13) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADP-ribose to AMP and ribose-5-P. Like other members of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily of enzymes, it is thought to require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+, for its activity. It also contains a 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V) which functions as a metal binding site/catalytic site. In addition to the NUDIX motif, there are additional conserved amino acid residues, distal from the signature sequence, that correlate with substrate specificity. In humans, there are four distinct ADPRase activities, three putative cytosolic (ADPRase-I, -II, and -Mn) and a single mitochondrial enzyme (ADPRase-m). ADPRase-m is also known as NUDT9. It can be distinugished from the cytosolic ADPRase by a N-terminal target sequence unique to mitochondrial ADPRase. NUDT9 functions as a monomer.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 2057767687 123 WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPL 155
Cdd:cd04673    28 WSFPGGKVELGETLEDAALRELREETGLEAEVV 60

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2057767687 120 RSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPlikeqDYVEL-TIRE---QRIRLYIVVG------VSEDT---EFC 186
Cdd:cd04662    32 EGAWSIPKGEVEPGEDPLAAARREFEEETGFPAPG-----PFIPLgEVRQksgKVVHAWAVEGdldpaaIVSNTfelEWP 106

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|..
gi 2057767687 187 PKTRK-----EISKIEWHKVAD 203
Cdd:cd04662   107 PRSGRrqefpEVDRAAWFPLEE 128

plant diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) hydrolase and similar proteins; Diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) hydrolase is a member of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily. Members of this family are well represented in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Phylogenetic analysis reveals two distinct subgroups where plant enzymes fall into one group (represented by this subfamily) and fungi/animals/archaea enzymes fall into another. Bacterial enzymes are found in both subfamilies. Ap4A is a potential by-product of aminoacyl tRNA synthesis, and accumulation of Ap4A has been implicated in a range of biological events, such as DNA replication, cellular differentiation, heat shock, metabolic stress, and apoptosis. Ap4A hydrolase cleaves Ap4A asymmetrically into ATP and AMP. It is important in the invasive properties of bacteria and thus presents a potential target for the inhibition of such invasive bacteria. Besides the signature NUDIX motif (G[X5]E[X7]REUXEEXGU where U is Ile, Leu, or Val), Ap4A hydrolase is structurally similar to the other members of the NUDIX hydrolase superfamily with some degree of variations. Several regions in the sequences are poorly defined and substrate and metal binding sites are only predicted based on kinetic studies.

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2057767687 100 GAIMLNDtmEKCVLvkgWSSRSG----WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETG 149
Cdd:cd03671     7 GIVLFNR--DGQVL---VGRRIDvpgaWQFPQGGIDEGEDPEEAALRELYEETG 55

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; Contains a crystal structure of the NUDIX hydrolase from Enterococcus faecalis, which has an unknown function. NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2057767687  91 QYKIRvPVCGAIMLNDTmEKCVLVKgwSSRSGWGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISPL 155
Cdd:cd04684    11 NYKDR-PGAYAVIFNDE-GKVLLVQ--TPNGGYFLPGGGIEPGETPEEALHREVLEETGWEIEIG 71

uncharacterized NUDIX hydrolase subfamily; NUDIX hydrolase is a superfamily of enzymes found in all three kingdoms of life, and it catalyzes the hydrolysis of NUcleoside DIphosphates linked to other moieties, X. Enzymes belonging to this superfamily require a divalent cation, such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ for their activity. Members of this family are recognized by a highly conserved 23-residue NUDIX motif (GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, where U = I, L or V), which forms a structural motif that functions as a metal binding and catalytic site. Substrates of NUDIX hydrolase include intact and oxidatively damaged nucleoside triphosphates, dinucleoside polyphosphates, nucleotide-sugars and dinucleotide enzymes. These substrates are metabolites or cell signaling molecules that require regulation during different stages of the cell cycle or during periods of stress. In general, the role of the NUDIX hydrolase is to sanitize the nucleotide pools and to maintain cell viability, thereby serving as surveillance and "house-cleaning" enzymes. Substrate specificity is used to define child families within the superfamily. Differences in substrate specificity are determined by the N-terminal extension or by residues in variable loop regions. Mechanistically, substrate hydrolysis occurs by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with variation in the numbers and roles of divalent cations required. This superfamily consists of at least nine families: IPP (isopentenyl diphosphate) isomerase, ADP ribose pyrophosphatase, mutT pyrophosphohydrolase, coenzyme-A pyrophosphatase, MTH1-7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine-triphosphatase, diadenosine tetraphosphate hydrolase, NADH pyrophosphatase, GDP-mannose hydrolase and the c-terminal portion of the mutY adenine glycosylase.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2057767687 123 WGFPKGKINKDEPDSTCAAREVLEETGYDISP 154
Cdd:cd04683    28 WHLPAGHVEAGETVRAAAVREAKEELGVEIDP 59