TNF-alpha-receptor-like protein; Provisional

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gi 16975304   14 QNNSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCPGPgQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKEMGQVEISSCTVDRDTV 85
Cdd:PHA02637  38 KRHNLCCLSCPPGTYASRLCDIK-TNTQCTPCGSGTFTSHNNHLPACLSCNGRCDRVTRLTIESVNALEAII 108

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A) in teleosts; also known as TNFR1; This subfamily of TNFRSF1 ((also known as type I TNFR, TNFR1, DR1, TNFRSF1A, CD120a, p55) is found in teleosts. It binds TNF-alpha, through the death domain (DD), and activates NF-kappaB, mediates apoptosis and activates signaling pathways controlling inflammatory, immune, and stress responses. It mediates signal transduction by interacting with antiapoptotic protein BCL2-associated athanogene 4 (BAG4/SODD) and adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRADD that play regulatory roles. The human genetic disorder called tumor necrosis factor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS), or periodic fever syndrome, is associated with germline mutations of the extracellular domains of this receptor, possibly due to impaired receptor clearance. Serum levels of TNFRSF1A are elevated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and high levels are also associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. Knockout studies in zebrafish embryos have shown that a signaling balance between TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B is required for endothelial cell integrity. TNFRSF1A signals apoptosis through caspase-8, whereas TNFRSF1B signals survival via NF-kappaB in endothelial cells. Thus, this apoptotic pathway seems to be evolutionarily conserved, as TNFalpha promotes apoptosis of human endothelial cells and triggers caspase-2 and P53 activation in these cells via TNFRSF1A.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 16975304  16 NSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCPGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKEMgQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQYRH 95
Cdd:cd15834  10 NGICCNKCHPGYKLKEECTAPGERSQCTPCPEGTYLEQINYSPNCRRCTLCKVKN-EEEVSPCKKSSNTVCRCKKGYYKS 88

                        90       100       110       120       130       140
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gi 16975304  96 YWSENLFQCFNCSLCLNGTVHLS-CQEKQNTVCTCHAGFFLRENECVSCSNCkkSLECTKLCL 157
Cdd:cd15834  89 RIDSETRECLKCKTCGPGEIEIQpCTPESNTVCECKDNYYRNNNKCKPCQKC--SLDCQHLCT 149

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF); Members of TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF) interactions with TNF superfamily (TNFSF) ligands (TNFL) control key cellular processes such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell growth. Dysregulation of these pathways has been shown to result in a wide range of pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases, inflammation, cancer, and viral infection. There are 29 very diverse family members of TNFRSF reported in humans: 22 are type I transmembrane receptors (single pass with the N terminus on extracellular side of the cell membrane) and have a clear signal peptide; the remaining 7 members are either type III transmembrane receptors (single pass with the N terminus on extracellular side of the membrane but no signal sequence; TNFR13B, TNFR13C, TNFR17, and XEDAR), or attached to the membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linker (TNFR10C), or secreted as soluble receptors (TNFR11B and TNFR6B). All TNFRs contain relatively short cysteine-rich domains (CRDs) in the ectodomain, and are involved in interaction with the TNF homology domain (THD) of their ligands. TNFRs often have multiple CRDs (between one and six), with the most frequent configurations of three or four copies; most CRDs possess three disulfide bridges, but could have between one and four. Localized or genome-wide duplication and evolution of the TNFRSF members appear to have paralleled the emergence of the adaptive immune system; teleosts (i.e. ray-finned, bony fish), which possess an immune system with B and T cells, possess primary and secondary lymphoid organs, and are capable of adaptive responses to pathogens also display several characteristics that are different from the mammalian immune system, making teleost TNFSF orthologs and paralogs of interest to better understand immune system evolution and the immunological pathways elicited to pathogens.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 16975304  19 CCTKCHKGTYLYNDCpGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKEmGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQYRHYWs 98
Cdd:cd00185   1 CCQRCPPGEYLSSDC-TATTDTVCSPCPPGTYSESWNSLSKCLPCTTCGGG-NQVEKTPCTATDNRCCTCKPGFYCDEG- 77

                        90
                ....*....|
gi 16975304  99 ENLFQCFNCS 108
Cdd:cd00185  78 TNVEECKPCT 87

tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 25 (TNFRSF25), also known as death receptor 3 (DR3); TNFRSF25 (also known as death receptor 3 (DR3), death domain receptor 3 (DDR3), apoptosis-mediating receptor, lymphocyte associated receptor of death (LARD), apoptosis inducing receptor (AIR), APO-3, translocating chain-association membrane protein (TRAMP), WSL-1, WSL-LR or TNFRSF12) is preferentially expressed in thymocytes and lymphocytes, and may play a role in regulating lymphocyte homeostasis. It has been detected in lymphocyte-rich tissues such as colon, intestine, thymus and spleen, as well as in the prostate. Various death domain containing adaptor proteins mediate the signal transduction of this receptor; it activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) and induces cell apoptosis by associating with TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD), which is known to mediate signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor receptors. DR3 associates with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytokine 1A (TL1A also known as TNFSF15) on activated lymphocytes and induces pro-inflammatory signals; TL1A also binds decoy receptor DcR3 (also known as TNFRSF6B). DR3/DcR3/TL1A expression is increased in both serum and inflamed tissues in autoimmune diseases such as in several autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), allergic asthma, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, type 1 diabetes, ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), making modulation of TL1A-DR3 interaction a potential therapeutic target.

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gi 16975304   5 CPQGKYIHPQNNSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCPGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLR-HCLSCSKCRKEMGQVEISSCTVDRD 83
Cdd:cd13420   2 CDCASEFQKRNGPFCCRGCPAGHYLKAPCTEPCGNSTCLPCPRGTFLARENHHKtDCTRCQACDEQASQVALENCSAVSD 81

                        90
                ....*....|..
gi 16975304  84 TVCGCRKNQYRH 95
Cdd:cd13420  82 THCGCESGWFVE 93

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (TNFRSF1B) in teleost; also known as TNFR2; This subfamily of TNFRSF1B (also known as TNFR2, type 2 TNFR, TNFBR, TNFR80, TNF-R75, TNF-R-II, p75, CD120b) is found in teleosts. It binds TNF-alpha, but lacks the death domain (DD) that is associated with the cytoplasmic domain of TNFRSF1A (TNFR1). It is inducible and expressed exclusively by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, T cells, thymocytes, myocytes, endothelial cells, and in human mesenchymal stem cells. TNFRSF1B protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OLGs) against oxidative stress, and induces the up-regulation of cell survival genes. While pro-inflammatory and pathogen-clearing activities of TNF are mediated mainly through activation of TNFRSF1A, a strong activator of NF-kappaB, TNFRSF1B is more responsible for suppression of inflammation. Although the affinities of both receptors for soluble TNF are similar, TNFRSF1B is sometimes more abundantly expressed and thought to associate with TNF, thereby increasing its concentration near TNFRSF1A receptors, and making TNF available to activate TNFRSF1A (a ligand-passing mechanism). Knockout studies in zebrafish embryos have shown that a signaling balance between TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B is required for endothelial cell integrity. TNFRSF1A signals apoptosis through caspase-8, whereas TNFRSF1B signals survival via NF-kB in endothelial cells. In goldfish (Carassius aurutus L.), TNFRSF1B expression is substantially higher than that of TNFRSF1 in tissues and various immune cell types. Both receptors are most robustly expressed in monocytes; mRNA levels of TNFRSF1B are lowest in peripheral blood leukocytes.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 16975304  10 YIHPQNNsICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCpGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKEMGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCR 89
Cdd:cd15835  12 YYNDGSN-LCCSKCRPGTRLKTKC-SETSDTVCEPCPSGQYSENWNYYPNCFSCPKCKERKGLQYAQNCSSTTNAVCVCK 89

                ....
gi 16975304  90 KNQY 93
Cdd:cd15835  90 PGMY 93

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 5 (TNFRSF5), also known as CD40; TNFRSF5 (commonly known as CD40 and also as CDW40, p50, Bp50) is widely expressed in diverse cell types including B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. It is essential in mediating a wide variety of immune and inflammatory responses, including T cell-dependent immunoglobulin class switching, memory B cell development, and germinal center formation. Its natural immunomodulating ligand is CD40L, and a primary defect in the CD40/CD40L system is associated with X-linked hyper-IgM (XHIM) syndrome. It is also involved in tumorigenesis; CD40 expression is significantly higher in gastric carcinomas and it is associated with the lymphatic metastasis of cancer cells and their tumor node metastasis (TNM) classification. Upregulated levels of CD40/CD40L on B cells and T cells may play an important role in the immune pathogenesis of breast cancer. Consequently, the CD40/CD40L system serves as a link between tumorigenesis, atherosclerosis, and the immune system, and offers a potential target for drug therapy for related diseases, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and immunological rejection.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 16975304  16 NSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCPGpGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKEMGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQyrH 95
Cdd:cd13407   9 NGRCCSLCPPGQKLVSDCTE-ATDTECLPCEEGEFQDTWNRERHCHQHRYCDPNLGLRVQTEGTAETDTTCTCQEGQ--H 85

                        90       100       110       120
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gi 16975304  96 YWSENLFQCFNCSLCLNGT-VHLSCQEKQNTVCT-CHAGFF 134
Cdd:cd13407  86 CTSEACETCALHTSCKPGFgVKQIATGVSDTICEpCPVGFF 126

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members, virus-encoded; This family contains viral TNFR homologs that include vaccinia virus (VACV) cytokine response modifier E (CrmE), an encoded TNFR that shares significant sequence similarity with mammalian type 2 TNF receptors (TNFSFR1B, p75, TNFR type 2), a cowpox virus encoded cytokine-response modifier B (crmB), which is a secreted form of TNF receptor that can contribute to the modification of TNF-mediated antiviral processes, and a myxoma virus (MYXV) T2 (M-T2) protein that binds and inhibits rabbit TNF-alpha. The CrmE structure confirms that the canonical TNFR fold is adopted, but only one of the two "ligand-binding" loops of TNFRSF1A is conserved, suggesting a mechanism for the higher affinity of poxvirus TNFRs for TNFalpha over lymphotoxin-alpha. CrmB protein specifically binds TNF-alpha and TNF-beta indicating that cowpox virus seeks to invade antiviral processes mediated by TNF. Intracellular M-T2 blocks virus-induced lymphocyte apoptosis via a highly conserved viral preligand assembly domain (vPLAD), which controls receptor signaling competency prior to ligand binding.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 16975304  16 NSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCpGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCsKCRKEMGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQY 93
Cdd:cd15839  11 NNLCCKSCPPGTYASHLC-DTTSNTKCDPCPSDTFTSIPNHIPACLSC-RGRCSSNQVETKSCSNTQNRICSCAPGYY 86

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 10 (TNFRSF10), includes TNFRSF10A (DR4), TNFRSF10B (DR5), TNFRSF10C (DcR1) and TNFRSF10D (DcR2); TNFRSF10 family contains TNFRSF10A (also known as DR4, Apo2, TRAIL-R1, CD261), TNFRSF10B (also known as DR5, KILLER, TRICK2A, TRAIL-R2, TRICKB, CD262), TNFRSF10C (also known as DcR1, TRAIL-R3, LIT, TRID, CD263), and TNFRSF10D (also known as DcR2, TRUNDD, TRAIL-R4, CD264). Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TNFSF10/TRAIL) binds to all 4 receptors. DR4 (TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2) are membrane-bound and contain a death domain in their intracellular portion, which is able to transmit an apoptotic signal, thus often called death receptors. In contrast, DcR1 (TRAIL-R3), which lacks the complete intracellular portion and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4), which has a truncated cytoplasmic death domain, do not transmit an apoptotic signal, thus known as decoy receptors. Apoptosis mediated by DR4 and DR5 requires Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain (FADD), a death domain containing adaptor protein. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms and one non-coding transcript have been found for TNFRSF10B/DR5. DcR1 appears to function as an antagonistic receptor that protects cells from TRAIL-induced apoptosis; it has been found to be a p53-regulated DNA damage-inducible gene. The expression of this gene is detected in many normal tissues but not in most cancer cell lines, which may explain the specific sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptosis-inducing activity of TRAIL. DcR2 has been shown to play an inhibitory role in TRAIL-induced cell apoptosis. The membrane expression of all of these receptors (DR4, DR5, DcR1, and DcR2) is greater in normal endometrium (NE) than in endometrioid adenocarcinoma (EAC). In EAC patients, membrane expression of these receptors are not independent predictors of survival. DcR1 and DcR2 expression is critical in cell growth and apoptosis in cutaneous or uveal melanoma; DcR1 and DcR2 are frequently methylated in both, leading to loss of gene expression and melanomagenesis. On the other hand, DR4 and DR5 methylation is rare in cutaneous melanoma and frequent in uveal melanoma; their expression is wholly independent of the promoter methylation status. DcR1 and DcR2 genes are also reported to be hyper-methylated in prostate cancer. The TRAIL ligand, a potent and specific inducer of apoptosis in cancer cells, has been explored as a therapeutic drug; experimental data has shown that DR4 specific TRAIL variants are more efficacious than wild-type TRAIL in pancreatic cancer.

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                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 16975304  19 CCTKCHKGTYLYNDcpgpgqDTDCRECESGS-FTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKemGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQYR 94
Cdd:cd10580   1 SCGLCPAGTYVSED------SGDCIPCKEGVdYTEHPNGLPSCLPCTVCKS--DEEELSPCTTTRNTECQCKPGTFC 69

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16 (TNFRSF16), also known as p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) or CD271; TNFRSF16 (also known as nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) or p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR or p75(NTR)), CD271, Gp80-LNGFR) is a common receptor for both neurotrophins and proneurotrophins, and plays a diverse role in many tissues, including the nervous system. It has been shown to be expressed in various types of stem cells and has been used to prospectively isolate stem cells with different degrees of potency. p75NTR owes its signaling to the recruitment of intracellular binding proteins, leading to the activation of different signaling pathways. It binds nerve growth factor (NGF) and the complex can initiate a signaling cascade which has been associated with both neuronal apoptosis and neuronal survival of discrete populations of neurons, depending on the presence or absence of intracellular signaling molecules downstream of p75NTR (e.g. NF-kB, JNK, or p75NTR intracellular death domain). p75NTR can also bind NGF in concert with the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (TrkA) protein where it is thought to modulate the formation of the high-affinity neurotrophin binding complex. On melanoma cell, p75NTR is an immunosuppressive factor, induced by interferon (IFN)-gamma, and mediates down-regulation of melanoma antigens. It can interact with the aggregated form of amyloid beta (Abeta) peptides, and plays an important role in etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease by influencing protein tau hyper-phosphorylation. p75(NTR) is involved in the formation and progression of retina diseases; its expression is induced in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and its knockdown rescues RPE cell proliferation activity and inhibits RPE apoptosis induced by hypoxia. It can therefore be a potential therapeutic target for RPE hypoxia or oxidative stress diseases.

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gi 16975304   4 VCPQGKYIHPQNNsIC--CTKCHKGTYLYNDCpGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKemGQVEISSCTVD 81
Cdd:cd13416  79 ECAYGYYLDEDSG-TCepCTVCPPGQGVVQSC-GPNQDTVCEACPEGTYSDEDSSTDPCLPCTVCED--GEVELRECTPV 154

                ....*
gi 16975304  82 RDTVC 86
Cdd:cd13416 155 SDTVC 159

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), also known as death receptor (DR6); TNFRSF21 (also known as death receptor 6 (DR6), CD358, BM-018) is highly expressed in differentiating neurons as well as in the adult brain, and is upregulated in injured neurons. DR6 negatively regulates neurondendrocyte, axondendrocyte, and oligodendrocyte survival, hinders axondendrocyte and oligodendrocyte regeneration and its inhibition has a neuro-protective effect in nerve injury. It activates nuclear factor kappa-B (NFkB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8, also called c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1), and induces cell apoptosis by associating with TNFRSF1A-associated via death domain (TRADD), which is known to mediate signal transduction of tumor necrosis factor receptors. TNFRSF21 plays a role in T-helper cell activation, and may be involved in inflammation and immune regulation. Its possible ligand is alpha-amyloid precursor protein (APP), hence probably involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease; when released, APP binds in an autocrine/paracrine manner to activate a caspase-dependent self-destruction program that removes unnecessary or connectionless axons. Increasing beta-catenin levels in brain endothelium upregulates TNFRSF21 and TNFRSF19, indicating that these death receptors are downstream target genes of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which has been shown to be required for blood-brain barrier development. DR6 is up-regulated in numerous solid tumors as well as in tumor vascular cells, including ovarian cancer and may be a clinically useful diagnostic and predictive serum biomarker for some adult sarcoma subtypes.

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gi 16975304  15 NNSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCPgPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKcRKEMGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQYR 94
Cdd:cd10583  10 GTQLTCDKCPAGTYVSKHCT-ETSLRECSPCPNGTFTRHENGIEQCHRCRK-PCPAPMIEKTPCTALTDRECTCPPGTFL 87

                .
gi 16975304  95 H 95
Cdd:cd10583  88 S 88

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9) in teleosts; also known as CD137; This subfamily of TNFRSF9 (also known as CD137, ILA, 4-1BB) is found in teleosts. CD137 plays a role in the immunobiology of human cancer where it is preferentially expressed on tumor-reactive subset of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. It can be expressed by activated T cells, but to a larger extent on CD8 than on CD4 T cells. In addition, CD137 expression is found on dendritic cells, follicular dendritic cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and cells of blood vessel walls at sites of inflammation. It transduces signals that lead to the activation of NF-kappaB, mediated by the TRAF adaptor proteins. CD137 contributes to the clonal expansion, survival, and development of T cells. It can also induce proliferation in peripheral monocytes, enhance T cell apoptosis induced by TCR/CD3 triggered activation, and regulate CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses. CD137 is modulated by SAHA treatment in breast cancer cells, suggesting that the combination of SAHA with this receptor could be a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of tumors. Mostly, CD137 in teleosts have not been characterized.

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gi 16975304  15 NNSICCTKCHKGTYLYNDCpGPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRhCLSCSKCRKemGQVEISSCTVDRDTVCGCRK 90
Cdd:cd13424   9 KNYVCCESCHPGNRLVERC-GPDPAELCKPCEPGTYTVKPLDYS-CYICTQCIG--AQVLLKNCTPSSDTVCGCKE 80

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily 11B (TNFRSF11B) in teleost; also known as Osteoprotegerin (OPG); This subfamily of TNFRSF11B (also known as Osteoprotegerin, OPG, TR1, OCIF) is found in teleosts. It is a secreted glycoprotein that regulates bone resorption. It binds to two ligands, RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand, also known as osteoprotegerin ligand, OPGL, TRANCE, TNF-related activation induced cytokine), a critical cytokine for osteoclast differentiation, and TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), involved in immune surveillance. Therefore, acting as a decoy receptor for RANKL and TRAIL, OPG inhibits the regulatory effects of nuclear factor-kappaB on inflammation, skeletal, and vascular systems, and prevents TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Studies in mice counterparts suggest that this protein and its ligand also play a role in lymph-node organogenesis and vascular calcification. Circulating OPG levels have emerged as independent biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with acute or chronic heart disease. OPG has also been implicated in various inflammations and linked to diabetes and poor glycemic control. Alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been reported, although their full length nature has not been determined. Genetic analysis of the Japanese rice fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) has shown that entire networks for bone formation are conserved between teleosts and mammals; enabling medaka to be used as a genetic model to monitor bone homeostasis in vivo.

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gi 16975304  20 CTKCHKGTYLYNDCPgPGQDTDCRECESGSFTASENHLRHCLSCSKCRKEMGQVEIsSCTVDRDTVCGCRKNQY 93
Cdd:cd13412  22 CKKCPPGTHMAAHCT-ATTQTKCLPCPAAHYTELWNYLPRCLYCNNFCSENQEVEI-ECSATNNRVCRCKEGYY 93

TNFR/NGFR cysteine-rich region;

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gi 16975304    45 CESGSFTASENHLRhCLSCSKCrkEMGQVEISSCTVDRDTVC 86
Cdd:pfam00020   1 CPPGTYTDNWNGLK-CLPCTVC--PPGQVVVRPCTPTSDTVC 39