Src homology 2 (SH2) domain; In general, SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction; they bind pTyr-containing polypeptide ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites. They are present in a wide array of proteins including: adaptor proteins (Nck1, Crk, Grb2), scaffolds (Slp76, Shc, Dapp1), kinases (Src, Syk, Fps, Tec), phosphatases (Shp-1, Shp-2), transcription factors (STAT1), Ras signaling molecules (Ras-Gap), ubiquitination factors (c-Cbl), cytoskeleton regulators (Tensin), signal regulators (SAP), and phospholipid second messengers (PLCgamma), amongst others.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  25 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 104
Cdd:cd10385    1 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 114794866 105 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 125
Cdd:cd10385   81 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 101

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  25 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 104
Cdd:cd10385    1 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 114794866 105 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 125
Cdd:cd10385   81 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 101

Src homology 2 domains; Src homology 2 domains bind phosphotyrosine-containing polypeptides via 2 surface pockets. Specificity is provided via interaction with residues that are distinct from the phosphotyrosine. Only a single occurrence of a SH2 domain has been found in S. cerevisiae.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866    35 PCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHN-FSFDahDPCVFHSpdITGLLEH 113
Cdd:smart00252   2 PWYHGFISREEAEKLLKNEGDGDFLVRDSESSPGDYVLSVRVKGKVKHYRIRRNEDGkFYLE--GGRKFPS--LVELVEH 77

                   ....*.
gi 114794866   114 YKDPSA 119
Cdd:smart00252  78 YQKNSL 83

SOCS box; The SOCS box acts as a bridge between specific substrate- binding domains and more generic proteins that comprise a large family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 114794866  135 FPFSLQHICRTVICNCTTY---DGIDALPIPSSMKLYLK 170
Cdd:pfam07525   1 TPRSLQHLCRLAIRRALGKrrlGAIDKLPLPPLLKDYLL 39

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  25 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 104
Cdd:cd10385    1 VPDLLQINNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHS 80

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|.
gi 114794866 105 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 125
Cdd:cd10385   81 PDITGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEP 101

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  35 PCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDPCVFHSPDITGLLEHY 114
Cdd:cd09923    1 GWYWGGITRYEAEELLAGKPEGTFLVRDSSDSRYLFSVSFRTYGRTLHARIEYSNGRFSFDSSDPSVPRFPCVVELIEHY 80

                 .
gi 114794866 115 K 115
Cdd:cd09923   81 V 81

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box of SOCS5-like proteins. Together with CIS1, the CIS/SOCS family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SH2 domain. SOCS5 inhibits Th2 differentiation by inhibiting IL-4 signaling. The general function of the SOCS box is the recruitment of the ubiquitin-transferase system. The SOCS box interacts with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 114794866 134 TFPFSLQHICRTVICNCTTYDGIDALPIPSSMKLYLKEYHYKSKVRV 180
Cdd:cd03739    1 TFPFSLQYICRAVICRCTTYDGIDALPLPSMLQDFLKEYHYKQKVRV 47

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  37 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFdahdpcvFHSPDITG------L 110
Cdd:cd10387   13 YWGPITRWEAEGKLANVPDGSFLVRDSSDDRYLLSLSFRSHGKTLHTRIEHSNGRFSF-------YEQPDVEGhtsivdL 85

                 ....*...
gi 114794866 111 LEHYKDPS 118
Cdd:cd10387   86 IEHSIRDS 93

Src homology 2 domains; Src homology 2 domains bind phosphotyrosine-containing polypeptides via 2 surface pockets. Specificity is provided via interaction with residues that are distinct from the phosphotyrosine. Only a single occurrence of a SH2 domain has been found in S. cerevisiae.

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866    35 PCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHN-FSFDahDPCVFHSpdITGLLEH 113
Cdd:smart00252   2 PWYHGFISREEAEKLLKNEGDGDFLVRDSESSPGDYVLSVRVKGKVKHYRIRRNEDGkFYLE--GGRKFPS--LVELVEH 77

                   ....*.
gi 114794866   114 YKDPSA 119
Cdd:smart00252  78 YQKNSL 83

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS); CIS family members are known to be cytokine-inducible negative regulators of cytokine signaling. The expression of the CIS gene can be induced by IL2, IL3, GM-CSF and EPO in hematopoietic cells. Proteasome-mediated degradation of this protein has been shown to be involved in the inactivation of the erythropoietin receptor. Suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  37 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAH---DPCVFHSPDITGLLEH 113
Cdd:cd10718    7 YWGSITASEAHQALQKAPEGTFLVRDSSHPSYMLTLSVKTTRGPTNVRIEYSDGSFRLDSSslaRPRLLSFPDVVSLVQH 86

                 .
gi 114794866 114 Y 114
Cdd:cd10718   87 Y 87

suppressors of cytokine signalling; suppressors of cytokine signalling

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866   133 RTFPFSLQHICRTVICNCTTYDGIDALPIPSSMKLYLKEY 172
Cdd:smart00253   4 PSNVPSLQHLCRFTIRRCTRTDQIKTLPLPPKLKDYLSYY 43

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins; SH2 domain found in SOCS proteins. SOCS was first recognized as a group of cytokine-inducible SH2 (CIS) domain proteins comprising eight family members in human (CIS and SOCS1-SOCS7). In addition to the SH2 domain, SOCS proteins have a variable N-terminal domain and a conserved SOCS box in the C-terminal domain. SOCS proteins bind to a substrate via their SH2 domain. The prototypical members, CIS and SOCS1-SOCS3, have been shown to regulate growth hormone signaling in vitro and in a classic negative feedback response compete for binding at phosphotyrosine sites in JAK kinase and receptor pathways to displace effector proteins and target bound receptors for proteasomal degradation. Loss of SOCS activity results in excessive cytokine signaling associated with a variety of hematopoietic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases and certain cancers. Members (SOCS4-SOCS7) were identified by their conserved SOCS box, an adapter motif of 3 helices that associates substrate binding domains, such as the SOCS SH2 domain, ankryin, and WD40 with ubiquitin ligase components. These show limited cytokine induction. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  37 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAhDPCVFHSPD----ITGLLE 112
Cdd:cd10384   13 YWSTVSGKEANLLLSAEPAGTFLIRDSSDQRHFFTLSVKTESGTKNLRIQCEGGSFSLQT-DPRSTQPVPrfdcVLKLVH 91

                 ....*...
gi 114794866 113 HYKDPSAC 120
Cdd:cd10384   92 HYMPPSAA 99

SOCS box; The SOCS box acts as a bridge between specific substrate- binding domains and more generic proteins that comprise a large family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 114794866  135 FPFSLQHICRTVICNCTTY---DGIDALPIPSSMKLYLK 170
Cdd:pfam07525   1 TPRSLQHLCRLAIRRALGKrrlGAIDKLPLPPLLKDYLL 39

SH2 domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866   37 YWGVMDKYAAEALL-EGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQ---------WNHNFSfdahdpcvfhspD 106
Cdd:pfam00017   2 YHGKISRQEAERLLlNGKPDGTFLVRESESTPGGYTLSVRDDGKVKHYKIQStdnggyyisGGVKFS------------S 69

                  ....*...
gi 114794866  107 ITGLLEHY 114
Cdd:pfam00017  70 LAELVEHY 77

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box of SOCS7-like proteins. Together with CIS1, the CIS/SOCS family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SH2 domain. SOCS7 is important in the functioning of neuronal cells. The general function of the SOCS box is the recruitment of the ubiquitin-transferase system. The SOCS box interacts with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 114794866 138 SLQHICRTVICNCTTYDGIDALPIPSSMKLYLKEYHYKS 176
Cdd:cd03741    5 SLQHLCRFVIRKLVRRDHIPALPLPRRLIDYLREKHYYS 43

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box of Rab40-like proteins. Rab40 is part of the Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins that form the largest family within the Ras superfamily. Rab proteins regulate vesicular trafficking pathways, behaving as membrane-associated molecular switches. Rab40 is characterized by a SOCS box c-terminal to the GTPase domain. The SOCS boxes interact with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 114794866 137 FSLQHICRTVICNCTTYDGIDALPIPSSMKLYLKEY 172
Cdd:cd03742    4 LSLQDLCCRAIVSCTPVYLIDKLPLPVSIKSHLKSF 39

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box of CIS (cytokine-inducible SH2 protein) 1-like proteins. Together with the SOCS proteins, the CIS/SOCS family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a C-terminal SOCS box and a central SH2 domain. CIS1, like SOCS1 and SOCS3, is involved in the down-regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. CIS1 binds to cytokine receptors at STAT5-docking sites, which prohibits recruitment of STAT5 to the receptor signaling complex and results in the down-regulation of activation by STAT5.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 114794866 138 SLQHICRTVICNCTTydGIDALPIPSSMKLYLKEYHYK 175
Cdd:cd03734    5 SLQHLCRLVINRLVT--DVDCLPLPRRMADYLRQYPFQ 40

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Nck family; Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  34 NPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKP-EGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFsfdahdpCV----FHSPDit 108
Cdd:cd09943    1 QPWYYGRITRHQAETLLNEHGhEGDFLIRDSESNPGDYSVSLKAPGRNKHFKVQVVDNVY-------CIgqrkFHTMD-- 71

                 ....*..
gi 114794866 109 GLLEHYK 115
Cdd:cd09943   72 ELVEHYK 78

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Nck; Nck proteins are adaptors that modulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics by linking proline-rich effector molecules to tyrosine kinases or phosphorylated signaling intermediates. There are two members known in this family: Nck1 (Nckalpha) and Nck2 (Nckbeta and Growth factor receptor-bound protein 4 (Grb4)). They are characterized by having 3 SH3 domains and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Nck1 and Nck2 have overlapping functions as determined by gene knockouts. Both bind receptor tyrosine kinases and other tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins through their SH2 domains. In addition they also bind distinct targets. Neuronal signaling proteins: EphrinB1, EphrinB2, and Disabled-1 (Dab-1) all bind to Nck-2 exclusively. And in the case of PDGFR, Tyr(P)751 binds to Nck1 while Tyr(P)1009 binds to Nck2. Nck1 and Nck2 have a role in the infection process of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Their SH3 domains are involved in recruiting and activating the N-WASP/Arp2/3 complex inducing actin polymerization resulting in the production of pedestals, dynamic bacteria-presenting protrusions of the plasma membrane. A similar thing occurs in the vaccinia virus where motile plasma membrane projections are formed beneath the virus. Recently it has been shown that the SH2 domains of both Nck1 and Nck2 bind the G-protein coupled receptor kinase-interacting protein 1 (GIT1) in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  34 NPCYWGVMDKYAAE-ALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDpcvFHSpdITGLLE 112
Cdd:cd10408    1 NPWYYGKVTRHQAEmALNERGNEGDFLIRDSESSPNDFSVSLKAQGKNKHFKVQLKECVYCIGQRK---FSS--MEELVE 75

                 ...
gi 114794866 113 HYK 115
Cdd:cd10408   76 HYK 78

Src homology 2 domain found in cancer-related signaling adaptor protein CRK; SH2 domain in the CRK proteins. CRKI (SH2-SH3) and CRKII (SH2-SH3-SH3) are splicing isoforms of the oncoprotein CRK. CRKs regulate transcription and cytoskeletal reorganization for cell growth and motility by linking tyrosine kinases to small G proteins. The SH2 domain of CRK associates with tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors or components of focal adhesions, such as p130Cas and paxillin. CRK transmits signals to small G proteins through effectors that bind its SH3 domain, such as C3G, the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rap1 and R-Ras, and DOCK180, the GEF for Rac6. The binding of p130Cas to the CRK-C3G complex activates Rap1, leading to regulation of cell adhesion, and activates R-Ras, leading to JNK-mediated activation of cell proliferation, whereas the binding of CRK DOCK180 induces Rac1-mediated activation of cellular migration. The activity of the different splicing isoforms varies greatly with CRKI displaying substantial transforming activity, CRKII less so, and phosphorylated CRKII with no biological activity whatsoever. CRKII has a linker region with a phosphorylated Tyr and an additional C-terminal SH3 domain. The phosphorylated Tyr creates a binding site for its SH2 domain which disrupts the association between CRK and its SH2 target proteins. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  37 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQ--EDYLFSVSFR-RYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFS-FDAHDPcvfHSPDITGLLE 112
Cdd:cd09926   10 YFGPMSRQEAQELLQGQRHGVFLVRDSSTipGDYVLSVSENsRVSHYIINSLGQPAPNQSrYRIGDQ---EFDDLPALLE 86

                         90       100
                 ....*....|....*....|....
gi 114794866 113 HYKdpsacmfFEPLLSTPLIRTFP 136
Cdd:cd09926   87 FYK-------LHYLDTTTLIEPAS 103

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in the Src oncogene at 42A (Src42); Src42 is a member of the Src non-receptor type tyrosine kinase family of proteins. The integration of receptor tyrosine kinase-induced RAS and Src42 signals by Connector eNhancer of KSR (CNK) as a two-component input is essential for RAF activation in Drosophila. Src42 is present in a wide variety of organisms including: California sea hare, pea aphid, yellow fever mosquito, honey bee, Panamanian leafcutter ant, and sea urchin. Src42 has a unique N-terminal domain, an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, a kinase domain and a regulatory tail, as do the other members of the family. Like the other members of the Src family the SH2 domain in addition to binding the target, also plays an autoinhibitory role by binding to its C-terminal tail. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 114794866  35 PCYWGVMDKYAAEA--LLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSFDAHDpCVFHSpdITGLLE 112
Cdd:cd10370    4 PWYFGKIKRIEAEKklLLPENEHGAFLIRDSESRHNDYSLSVRDGDTVKHYRIRQLDEGGFFIARR-TTFRT--LQELVE 80

                 ..
gi 114794866 113 HY 114
Cdd:cd10370   81 HY 82

SOCS (suppressors of cytokine signaling) box of WSB/SWiP-like proteins. This subfamily contains WSB-1 (SOCS-box-containing WD-40 protein), part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase for the thyroid-hormone-activating type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2), and SWiP-1 (SOCS box and WD-repeats in Protein), a WD40-containing protein that is expressed in embryonic structures of chickens and regulated by Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), as well as, their isoforms WSB-2 and SWiP-2. The general function of the SOCS box is the recruitment of the ubiquitin-transferase system. The SOCS box interacts with Elongins B and C, Cullin-5 or Cullin-2, Rbx-1, and E2. Therefore, SOCS-box-containing proteins probably function as E3 ubiquitin ligases and mediate the degradation of proteins associated through their N-terminal regions.

                         10        20        30
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 114794866 133 RTFPfSLQHICRTVI-CNCTTYDgIDALPIPSSMKLYL 169
Cdd:cd03733    1 RVVS-SLQHLCRMALrRVMTTQQ-VLALPIPKKMKEFL 36

Src homology 2 domain found in dual adaptor for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides ( DAPP1)/B lymphocyte adaptor molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32)-like proteins; DAPP1/Bam32 contains a putative myristoylation site at its N-terminus, followed by a SH2 domain, and a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at its C-terminus. DAPP1 could potentially be recruited to the cell membrane by any of these domains. Its putative myristoylation site could facilitate the interaction of DAPP1 with the lipid bilayer. Its SH2 domain may also interact with phosphotyrosine residues on membrane-associated proteins such as activated tyrosine kinase receptors. And finally its PH domain exhibits a high-affinity interaction with the PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) PtdIns(3,4)P(2) second messengers produced at the cell membrane following the activation of PI 3-kinases. DAPP1 is thought to interact with both tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and 3-phosphoinositides and therefore may play a role in regulating the location and/or activity of such proteins(s) in response to agonists that elevate PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and PtdIns(3,4)P(2). This protein is likely to play an important role in triggering signal transduction pathways that lie downstream from receptor tyrosine kinases and PI 3-kinase. It is likely that DAPP1 functions as an adaptor to recruit other proteins to the plasma membrane in response to extracellular signals. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 114794866  37 YWGVMDKYAAEA-LLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQWNHNFSF 94
Cdd:cd10355    9 YHGNLTRHAAEAlLLSNGVDGSYLLRNSNEGTGLFSLSVRAKDSVKHFHVEYTGYSFKF 67

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in Abelson murine lymphosarcoma virus (ABL) proteins; ABL-family proteins are highly conserved tyrosine kinases. Each ABL protein contains an SH3-SH2-TK (Src homology 3-Src homology 2-tyrosine kinase) domain cassette, which confers autoregulated kinase activity and is common among nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. Several types of posttranslational modifications control ABL catalytic activity, subcellular localization, and stability, with consequences for both cytoplasmic and nuclear ABL functions. Binding partners provide additional regulation of ABL catalytic activity, substrate specificity, and downstream signaling. By combining this cassette with actin-binding and -bundling domain, ABL proteins are capable of connecting phosphoregulation with actin-filament reorganization. Vertebrate paralogs, ABL1 and ABL2, have evolved to perform specialized functions. ABL1 includes nuclear localization signals and a DNA binding domain which is used to mediate DNA damage-repair functions, while ABL2 has additional binding capacity for actin and for microtubules to enhance its cytoskeletal remodeling functions. SH2 is involved in several autoinhibitory mechanism that constrain the enzymatic activity of the ABL-family kinases. In one mechanism SH2 and SH3 cradle the kinase domain while a cap sequence stabilizes the inactive conformation resulting in a locked inactive state. Another involves phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) which binds the SH2 domain through residues normally required for phosphotyrosine binding in the linker segment between the SH2 and kinase domains. The SH2 domain contributes to ABL catalytic activity and target site specificity. It is thought that the ABL catalytic site and SH2 pocket have coevolved to recognize the same sequences. Recent work now supports a hierarchical processivity model in which the substrate target site most compatible with ABL kinase domain preferences is phosphorylated with greatest efficiency. If this site is compatible with the ABL SH2 domain specificity, it will then reposition and dock in the SH2 pocket. This mechanism also explains how ABL kinases phosphorylates poor targets on the same substrate if they are properly positioned and how relatively poor substrate proteins might be recruited to ABL through a complex with strong substrates that can also dock with the SH2 pocket. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 114794866  32 NNNPCYWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARIEQ 87
Cdd:cd09935    1 EKHSWYHGPISRNAAEYLLSSGINGSFLVRESESSPGQYSISLRYDGRVYHYRISE 56

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in alpha2-chimerin and beta2-chimerin proteins; Chimerins are a family of phorbol ester- and diacylglycerol-responsive GTPase-activating proteins. Alpha1-chimerin (formerly known as n-chimerin) and alpha2-chimerin are alternatively spliced products of a single gene, as are beta1- and beta2-chimerin. alpha1- and beta1-chimerin have a relatively short N-terminal region that does not encode any recognizable domains, whereas alpha2- and beta2-chimerin both include a functional SH2 domain that can bind to phosphotyrosine motifs within receptors. All of the isoforms contain a GAP domain with specificity in vitro for Rac1 and a diacylglycerol (DAG)-binding C1 domain which allows them to translocate to membranes in response to DAG signaling and anchors them in close proximity to activated Rac. Other C1 domain-containing diacylglycerol receptors including: PKC, Munc-13 proteins, phorbol ester binding scaffolding proteins involved in Ca2+-stimulated exocytosis, and RasGRPs, diacylglycerol-activated guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for Ras and Rap1. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 114794866  37 YWGVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLHARI 85
Cdd:cd10352    9 YHGLISREEAEQLLSGASDGSYLIRESSRDDGYYTLSLRFNGKVKNYKL 57

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SLAM-associated protein (SAP)1; The X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP) gene encodes SAP (also called SH2D1A/DSHP) a protein that consists of a 5 residue N-terminus, a single SH2 domain, and a short 25 residue C-terminal tail. XLP is characterized by an extreme sensitivity to Epstein-Barr virus. Both T and natural killer (NK) cell dysfunctions have been seen in XLP patients. SAP binds the cytoplasmic tail of Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM), 2B4, Ly-9, and CD84. SAP is believed to function as a signaling inhibitor, by blocking or regulating binding of other signaling proteins. SAP and the SAP-like protein EAT-2 recognize the sequence motif TIpYXX[VI], which is found in the cytoplasmic domains of a restricted number of T, B, and NK cell surface receptors and are proposed to be natural inhibitors or regulators of the physiological role of a small family of receptors on the surface of these cells. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 114794866  35 PCYWGVMDKYAAEALL-EGKPEGTFLLRDSAQ--EDYLFSVSFRRYSRSLhaRIEQWNHNF---SFDAHDP-CVFhsPDI 107
Cdd:cd10342    4 AVYHGKISRETGEKLLlATGLDGSYLLRDSESvpGVYCLCVLYHGYIYTY--RVSQTETGSwsaETAPGVHkRYF--RKI 79

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gi 114794866 108 TGLLEHYKDPSACMFFEplLSTPLIR 133
Cdd:cd10342   80 KNLISAFQKPDQGIVIP--LQYPVEK 103

Src homology 2 (SH2) domain found in SH2 domain-bearing protein kinases A and C (ShkA and ShkC); SH2-bearing genes cloned from Dictyostelium include two transcription factors, STATa and STATc, and a signaling factor, SHK1 (shkA). A database search of the Dictyostelium discoideum genome revealed two additional putative STAT sequences, dd-STATb and dd-STATd, and four additional putative SHK genes, dd-SHK2 (shkB), dd-SHK3 (shkC), dd-SHK4 (shkD), and dd-SHK5 (shkE). This model contains members of shkA and shkC. All of the SHK members are most closely related to the protein kinases found in plants. However these kinases in plants are not conjugated to any SH2 or SH2-like sequences. Alignment data indicates that the SHK SH2 domains carry some features of the STAT SH2 domains in Dictyostelium. When STATc's linker domain was used for a BLAST search, the sequence between the protein kinase domain and the SH2 domain (the linker) of SHK was recovered, suggesting a close relationship among these molecules within this region. SHK's linker domain is predicted to contain an alpha-helix which is indeed homologous to that of STAT. Based on the phylogenetic alignment, SH2 domains can be grouped into two categories, STAT-type and Src-type. SHK family members are in between, but are closer to the STAT-type which indicates a close relationship between SHK and STAT families in their SH2 domains and further supports the notion that SHKs linker-SH2 domain evolved from STAT or STATL (STAT-like Linker-SH2) domain found in plants. In SHK, STAT, and SPT6, the linker-SH2 domains all reside exclusively in the C-terminal regions. In general SH2 domains are involved in signal transduction. They typically bind pTyr-containing ligands via two surface pockets, a pTyr and hydrophobic binding pocket, allowing proteins with SH2 domains to localize to tyrosine phosphorylated sites.

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gi 114794866  36 CYW--GVMDKYAAEALLEGKPEGTFLLRDSAQEDYLFSVS 73
Cdd:cd10356   10 CAWfhGDISTSESENRLNGKPEGTFLVRFSTSEPGAYTIS 49