EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in alpha-parvalbumin; Alpha-parvalbumin is cytosolic Ca2+/Mg2+-binding protein expressed mainly in fast-twitch skeletal myofibrils, where it may act as a soluble relaxing factor facilitating the Ca2+-mediated relaxation phase. It is also expressed in rapidly firing neurons, particularly GABA-ergic neurons, and thus may confer protection against Ca2+ toxicity. The major role of alpha-parvalbumin is metal buffering and transport of Ca2+. It binds different metal cations, and exhibits very high affinity for Ca2+ and physiologically significant affinity for Mg2+. Alpha-parvalbumin is characterized by the presence of three consecutive EF-hand motifs (helix-loop-helix) called AB, CD, and EF, but only CD and EF can chelate metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. Both metal ion-binding sites in alpha-parvalbumin are high-affinity sites. Additionally, in contrast to beta-parvalbumin, alpha-parvalbumin is less acidic and has an additional residue in the C-terminal helix.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208   9 AEDIKKAIGAFAAADSFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKETKTLLA 88
Cdd:cd16254     1 AEDIKKAVGAFAAADSFDYKKFFEMVGLKKKSADDVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELKFVLKGFSPDGRDLSDKETKALLA 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1061214208  89 AGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVAE 109
Cdd:cd16254    81 AGDKDGDGKIGIDEFATLVAE 101

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in alpha-parvalbumin; Alpha-parvalbumin is cytosolic Ca2+/Mg2+-binding protein expressed mainly in fast-twitch skeletal myofibrils, where it may act as a soluble relaxing factor facilitating the Ca2+-mediated relaxation phase. It is also expressed in rapidly firing neurons, particularly GABA-ergic neurons, and thus may confer protection against Ca2+ toxicity. The major role of alpha-parvalbumin is metal buffering and transport of Ca2+. It binds different metal cations, and exhibits very high affinity for Ca2+ and physiologically significant affinity for Mg2+. Alpha-parvalbumin is characterized by the presence of three consecutive EF-hand motifs (helix-loop-helix) called AB, CD, and EF, but only CD and EF can chelate metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. Both metal ion-binding sites in alpha-parvalbumin are high-affinity sites. Additionally, in contrast to beta-parvalbumin, alpha-parvalbumin is less acidic and has an additional residue in the C-terminal helix.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208   9 AEDIKKAIGAFAAADSFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKETKTLLA 88
Cdd:cd16254     1 AEDIKKAVGAFAAADSFDYKKFFEMVGLKKKSADDVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELKFVLKGFSPDGRDLSDKETKALLA 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1061214208  89 AGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVAE 109
Cdd:cd16254    81 AGDKDGDGKIGIDEFATLVAE 101

Ca2+-binding protein, EF-hand superfamily [Signal transduction mechanisms];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1061214208  42 DEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFssdarDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVAE 109
Cdd:COG5126    69 PFARAAFDLLDTDGDGKISADEFRRLLTAL-----GVSEEEADELFARLDTDGDGKISFEEFVAAVRD 131

XopAW family type III secretion system calcium-binding effector;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208  45 KKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKEtktLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFS 104
Cdd:NF041410   30 KQLFAKLDSDGDGSVSQDELSSALSSKSDDGSLIDLSE---LFSDLDSDGDGSLSSDELA 86

EF-hand, calcium binding motif; EF-hands are calcium-binding motifs that occur at least in pairs. Links between disease states and genes encoding EF-hands, particularly the S100 subclass, are emerging. Each motif consists of a 12 residue loop flanked on either side by a 12 residue alpha-helix. EF-hands undergo a conformational change unpon binding calcium ions.

                           10        20
                   ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1061214208   43 EVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILK 69
Cdd:smart00054   1 ELKEAFRLFDKDGDGKIDFEEFKDLLK 27

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in alpha-parvalbumin; Alpha-parvalbumin is cytosolic Ca2+/Mg2+-binding protein expressed mainly in fast-twitch skeletal myofibrils, where it may act as a soluble relaxing factor facilitating the Ca2+-mediated relaxation phase. It is also expressed in rapidly firing neurons, particularly GABA-ergic neurons, and thus may confer protection against Ca2+ toxicity. The major role of alpha-parvalbumin is metal buffering and transport of Ca2+. It binds different metal cations, and exhibits very high affinity for Ca2+ and physiologically significant affinity for Mg2+. Alpha-parvalbumin is characterized by the presence of three consecutive EF-hand motifs (helix-loop-helix) called AB, CD, and EF, but only CD and EF can chelate metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. Both metal ion-binding sites in alpha-parvalbumin are high-affinity sites. Additionally, in contrast to beta-parvalbumin, alpha-parvalbumin is less acidic and has an additional residue in the C-terminal helix.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208   9 AEDIKKAIGAFAAADSFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKETKTLLA 88
Cdd:cd16254     1 AEDIKKAVGAFAAADSFDYKKFFEMVGLKKKSADDVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELKFVLKGFSPDGRDLSDKETKALLA 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1061214208  89 AGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVAE 109
Cdd:cd16254    81 AGDKDGDGKIGIDEFATLVAE 101

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in parvalbumins; Parvalbumins are small, acidic, cytosolic EF-hand-containing Ca2+-buffer and Ca2+ transporter/shuttle proteins belonging to EF-hand superfamily. They are expressed by vertebrates in fast-twitch muscle cells, specific neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system, sensory cells of the mammalian auditory organ (Corti's cell), and some other cells, and characterized by the presence of three consecutive EF-hand motifs (helix-loop-helix) called AB, CD, and EF, but only CD and EF can chelate metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. Thus, they may play an additional role in Mg2+ handling. Moreover, parvalbumins represent one of the major animal allergens. In metal-bound states, parvalbumins possess a rigid and stable tertiary structure and display strong allergenicity. In contrast, the metal-free parvalbumins are intrinsically disordered, and the loss of metal ions results in a conformational change that decreases their IgE binding capacity. Furthermore, parvalbumins have been widely used as a neuronal marker for a variety of functional brain systems. They also function as a Ca2+ shuttle transporting Ca2+ from troponin-C (TnC) to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ pump during muscle relaxation. Thus they may facilitate myocardial relaxation and play important roles in cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Parvalbumins consists of alpha- and beta- sublineages, which can be distinguished on the basis of isoelectric point (pI > 5 for alpha; pI

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208   9 AEDIKKAIGAFAAADSFDHKKFFQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKETKTLLA 88
Cdd:cd16253     1 ANDIDIALAACQAADSFDHKAFFKAVGLSKKSPADIKKVFNILDQDKSGFIEEEELKLFLKNFSDGARVLSDKETKNFLA 80

                          90       100
                  ....*....|....*....|.
gi 1061214208  89 AGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVAE 109
Cdd:cd16253    81 AGDSDGDGKIGVDEFKSMVKA 101

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in uncharacterized calglandulin-like proteins; The family corresponds to a group of uncharacterized calglandulin-like proteins. Although their biological function remain unclear, they show high sequence similarity with human calglandulin-like protein GAGLP, which is an ortholog of calglandulin from the venom glands of Bothrops insularis snake. Both GAGLP and calglandulin are putative Ca2+-binding proteins with four EF-hand motifs. However, members in this family contain only three EF-hand motifs. In this point, they may belong to the parvalbumin-like EF-hand family, which is characterized by the presence of three consecutive EF-hand motifs (helix-loop-helix).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208  24 SFDHKKFFQ-MVGLKKKNPDE--VKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSD--ARDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKI 98
Cdd:cd16252    16 SFNYSKFFEyMQKFQTSEQQEeaIRKAFQMLDKDKSGFIEWNEIKYILSTVPSSmpVAPLSDEEAEAMIQAADTDGDGRI 95

                          90
                  ....*....|.
gi 1061214208  99 GVEEFSTLVAE 109
Cdd:cd16252    96 DFQEFSDMVKK 106

EF-hand domain pair;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1061214208  42 DEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDArDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLV 107
Cdd:pfam13499   2 EKLKEAFKLLDSDGDGYLDVEELKKLLRKLEEGE-PLSDEEVEELFKEFDLDKDGRISFEEFLELY 66

Penta-EF hand, calcium binding motifs, found in Group I PEF proteins; The family corresponds to Group I PEF proteins that have been found not only in higher animals but also in lower animals, plants, fungi and protists. Group I PEF proteins include apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2), peflin and similar proteins. ALG-2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6), is a widely expressed calcium-binding modulator protein associated with cell proliferation and death, as well as cell survival. It forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin. Among the PEF proteins, ALG-2 can bind three Ca2+ ions through its EF1, EF3, and EF5 hands, where it is unique in that its EF5 hand binds Ca2+ ion in a canonical coordination. Peflin is a ubiquitously expressed 30-kD PEF protein containing five EF-hand motifs in its C-terminal domain and a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain (NHB domain) than any other member of the PEF family. The NHB domain harbors nine repeats of a nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP). Peflin may modulate the function of ALG-2 in Ca2+ signaling. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2, and binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands. Its additional EF5 hand is unpaired and does not bind Ca2+ ion but mediates the heterodimerization with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1061214208  43 EVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKgfSSDARDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTL 106
Cdd:cd16180     1 ELRRIFQAVDRDRSGRISAKELQRALS--NGDWTPFSIETVRLMINMFDRDRSGTINFDEFVGL 62

XopAW family type III secretion system calcium-binding effector;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208  45 KKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKEtktLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFS 104
Cdd:NF041410   30 KQLFAKLDSDGDGSVSQDELSSALSSKSDDGSLIDLSE---LFSDLDSDGDGSLSSDELA 86

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in peflin and similar proteins; Peflin, also termed penta-EF hand (PEF) protein with a long N-terminal hydrophobic domain, or penta-EF hand domain-containing protein 1, is a ubiquitously expressed 30-kD PEF protein containing five EF-hand motifs in its C-terminal domain and a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain (NHB domain) than any other member of the PEF family. The NHB domain harbors nine repeats of a nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP). Peflin may modulate the function of ALG-2 in Ca2+ signaling. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2, and binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands. Its additional EF5 hand is unpaired and does not bind Ca2+ ion but mediates the heterodimerization with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+. In lower vertebrates, peflin may interact with transient receptor potential N (TRPN1), suggesting a potential role of peflin in fast transducer channel adaptation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1061214208  45 KKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILK--GFssdarDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEF 103
Cdd:cd16184    70 KQVFQQFDRDRSGSIDENELHQALSqmGY-----RLSPQFVQFLVSKYDPRARRSLTLDQF 125

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in Drosophila melanogaster calbindin-32 (CBN) and similar proteins; CBN, the product of the cbn gene, is a Drosophila homolog to vertebrate neuronal six EF-hand calcium binding proteins. It is expressed through most of ontogenesis with a selective distribution in the nervous system and in a few small adult thoracic muscles. Its precise biological role remains unclear. CBN contains six EF-hand motifs, but some of them may not bind calcium ions due to the lack of key residues.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1061214208  35 GLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILK------GFSSDARDLSAKEtKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLV 107
Cdd:cd16179   181 GAGKLTREDIDRVFALYDRDNNGTIENEELTGFLKdllelvQEDYDEQDLEEFK-EIILRGWDFNNDGKISRKELTMLL 258

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2); The family includes some homologs of mammalian apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) mainly found in lower eukaryotes, such as a parasitic protist Leishmarua major and a cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. These homologs contains five EF-hand motifs. Due to the presence of unfavorable residues at the Ca2+-coordinating positions, their non-canonical EF4 and EF5 hands may not bind Ca2+. Two Dictyostelium PEF proteins are the prototypes of this family. They may bind to cytoskeletal proteins and/or signal-transducing proteins localized to detergent-resistant membranes named lipid rafts, and occur as monomers or weak homo- or heterodimers like ALG-2. They can serve as a mediator for Ca2+ signaling-related Dictyostehum programmed cell death (PCD).

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1061214208  48 FHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILkgfSSDARDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTL 106
Cdd:cd16185     6 FRAVDRDRSGSIDVNELQKAL---AGGGLLFSLATAEKLIRMFDRDGNGTIDFEEFAAL 61

centrin; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1061214208  28 KKFFQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDlsaKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEF 103
Cdd:PTZ00183    3 KRRSERPGLTEDQKKEIREAFDLFDTDGSGTIDPKELKVAMRSLGFEPKK---EEIKQMIADVDKDGSGKIDFEEF 75

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in the hexa-EF hand proteins family; The hexa-EF hand proteins family, also named the calbindin sub-family, contains a group of six EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins, including calretinin (CR, also termed 29 kDa calbindin), calbindin D28K (CB, also termed vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, avian-type), and secretagogin (SCGN). CR is a cytosolic hexa-EF-hand calcium-binding protein predominantly expressed in a variety of normal and tumorigenic t-specific neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system. It is a multifunctional protein implicated in many biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. CB is highly expressed in brain tissue. It is a strong calcium-binding and buffering protein responsible for preventing a neuronal death as well as maintaining and controlling calcium homeostasis. SCGN is a six EF-hand calcium-binding protein expressed in neuroendocrine, pancreatic endocrine and retinal cells. It plays a crucial role in cell apoptosis, receptor signaling and differentiation. It is also involved in vesicle secretion through binding to various proteins, including interacts with SNAP25, SNAP23, DOC2alpha, ARFGAP2, rootletin, KIF5B, beta-tubulin, DDAH-2, ATP-synthase and myeloid leukemia factor 2. SCGN functions as a Ca2+ sensor/coincidence detector modulating vesicular exocytosis of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides or hormones. Although the family members share a significant amount of secondary sequence homology, they display altered structural and biochemical characteristics, and operate in distinct fashions. CB contains six EF-hand motifs in a single globular domain, where EF-hands 1, 3, 4, 5 bind four calcium ions. CR contains six EF-hand motifs within two independent domains, CR I-II and CR III-VI. They harbor two and four EF-hand motifs, respectively. The first 5 EF-hand motifs are capable of binding calcium ions, while the EF-hand 6 is inactive. SCGN consists of the three globular domains each of which contains a pair of EF-hand motifs. Human SCGN simultaneously binds four calcium ions through its EF-hands 3, 4, 5 and 6 in one high affinity and three low affinity calcium-binding sites. In contrast, SCGNs in other lower eukaryotes, such as D. rerio, X. laevis, M. domestica, G. gallus, O. anatinus, are fully competent in terms of six calcium-binding.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1061214208  31 FQMVGLKKKNPDEVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGF------SSDARDLSAKEtKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEE 102
Cdd:cd15902   170 FQILGAMDLTKEDFEKVFEHYDKDNNGVIEGNELDALLKDLleknkaDIDKPDLENFR-DAILRACDKNKDGKIQKTE 246

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in peflin and similar proteins; Peflin, also termed penta-EF hand (PEF) protein with a long N-terminal hydrophobic domain, or penta-EF hand domain-containing protein 1, is a ubiquitously expressed 30-kD PEF protein containing five EF-hand motifs in its C-terminal domain and a longer N-terminal hydrophobic domain (NHB domain) than any other member of the PEF family. The NHB domain harbors nine repeats of a nonapeptide (A/PPGGPYGGP). Peflin may modulate the function of ALG-2 in Ca2+ signaling. It exists only as a heterodimer with ALG-2, and binds two Ca2+ ions through its EF1 and EF3 hands. Its additional EF5 hand is unpaired and does not bind Ca2+ ion but mediates the heterodimerization with ALG-2. The dissociation of heterodimer occurs in the presence of Ca2+. In lower vertebrates, peflin may interact with transient receptor potential N (TRPN1), suggesting a potential role of peflin in fast transducer channel adaptation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1061214208  43 EVKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFssDARDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTL 106
Cdd:cd16184     1 EVQQWFQAVDRDRSGKISAKELQQALVNG--NWSHFNDETCRLMIGMFDKDKSGTIDIYEFQAL 62

Eps15 homology domain; found in proteins implicated in endocytosis, vesicle transport, and signal transduction. The alignment contains a pair of EF-hand motifs, typically one of them is canonical and binds to Ca2+, while the other may not bind to Ca2+. A hydrophobic binding pocket is formed by residues from both EF-hand motifs. The EH domain binds to proteins containing NPF (class I), [WF]W or SWG (class II), or H[TS]F (class III) sequence motifs.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1061214208  45 KKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSsdardLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFS 104
Cdd:cd00052     2 DQIFRSLDPDGDGLISGDEARPFLGKSG-----LPRSVLAQIWDLADTDKDGKLDKEEFA 56

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in apoptosis-linked gene 2 protein (ALG-2) and similar proteins; ALG-2, also termed programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6), or probable calcium-binding protein ALG-2, is one of the prototypic members of the penta EF-hand protein family. It is a widely expressed calcium-binding modulator protein associated with cell proliferation and death, as well as cell survival. ALG-2 acts as a pro-apoptotic factor participating in T cell receptor-, Fas-, and glucocorticoid-induced programmed cell death, and also serves as a useful molecular marker for the prognosis of cancers. Moreover, ALG-2 functions as a calcium ion sensor at endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites, and modulates ER-stress-stimulated cell death and neuronal apoptosis during organ formation. Furthermore, ALG-2 can mediate the pro-apoptotic activity of cisplatin or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) through the down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) expression. It also inhibits angiogenesis through PI3K/mTOR/p70S6K pathway by interacting of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). In addition, nuclear ALG-2 may participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor Type 1 (IP3R1) pre-mRNA at least in part by interacting with CHERP (Ca2+ homeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein) calcium-dependently. ALG-2 contains five serially repeated EF-hand motifs and interacts with various proteins, including ALG-2-interacting protein X (Alix), Fas, annexin XI, death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPk1), Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101), Sec31A, phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLSCR3), the P-body component PATL1, and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III-related protein IST1, in a calcium-dependent manner. It forms a homodimer in the cell or a heterodimer with its closest paralog peflin. Among the PEF proteins, ALG-2 can bind three Ca2+ ions through its EF1, EF3, and EF5 hands, where it is unique in that its EF5 hand binds Ca2+ ion in a canonical coordination.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1061214208  47 VFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSIL-----KGFSSdardlsakET-KTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTL 106
Cdd:cd16183     5 VFQRVDKDRSGQISATELQQALsngtwTPFNP--------ETvRLMIGMFDRDNSGTINFQEFAAL 62

XopAW family type III secretion system calcium-binding effector;

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1061214208  44 VKKVFHILDKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGFSSDARDLSAKET-KTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVA 108
Cdd:NF041410   65 LSELFSDLDSDGDGSLSSDELAAAAPPPPPPPDQAPSTELaDDLLSALDTDGDGSISSDELSAGLT 130

EF-hand, calcium binding motif, found in secretagogin (SCGN); SCGN is a six EF-hand calcium-binding protein expressed in neuroendocrine, pancreatic endocrine and retinal cells. It plays a crucial role in cell apoptosis, receptor signaling and differentiation. It is also involved in vesicle secretion through binding to various proteins, including interacts with SNAP25, SNAP23, DOC2alpha, ARFGAP2, rootletin, KIF5B, beta-tubulin, DDAH-2, ATP-synthase and myeloid leukemia factor 2. SCGN functions as a calcium sensor/coincidence detector modulating vesicular exocytosis of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides or hormones. It also serves as a calcium buffer in neurons. Thus, SCGN may be linked to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's, and also acts as a serum marker of neuronal damage, or as a tumor biomarker. SCGN consists of the three globular domains each of which contains a pair of EF-hand motifs. All six EF hand motifs of SCGN in some eukaryotes, including D. rerio, X. laevis, M. domestica, G. gallus, O. anatinus, could potentially bind six calcium ions. In contrast, SCGNs from higher eukaryotes have at least one non-functional EF-hand motif due to the mutation(s) or deletions. For instance, the EF1 loop does not coordinate calcium ion due to the key residue asparagine replaced by lysine in SCGNs of many mammalian species. Moreover, the EF2 loop seems to be competent for calcium-binding in most mammalian SCGNs except for human and chimpanzee orthologs.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1061214208  52 DKDKSGFIEEDELGSILKGF-----SSDARDLSAKETKTLLAAGDKDGDGKIGVEEFSTLVA 108
Cdd:cd16178   102 DADSSGYISAAELKNFLRDLflqhkKVITEDKLDEYTDTMMKIFDKNKDGRLDLNDMARILA 163