P-loop containing Nucleoside Triphosphate Hydrolases; Members of the P-loop NTPase domain superfamily are characterized by a conserved nucleotide phosphate-binding motif, also referred to as the Walker A motif (GxxxxGK[S/T], where x is any residue), and the Walker B motif (hhhh[D/E], where h is a hydrophobic residue). The Walker A and B motifs bind the beta-gamma phosphate moiety of the bound nucleotide (typically ATP or GTP) and the Mg2+ cation, respectively. The P-loop NTPases are involved in diverse cellular functions, and they can be divided into two major structural classes: the KG (kinase-GTPase) class which includes Ras-like GTPases and its circularly permutated YlqF-like; and the ASCE (additional strand catalytic E) class which includes ATPase Binding Cassette (ABC), DExD/H-like helicases, 4Fe-4S iron sulfur cluster binding proteins of NifH family, RecA-like F1-ATPases, and ATPases Associated with a wide variety of Activities (AAA). Also included are a diverse set of nucleotide/nucleoside kinase families.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983   1 MGNIFEKLFKSLLGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQH 80
Cdd:PLN00223    1 MGLSFTKLFSRLFAKKEMRILMVGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYKNISFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRH 80

                  ....*...
gi 2462492983  81 FFQNTKEL 88
Cdd:PLN00223   81 YFQNTQGL 88

ADP-ribosylation factor; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983   1 MGNIFEKLFKSLLGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQH 80
Cdd:PLN00223    1 MGLSFTKLFSRLFAKKEMRILMVGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYKNISFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRH 80

                  ....*...
gi 2462492983  81 FFQNTKEL 88
Cdd:PLN00223   81 YFQNTQGL 88

ADP-ribosylation factor-1 (Arf1) and ADP-ribosylation factor-5 (Arf5); The Arf1-Arf5-like subfamily contains Arf1, Arf2, Arf3, Arf4, Arf5, and related proteins. Arfs1-5 are soluble proteins that are crucial for assembling coat proteins during vesicle formation. Each contains an N-terminal myristoylated amphipathic helix that is folded into the protein in the GDP-bound state. GDP/GTP exchange exposes the helix, which anchors to the membrane. Following GTP hydrolysis, the helix dissociates from the membrane and folds back into the protein. A general feature of Arf1-5 signaling may be the cooperation of two Arfs at the same site. Arfs1-5 are generally considered to be interchangeable in function and location, but some specific functions have been assigned. Arf1 localizes to the early/cis-Golgi, where it is activated by GBF1 and recruits the coat protein COPI. It also localizes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where it is activated by BIG1/BIG2 and recruits the AP1, AP3, AP4, and GGA proteins. Humans, but not rodents and other lower eukaryotes, lack Arf2. Human Arf3 shares 96% sequence identity with Arf1 and is believed to generally function interchangeably with Arf1. Human Arf4 in the activated (GTP-bound) state has been shown to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mediate the EGF-dependent activation of phospholipase D2 (PLD2), leading to activation of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Arf4 has also been shown to recognize the C-terminal sorting signal of rhodopsin and regulate its incorporation into specialized post-Golgi rhodopsin transport carriers (RTCs). There is some evidence that Arf5 functions at the early-Golgi and the trans-Golgi to affect Golgi-associated alpha-adaptin homology Arf-binding proteins (GGAs).

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2462492983  18 MRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNTKEL 88
Cdd:cd04150     1 MRILMVGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYKNISFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRHYFQNTQGL 71

small GTP-binding protein domain; Proteins with a small GTP-binding domain recognized by this model include Ras, RhoA, Rab11, translation elongation factor G, translation initiation factor IF-2, tetratcycline resistance protein TetM, CDC42, Era, ADP-ribosylation factors, tdhF, and many others. In some proteins the domain occurs more than once.This model recognizes a large number of small GTP-binding proteins and related domains in larger proteins. Note that the alpha chains of heterotrimeric G proteins are larger proteins in which the NKXD motif is separated from the GxxxxGK[ST] motif (P-loop) by a long insert and are not easily detected by this model. [Unknown function, General]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462492983  18 MRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVP--AVPTVGFCVET--VEYKNNT--FAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNT 85
Cdd:TIGR00231   2 IKIVIVGHPNVGKSTLLNSLLGNKGSIteYYPGTTRNYVTtvIEEDGKTykFNLLDTAGQEDYDAIRRLYYPQV 75

ADP-ribosylation factor; Provisional

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983   1 MGNIFEKLFKSLLGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQH 80
Cdd:PLN00223    1 MGLSFTKLFSRLFAKKEMRILMVGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGEIVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYKNISFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRH 80

                  ....*...
gi 2462492983  81 FFQNTKEL 88
Cdd:PLN00223   81 YFQNTQGL 88

ARF-like small GTPases; ARF, ADP-ribosylation factor; Ras homologues involved in vesicular transport. Activator of phospholipase D isoforms. Unlike Ras proteins they lack cysteine residues at their C-termini and therefore are unlikely to be prenylated. ARFs are N-terminally myristoylated. Contains ATP/GTP-binding motif (P-loop).

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983    5 FEKLFKSLLGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQN 84
Cdd:smart00177   1 MGKLFSKLFGNKEMRILMVGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGESVTTIPTIGFNVETVTYKNISFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRHYYTN 80

                   ....
gi 2462492983   85 TKEL 88
Cdd:smart00177  81 TQGL 84

ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6); Arf6 subfamily. Arf6 (ADP ribosylation factor 6) proteins localize to the plasma membrane, where they perform a wide variety of functions. In its active, GTP-bound form, Arf6 is involved in cell spreading, Rac-induced formation of plasma membrane ruffles, cell migration, wound healing, and Fc-mediated phagocytosis. Arf6 appears to change the actin structure at the plasma membrane by activating Rac, a Rho family protein involved in membrane ruffling. Arf6 is required for and enhances Rac formation of ruffles. Arf6 can regulate dendritic branching in hippocampal neurons, and in yeast it localizes to the growing bud, where it plays a role in polarized growth and bud site selection. In leukocytes, Arf6 is required for chemokine-stimulated migration across endothelial cells. Arf6 also plays a role in down-regulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors and luteinizing hormone receptors by facilitating the release of sequestered arrestin to allow endocytosis. Arf6 is believed to function at multiple sites on the plasma membrane through interaction with a specific set of GEFs, GAPs, and effectors. Arf6 has been implicated in breast cancer and melanoma cell invasion, and in actin remodelling at the invasion site of Chlamydia infection.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983   9 FKSLLGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNTKEL 88
Cdd:cd04149     1 LSKLFGNKEMRILMLGLDAAGKTTILYKLKLGQSVTTIPTVGFNVETVTYKNVKFNVWDVGGQDKIRPLWRHYYTGTQGL 80

ADP-ribosylation factor(Arf)/Arf-like (Arl) small GTPases; Arf (ADP-ribosylation factor)/Arl (Arf-like) small GTPases. Arf proteins are activators of phospholipase D isoforms. Unlike Ras proteins they lack cysteine residues at their C-termini and therefore are unlikely to be prenylated. Arfs are N-terminally myristoylated. Members of the Arf family are regulators of vesicle formation in intracellular traffic that interact reversibly with membranes of the secretory and endocytic compartments in a GTP-dependent manner. They depart from other small GTP-binding proteins by a unique structural device, interswitch toggle, that implements front-back communication from N-terminus to the nucleotide binding site. Arf-like (Arl) proteins are close relatives of the Arf, but only Arl1 has been shown to function in membrane traffic like the Arf proteins. Arl2 has an unrelated function in the folding of native tubulin, and Arl4 may function in the nucleus. Most other Arf family proteins are so far relatively poorly characterized. Thus, despite their significant sequence homologies, Arf family proteins may regulate unrelated functions.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 2462492983  19 RILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNT 85
Cdd:cd00878     1 RILMLGLDGAGKTTILYKLKLGEVVTTIPTIGFNVETVEYKNVKFTVWDVGGQDKIRPLWKHYYENT 67

(ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein 1 (ARD1); ARD1 (ADP-ribosylation factor domain protein 1) is an unusual member of the Arf family. In addition to the C-terminal Arf domain, ARD1 has an additional 46-kDa N-terminal domain that contains a RING finger domain, two predicted B-Boxes, and a coiled-coil protein interaction motif. This domain belongs to the TRIM (tripartite motif) or RBCC (RING, B-Box, coiled-coil) family. Like most Arfs, the ARD1 Arf domain lacks detectable GTPase activity. However, unlike most Arfs, the full-length ARD1 protein has significant GTPase activity due to the GAP (GTPase-activating protein) activity exhibited by the 46-kDa N-terminal domain. The GAP domain of ARD1 is specific for its own Arf domain and does not bind other Arfs. The rate of GDP dissociation from the ARD1 Arf domain is slowed by the adjacent 15 amino acids, which act as a GDI (GDP-dissociation inhibitor) domain. ARD1 is ubiquitously expressed in cells and localizes to the Golgi and to the lysosomal membrane. Two Tyr-based motifs in the Arf domain are responsible for Golgi localization, while the GAP domain controls lysosomal localization.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 2462492983  19 RILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNTK 86
Cdd:cd04158     1 RVVTLGLDGAGKTTILFKLKQDEFMQPIPTIGFNVETVEYKNLKFTIWDVGGKHKLRPLWKHYYLNTQ 68

Arf-like tumor suppressor gene 1 (ARLTS1 or Arl11); ARLTS1 (Arf-like tumor suppressor gene 1), also known as Arl11, is a member of the Arf family of small GTPases that is believed to play a major role in apoptotic signaling. ARLTS1 is widely expressed and functions as a tumor suppressor gene in several human cancers. ARLTS1 is a low-penetrance suppressor that accounts for a small percentage of familial melanoma or familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). ARLTS1 inactivation seems to occur most frequently through biallelic down-regulation by hypermethylation of the promoter. In breast cancer, ARLTS1 alterations were typically a combination of a hypomorphic polymorphism plus loss of heterozygosity. In a case of thyroid adenoma, ARLTS1 alterations were polymorphism plus promoter hypermethylation. The nonsense polymorphism Trp149Stop occurs with significantly greater frequency in familial cancer cases than in sporadic cancer cases, and the Cys148Arg polymorphism is associated with an increase in high-risk familial breast cancer.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 2462492983  19 RILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEY-KNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNTKEL 88
Cdd:cd04156     1 QVLLLGLDSAGKSTLLYKLKHAELVTTIPTVGFNVEMLQLeKHLSLTVWDVGGQEKMRTVWKCYLENTDGL 71

Arf-like 3 (Arl3) GTPase; Arl3 (Arf-like 3) is an Arf family protein that differs from most Arf family members in the N-terminal extension. In is inactive, GDP-bound form, the N-terminal extension forms an elongated loop that is hydrophobically anchored into the membrane surface; however, it has been proposed that this region might form a helix in the GTP-bound form. The delta subunit of the rod-specific cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase type 6 (PDEdelta) is an Arl3 effector. Arl3 binds microtubules in a regulated manner to alter specific aspects of cytokinesis via interactions with retinitis pigmentosa 2 (RP2). It has been proposed that RP2 functions in concert with Arl3 to link the cell membrane and the cytoskeleton in photoreceptors as part of the cell signaling or vesicular transport machinery. In mice, the absence of Arl3 is associated with abnormal epithelial cell proliferation and cyst formation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983   3 NIFEKLFKSllGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFF 82
Cdd:cd04155     3 SILRKLKPS--SRQEVRILLLGLDNAGKTTILKQLASEDISHITPTQGFNIKNVQADGFKLNVWDIGGQRKIRPYWRNYF 80

                  ...
gi 2462492983  83 QNT 85
Cdd:cd04155    81 ENT 83

Sar1 is an essential component of COPII vesicle coats; Sar1 is an essential component of COPII vesicle coats involved in export of cargo from the ER. The GTPase activity of Sar1 functions as a molecular switch to control protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that direct vesicle budding from the ER. Activation of the GDP to the GTP-bound form of Sar1 involves the membrane-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Sec12. Sar1 is unlike all Ras superfamily GTPases that use either myristoyl or prenyl groups to direct membrane association and function, in that Sar1 lacks such modification. Instead, Sar1 contains a unique nine-amino-acid N-terminal extension. This extension contains an evolutionarily conserved cluster of bulky hydrophobic amino acids, referred to as the Sar1-N-terminal activation recruitment (STAR) motif. The STAR motif mediates the recruitment of Sar1 to ER membranes and facilitates its interaction with mammalian Sec12 GEF leading to activation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 2462492983   1 MGNIFEKLFKSL-LGKKKMRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPAVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQ 79
Cdd:cd00879     2 IFDWFYNVLSSLgLYKKEAKIVFLGLDNAGKTTLLHMLKDDRLAQHVPTLHPTSEELTIGNVKFTTFDLGGHEQARRVWK 81

                  ...
gi 2462492983  80 HFF 82
Cdd:cd00879    82 DYF 84

Arf-related protein 1 (Arfrp1); Arfrp1 (Arf-related protein 1), formerly known as ARP, is a membrane-associated Arf family member that lacks the N-terminal myristoylation motif. Arfrp1 is mainly associated with the trans-Golgi compartment and the trans-Golgi network, where it regulates the targeting of Arl1 and the GRIP domain-containing proteins, golgin-97 and golgin-245, onto Golgi membranes. It is also involved in the anterograde transport of the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, and in the retrograde transport of TGN38 and Shiga toxin from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. Arfrp1 also inhibits Arf/Sec7-dependent activation of phospholipase D. Deletion of Arfrp1 in mice causes embryonic lethality at the gastrulation stage and apoptosis of mesodermal cells, indicating its importance in development.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 2462492983  20 ILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVPA--------VPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQ 83
Cdd:cd04160     2 VLILGLDNAGKTTFLEQTKTKFSKNYkglnpskiTPTVGLNIGTIEVGKARLMFWDLGGQEELRSLWDKYYA 73

Arf-like 9 (Arl9) and 10 (Arl10) GTPases; Arl10-like subfamily. Arl9/Arl10 was identified from a human cancer-derived EST dataset. No functional information about the subfamily is available at the current time, but crystal structures of human Arl10b and Arl10c have been solved.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 2462492983  20 ILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVP-AVPTVGFCVETVEYKNNTFAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQ 83
Cdd:cd04159     2 ITLVGLQNSGKTTLVNVIASGQFSEdTIPTVGFNMRKVTKGNVTIKVWDLGGQPRFRSMWERYCR 66

small GTP-binding protein domain; Proteins with a small GTP-binding domain recognized by this model include Ras, RhoA, Rab11, translation elongation factor G, translation initiation factor IF-2, tetratcycline resistance protein TetM, CDC42, Era, ADP-ribosylation factors, tdhF, and many others. In some proteins the domain occurs more than once.This model recognizes a large number of small GTP-binding proteins and related domains in larger proteins. Note that the alpha chains of heterotrimeric G proteins are larger proteins in which the NKXD motif is separated from the GxxxxGK[ST] motif (P-loop) by a long insert and are not easily detected by this model. [Unknown function, General]

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 2462492983  18 MRILILSLDTAGKTTILYKLKLGETVP--AVPTVGFCVET--VEYKNNT--FAVWDVGSHFKIRPLWQHFFQNT 85
Cdd:TIGR00231   2 IKIVIVGHPNVGKSTLLNSLLGNKGSIteYYPGTTRNYVTtvIEEDGKTykFNLLDTAGQEDYDAIRRLYYPQV 75