Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYdHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGDKVVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKWLRS-SNTCPLCR 44

Ring finger; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity is intrinsic to the RING domain of c-Cbl and is likely to be a general function of this domain; Various RING fingers exhibit binding activity towards E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (Ubc' s)

                           10        20        30        40
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1142633574   87 CRVCLVRFETESVVqrLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLC 128
Cdd:smart00184   1 CPICLEEYLKDPVI--LPCGHTFCRSCIRKWLESGNNTCPIC 40

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16448     1 CVICLEEFEEGDVVRLLPCGHVFHLACILRWLESGNNTCPLCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 181 (RNF181) and similar proteins; RNF181, also known as HSPC238, is a platelet E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase containing a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger. It interacts with the KVGFFKR motif of platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta3, suggesting a role for RNF181-mediated ubiquitination in integrin and platelet signaling. It also suppresses the tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) signaling in the liver.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIdYDHATCPLCRHRL 132
Cdd:cd16669     2 CPICLLEFEEGETVKQLPCKHSFHSDCILPWL-GKTNSCPLCRHEL 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1142633574  85 GDCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16473     5 EECAICLENYQNGDLLRGLPCGHVFHQNCIDVWLERDNHCCPVCR 49

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYdHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:pfam13639   2 ECPICLEEFEEGDKVVVLPCGHHFHRECLDKWLRS-SNTCPLCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF111, RNF165, and similar proteins; The family includes RING finger proteins RNF111, RNF165, and similar proteins. RNF111, also known as Arkadia, is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that targets intracellular effectors and modulators of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta)/Nodal-related signaling for polyubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. It also interacts with the clathrin-adaptor 2 (AP2) complex and regulates endocytosis of certain cell surface receptors, leading to modulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and possibly other signaling pathways. The N-terminal half of RNF111 harbors three SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs). It thus functions as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) that directly links nonproteolytic ubiquitylation and SUMOylation in the DNA damage response, as well as triggers degradation of signal-induced polysumoylated proteins, such as the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). RNF165, also known as Arkadia-like 2, Arkadia2, or Ark2C, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with homology to the C-terminal half of RNF111. It is expressed specifically in the nervous system, and can serve to amplify neuronal responses to specific signals. It acts as a positive regulator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad signaling that is involved in motor neuron (MN) axon elongation. Both RNF165 and RNF111 contain a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCRH 130
Cdd:cd16474     2 KCTICLSDFEEGEDVRRLPCMHLFHQECVDQWLS-TNKRCPICRV 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF126, RNF115, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins RNF126, RNF115, and similar proteins. RNF126 is a Bag6-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the mislocalized protein (MLP) pathway of quality control. It regulates the retrograde sorting of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). RNF126 promotes cancer cell proliferation by targeting the tumor suppressor p21 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and could be a novel therapeutic target in breast and prostate cancers. It is also able to ubiquitylate cytidine deaminase (AID), a poorly soluble protein that is essential for antibody diversification. RNF115, also known as Rab7-interacting ring finger protein (Rabring 7), or zinc finger protein 364 (ZNF364), or breast cancer-associated gene 2 (BCA2), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is an endogenous inhibitor of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation; this inhibition increases the efficacy of metformin in breast cancer cells. It also functions as a cofactor in the restriction imposed by tetherin on HIV-1, and targets HIV-1 Gag for lysosomal degradation, impairing virus assembly and release, in a tetherin-independent manner. Moreover, RNF115 is a Rab7-binding protein that stimulates c-Myc degradation through mono-ubiquitination of MM-1. It also plays crucial roles as a Rab7 target protein in vesicle traffic to late endosome/lysosome and lysosome biogenesis. RNF115 and RNF126 associate with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promote ubiquitylation of EGFR, suggesting they play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting and downregulation of membrane receptors. Both of them contain an N-terminal BCA2 Zinc-finger domain (BZF), AKT-phosphorylation sites, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16667     1 ECAVCKEDFEVGEEVRQLPCKHLFHPDCIVPWLE-LHNSCPVCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae RING-H2 zinc finger protein RHA2B and similar proteins; RHA2B is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and responses to salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination and early seedling development. It acts additively with RHA2A in regulating ABA signaling and drought response. RHA2B contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd23123     2 DCCICLDKLKTGEEVKKLDCRHKFHKQCIEGWLKHLNFNCPLCR 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6, RNF12, and similar proteins; RNF6 is an androgen receptor (AR)-associated protein that induces AR ubiquitination and promotes AR transcriptional activity. RNF6-induced ubiquitination may regulate AR transcriptional activity and specificity by modulating cofactor recruitment. RNF6 is overexpressed in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer tissues and required for prostate cancer cell growth under androgen-depleted conditions. RNF6 also regulates local serine/threonine kinase LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels in axonal growth cones. RNF6-induced LIMK1 polyubiquitination is mediated via K48 of ubiquitin and leads to proteasomal degradation of the kinase. RNF6 binds and upregulates the Inha promoter, and functions as a transcription regulatory protein in the mouse sertoli cell. It acts as a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNF12, also known as LIM domain-interacting RING finger protein, or RING finger LIM domain-binding protein (R-LIM), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase encoded by gene RLIM that is crucial for normal embryonic development in some species and for normal X inactivation in mice. It thus functions as a major sex-specific epigenetic regulator of female mouse nurturing tissues. RNF12 is widely expressed during embryogenesis, and mainly localizes to the cell nucleus, where it regulates the levels of many proteins, including CLIM, LMO, HDAC2, TRF1, SMAD7, and REX1, by proteasomal degradation. Both RNF6 and RNF12 contain a well conserved C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16467     2 CTICLGEYETGEKLRRLPCSHEFHSECVDRWLK-ENSSCPICR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 150 (RNF150) and similar proteins; RNF150 is a RING finger protein and its polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. Further studies with larger numbers of participants worldwide are needed for validation of the relationships between RNF150 genetic variants and the pathogenesis of COPD. RNF150 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIdYDHATCPLCRHRLL 133
Cdd:cd16805     8 NCAVCIEGYKPNDVVRILPCRHLFHKSCVDPWL-LDHRTCPMCKMNIL 54

Modified RING finger, C3HGC3-type, found in RING finger and WD repeat domain-containing protein 3 (RFWD3) and similar proteins; RFWD3, also known as RING finger protein 201 (RNF201) or FLJ10520, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that forms a complex with Mdm2 and p53 to synergistically ubiquitinate p53 and acts as a positive regulator of p53 stability in response to DNA damage. It is phosphorylated by checkpoint kinase ATM/ATR and the phosphorylation mutant fails to stimulate p53 ubiquitination. RFWD3 also functions as a novel replication protein A (RPA)-associated protein involved in DNA replication checkpoint control. RFWD3 contains an N-terminal SQ-rich region followed by a RING finger domain that exhibits robust E3 ubiquitin ligase activity toward p53, a coiled-coil domain and three WD40 repeats in the C-terminus, the latter two of which may be responsible for protein-protein interaction. The RING finger in this family is a modified C3HGC3-type RING finger, but not a canonical C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger or C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1142633574 103 LPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCRHR 131
Cdd:cd16450    23 LKCGHLFGYSCIEKWLKGKGKKCPQCNKK 51

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in protein E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Praja-1, Praja-2, and similar proteins; This family includes two highly similar E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases, Praja-1 and Praja-2. Praja-1, also known as RING finger protein 70, is a RING-H2 finger ubiquitin ligase encoded by gene PJA1, a novel human X chromosome gene abundantly expressed in the brain. It has been implicated in bone and liver development, as well as memory formation and X-linked mental retardation (MRX). Praja-1 interacts with and activates the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B, and shows E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. It is a 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep)-induced ubiquitin ligase that directly ubiquitinates individual polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) subunits in a cell free system, which leads to their proteasomal degradation. It also plays an important role in neuronal plasticity, which is the basis for learning and memory. Moreover, Praja-1 ubiquitinates embryonic liver fodrin (ELF) and Smad3, but not Smad4, in a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-dependent manner. It controls ELF abundance through ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and further regulates TGF-beta signaling, which plays a key role in the suppression of gastric carcinoma. Praja-1 also regulates the transcription function of the homeodomain protein Dlx5 by controlling the stability of Dlxin-1, via a ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway. Praja-2, also known as RING finger protein 131, NEURODAP1, or KIAA0438, is an E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with and activates the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5B. It functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-like E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a critical role in controlling cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent PKA activity and pro-survival signaling, and further promotes cell proliferation and growth. Praja-2 is also involved in protein sorting at the postsynaptic density region of axosomatic synapses and possibly plays a role in synaptic communication and plasticity. Together with the AMPK-related kinase SIK2 and the CDK5 activator CDK5R1/p35, it forms a SIK2-p35-PJA2 complex that plays an essential role for glucose homeostasis in pancreatic beta cell functional compensation. Praja-2 ubiquitylates and degrades Mob, a core component of NDR/LATS kinase and a positive regulator of the tumor-suppressor Hippo signaling. Both Praja-1 and Praja-2 contain a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 motif.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCRHRL 132
Cdd:cd16465     2 CPICCSEYVKDEIATELPCHHLFHKPCITAWLQ-KSGTCPVCRHVL 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF6 and similar proteins; RNF6 is an androgen receptor (AR)-associated protein that induces AR ubiquitination and promotes AR transcriptional activity. RNF6-induced ubiquitination may regulate AR transcriptional activity and specificity by modulating cofactor recruitment. RNF6 is overexpressed in hormone-refractory human prostate cancer tissues and required for prostate cancer cell growth under androgen-depleted conditions. Moreover, RNF6 regulates local serine/threonine kinase LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1) levels in axonal growth cones. RNF6-induced LIMK1 polyubiquitination is mediated via K48 of ubiquitin and leads to proteasomal degradation of the kinase. RNF6 also binds and upregulates the Inha promoter, and functions as a transcription regulatory protein in the mouse sertoli cell. RNF6 also acts as a potential tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNF6 contains an N-terminal coiled-coil domain, a Lys-X-X-Leu/Ile-X-X-Leu/Ile (KIL) motif, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger which is responsible for its ubiquitin ligase activity. The KIL motif is present in a subset of RING-H2 proteins from organisms as evolutionarily diverse as human, mouse, chicken, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Arabidopsis thaliana.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCRHRLL 133
Cdd:cd16673     3 CSVCINEYATGNKLRRLPCAHEFHIHCIDRWLS-ENSTCPICRQPVL 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149, RNF150 and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger proteins, RNF130, RNF149 and RNF150, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF130, also known as Goliath homolog (H-Goliath), is a paralog of RNF128. It is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase expressed in leukocytes. It has a self-ubiquitination property and controls the development of T cell clonal anergy by ubiquitination. RNF133 is a testis-specific endoplasmic reticulum-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase that may play a role in sperm maturation through an ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. RNF149, also known as DNA polymerase-transactivated protein 2, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that induces the ubiquitination of wild-type v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) and promotes its proteasome-dependent degradation. RNF150 polymorphisms may be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk in the Chinese population. This subfamily also includes Drosophila melanogaster protein goliath (d-goliath), also known as protein g1, which is one of the founding members of the group. It was originally identified as a transcription factor involved in the embryo mesoderm formation.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIdYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16668     1 CCAVCIEPYKPSDVIRILPCKHIFHKSCVDPWL-LEHRTCPMCK 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 126 (RNF126) and similar proteins; RNF126 is a Bag6-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the mislocalized protein (MLP) pathway of quality control. It regulates the retrograde sorting of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Moreover, RNF126 promotes cancer cell proliferation by targeting the tumor suppressor p21 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and could be a novel therapeutic target in breast and prostate cancers. It is also able to ubiquitylate cytidine deaminase (AID), a poorly soluble protein that is essential for antibody diversification. In addition, RNF126 and the related protein, RNF115 associate with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promote ubiquitylation of EGFR, suggesting they play a role in the ubiquitin-dependent sorting and downregulation of membrane receptors. RNF126 contains an N-terminal BCA2 Zinc-finger domain (BZF), the AKT-phosphorylation sites, and the C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16801     1 ECPVCKEDYTVGENVRQLPCNHLFHNDCIVPWLE-QHDTCPVCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins. RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. Both RNF24 and RNF122 contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYdHATCPLC 128
Cdd:cd16469     3 CAVCLEEFKLKEELGVCPCGHAFHTKCLKKWLEV-RNSCPIC 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 13 (RNF13) and similar proteins; RNF13 is a widely expressed membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is functionally significant in the regulation of cancer development, muscle cell growth, and neuronal development. Its expression is developmentally regulated during myogenesis and is upregulated in various tumors. RNF13 negatively regulates cell proliferation through its E3 ligase activity. It functions as an important regulator of inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease IRE1alpha, mediating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis through the activation of the IRE1alpha-TRAF2-JNK signaling pathway. Moreover, RNF13 is involved in the regulation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex via the ubiquitination of snapin, a SNAP25-interacting protein, which thereby controls synaptic function. In addition, RNF13 participates in regulating the function of satellite cells by modulating cytokine composition. RNF13 is evolutionarily conserved among many metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCRHRLLP 134
Cdd:cd16796    11 CAICLDEYEEGDKLRILPCSHAYHCKCVDPWLTKTKKTCPVCKQKVVP 58

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 167 (RNF167) and similar proteins; RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) ubiquitination. It ubiquitinates AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 and regulates its surface expression, and thus acts as a selective regulator of AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission. It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. RNF167 is widely conserved in metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCRH 130
Cdd:cd16797     3 CAICLDEYEEGDKLRVLPCSHAYHSKCVDPWLTQTKKTCPVCKQ 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in synoviolin and similar proteins; Synoviolin, also known as synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Syvn1), Hrd1, or Der3, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a suppressor of ER stress-induced apoptosis and plays a role in homeostasis maintenance. It also targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for proteasomal degradation, suggesting crosstalk between ER associated degradation (ERAD) and p53 mediated apoptotic pathway under ER stress. Moreover, synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of the thermogenic coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1beta. It upregulates amyloid beta production by targeting a negative regulator of gamma-secretase, Retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (Rer1), for degradation. It is also involved in the degradation of endogenous immature nicastrin, and affects amyloid beta-protein generation. Moreover, synoviolin is highly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of RA. It promotes inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, the upregulation of synoviolin may represent a protective response against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, synoviolin is involved in liver fibrogenesis. Synoviolin contains a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1142633574  87 CRVClvRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16479     4 CIIC--REEMTVGAKKLPCGHIFHLSCLRSWLQ-RQQTCPTCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 38 (RNF38) and similar proteins; RNF38 is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that is widely expressed throughout the human body, and is especially highly expressed in the heart, brain, placenta and the testis. It recognizes p53 as a substrate for ubiquitination, and thus plays a role in regulating p53. The overexpression of RNF38 increases p53 ubiquitination and alters p53 localization. It is also capable of autoubiquitination. RNF38 expression is negatively regulated by the serotonergic system. Induction of RNF38 may be involved in the anxiety-like behavior or non-cell autonomy in Oryzias latipes by the decline of serotonin (5-HT) levels. RNF38 contains a coiled-coil motif, a KIL motif (Lys-X2-Ile/Leu-X2-Ile/Leu, X can be any amino acid), a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger, as well as two potential nuclear localization signals.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHaTCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16679    23 CVVCMCDFESRQLLRVLPCNHEFHAKCVDKWLKANR-TCPICR 64

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 215 (RNF215) and similar proteins; This family includes uncharacterized protein RNF215 and similar proteins. Although its biological function remains unclear, RNF215 shares high sequence similarity with PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligases, which have been characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIdYDHATCPLCRHRLL 133
Cdd:cd16670     3 CAVCLDQFYKNQCLRVLPCLHEFHRDCVDPWL-LLQQTCPLCKRNIL 48

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in DAZ (deleted in azoospermia)-interacting protein 3 (DZIP3) and similar proteins; DZIP3, also known as RNA-binding ubiquitin ligase of 138 kDa (RUL138) or 2A-HUB protein, is an RNA-binding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) and acts as a transcriptional coactivator of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. It is also a histone H2A ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes monoubiquitination of H2A at lysine 119, functioning as a combinatorial component of the repression machinery required for repressing a specific chemokine gene expression program, critically modulating migratory responses to Toll-like receptors (TLR) activation. DZIP3 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger at the C-terminus.

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                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16460     3 CVICHEAFSDGDRLLVLPCAHKFHTQCIGPWLD-GQQTCPTCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1 (TUL1) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Saccharomyces cerevisiae TUL1, Schizosaccharomyces pombe DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex subunit 1 (DSC1), and Arabidopsis thaliana protein FLYING SAUCER 2 (FLY2). TUL1 is the catalytic component of DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes that tag proteins present in Golgi, endosome and vacuole membranes and function in protein homeostasis under non-stress conditions, and support a role in protein quality control. It mediates ubiquitination of vacuolar proteins such as CPS1, PPN1, PEP12 and other proteins containing exposed hydrophilic residues within their transmembrane domains, leading to their sorting into internal vesicles in late endosomes. TUL1 also targets the unpalmitoylated endosomal SNARE TLG1 to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway. DSC1, also known as defective for SREBP cleavage protein 1, is the catalytic component of the DSC E3 ubiquitin ligase complex required for the sre1 transcriptional activator proteolytic cleavage to release the soluble transcription factor from the membrane in low oxygen or sterol conditions. FLY2 acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that may be involved in xylem development. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 1142633574 104 PCGHLFHRACLETWIDYdHATCPLCRHRLLP 134
Cdd:cd23117    30 PCNHIFHTNCLERWMDI-KLECPTCRRPLPP 59

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger); The C3HC4 type zinc-finger (RING finger) is a cysteine-rich domain of 40 to 60 residues that coordinates two zinc ions, and has the consensus sequence: C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-C-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C where X is any amino acid. Many proteins containing a RING finger play a key role in the ubiquitination pathway.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVqrLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLC 128
Cdd:pfam00097   1 CPICLEEPKDPVTL--LPCGHLFCSKCIRSWLESGNVTCPLC 40

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 24 (RNF24) and similar proteins; RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF24 contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYdHATCPLCRHRLL 133
Cdd:cd16675     3 CAVCLEEFKPKDELGICPCKHAFHRKCLIKWLEV-RKVCPLCNMPVL 48

HRD ubiquitin ligase complex, ER membrane component [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1142633574 101 QRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHaTCPLCR 129
Cdd:COG5243   314 KRLPCGHILHLHCLKNWLERQQ-TCPICR 341

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 43 (RNF43) and similar proteins; RNF43 is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in frizzled (FZD)-dependent regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. It functions as a tumor suppressor that inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by ubiquitinating FZD receptor and targeting it to the lysosomal pathway for degradation. miR-550a-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of gene RNF43 and regulated its expression. Moreover, RNF43 interacts with NEDD-4-like ubiquitin-protein ligase-1 (NEDL1) and regulates p53-mediated transcription. It may also be involved in cell growth control through the interaction with HAP95, a chromatin-associated protein interfacing the nuclear envelope. Mutations of RNF43 have been identified in various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial cancer, mucinous ovarian tumors, gastric adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioma. RNF43 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a long C-terminal region.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIdYDHATCPLCRHRLL 133
Cdd:cd16798     6 CAICLEEFSEGQELRIISCSHEFHRECVDPWL-HQHRTCPLCMFNII 51

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 11 (RNF11) and similar proteins; RNF11 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts both as an adaptor and a modulator of itch-mediated control of ubiquitination events underlying membrane traffic. It acts downstream of an enzymatic cascade for the ubiquitination of specific substrates. It is also a molecular adaptor of homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus (HECT)-type ligases. RNF11 has been implicated in the regulation of several signaling pathways. It enhances transforming growth factor receptor (TGFR) signaling by both abrogating Smurf2-mediated receptor ubiquitination and by promoting the Smurf2-mediated degradation of AMSH (associated molecule with the SH3 domain of STAM), a de-ubiquitinating enzyme that enhances TGF-beta signaling and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endosomal recycling. It also acts directly on Smad4 to enhance Smad4 function, and plays a role in prolonged TGF-beta signaling. RNF11 also functions as a critical component of the A20 ubiquitin-editing protein complex that negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation. It interacts with Smad anchor for receptor activation (SARA) and the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-0 complex, thus participating in the regulation of lysosomal degradation of EGFR. RNF11 acts as a novel GGA cargo actively participating in regulating the ubiquitination of the GGA protein family. RNF11 functions together with TAX1BP1 to target TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)/IkappaB kinase IKKi, and further restricts antiviral signaling and type I interferon (IFN)-beta production. RNF11 contains an N-terminal PPPY motif that binds WW domain-containing proteins such as AIP4/itch, Nedd4 and Smurf1/2 (SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1/2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that functions as a scaffold for the coordinated transfer of ubiquitin to substrate proteins together with the E2 enzymes UbcH527 and Ubc13.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLC 128
Cdd:cd16468     2 CVICMADFVVGDPIRYLPCMHIYHVDCIDDWLM-RSFTCPSC 42

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 139 (RNF139) and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF139 physically and functionally interacts with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), which is part of an SCF related E3-ubiquitin ligase complex with "gatekeeper" function in renal carcinoma and is defective in most sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). It suppresses growth and functions with VHL in a common pathway. RNF139 also suppresses tumorigenesis by targeting heme oxygenase-1 for ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, RNF139 is a target of Translin (TSN), a posttranscriptional regulator of genes transcribed by the transcription factor CREM-tau in postmeiotic male germ cells, suggesting a role of RNF139 in dysgerminoma. In addition, RNF139 forms an integral part of a novel multi-protein ER complex, containing MHC I, US2, and signal peptide peptidase, which is associated with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. It is required for the ubiquitination of MHC class I molecules before dislocation from the ER. As a novel sterol-sensing ER membrane protein, RNF139 hinders sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) processing through interaction with SREBP-2 and SREBP cleavage-activated protein (SCAP), regulating its own turnover rate via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. RNF139 shows two regions of similarity with the receptor for sonic hedgehog (SHH), Patched. The first region corresponds to the second extracellular domain of Patched, which is involved in binding SHH. The second region is a putative sterol-sensing domain (SSD). The C-terminal half of RNF139 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQrlPCGHLFHRACLETWIdYDHATCPLCRHRL 132
Cdd:cd16683     7 CAICYQEFTTSARIT--PCNHYFHALCLRKWL-YIQDTCPMCHQKV 49

first RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the first RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQrLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYD-HATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16677     2 CPICLEDFGLQQQVL-LSCSHVFHRACLESFERFSgKKTCPMCR 44

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 138 (RNF138) and similar proteins; RNF138, also known as Nemo-like kinase-associated RING finger protein (NARF) or NLK-associated RING finger protein, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle. It specifically cooperates with the E2 conjugating enzyme E2-25K (Hip-2/UbcH1), regulates the ubiquitylation and degradation of T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor (TCF/LEF), and further suppresses Wnt-beta-catenin signaling. RNF138, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF125 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1142633574  85 GDCRVCLVRFETEsvVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16544     3 LTCPVCQEVLKDP--VELPPCRHIFCKACILLALRSSGARCPLCR 45

The RING-variant domain is a C4HC3 zinc-finger like motif found in a number of cellular and viral proteins; Some of these proteins have been shown both in vivo and in vitro to have ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. The RING-variant domain is reminiscent of both the RING and the PHD domains and may represent an evolutionary intermediate. To describe this domain the term PHD/LAP domain has been used in the past. Extended description: The RING-variant (RINGv) domain contains a C4HC3 zinc-finger-like motif similar to the PHD domain, while some of the spacing between the Cys/His residues follow a pattern somewhat closer to that found in the RING domain. The RINGv domain, similar to the RING, PHD and LIM domains, is thought to bind two zinc ions co-ordinated by the highly conserved Cys and His residues. RING variant domain: C-x (2) -C-x(10-45)-C-x (1) -C-x (7) -H-x(2)-C-x(11-25)-C-x(2)-C As opposed to a PHD: C-x(1-2) -C-x (7-13)-C-x(2-4)-C-x(4-5)-H-x(2)-C-x(10-21)-C-x(2)-C Classical RING domain: C-x (2) -C-x (9-39)-C-x(1-3)-H-x(2-3)-C-x(2)-C-x(4-48) -C-x(2)-C

                           10        20        30        40        50
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1142633574   86 DCRVCLVRfETESVVQRLPCG-----HLFHRACLETWIDYDHA-TCPLCR 129
Cdd:smart00744   1 ICRICHDE-GDEGDPLVSPCRckgslKYVHQECLERWINESGNkTCEICK 49

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BIG BROTHER (BB) and similar proteins; BB (also known as protein ENHANCER OF DA1-1 or EOD1) is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that limits organ size, and possibly seed size, in a dose-dependent manner. It negatively regulates the duration of cell proliferation in leaves and petals independently of the major phytohormones (e.g. auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid), probably by targeting growth stimulators for degradation. It limits the proliferation of root meristematic cells. BB polyubiquitinates DA1. It is involved in the promotion of leaf senescence, in addition to its function in restricting plant growth. BB-related is an E3 ubiquitin-ligase probably involved in organ size regulation. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHaTCPLC 128
Cdd:cd23115     6 RCVICRLEYEEGEDLLTLPCKHCYHSECIQQWLQINK-VCPVC 47

Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger);

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQrlPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLC 128
Cdd:pfam13923   2 CPICMDMLKDPSTTT--PCGHVFCQDCILRALR-AGNECPLC 40

RING finger, HC subclass, found in Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (Equine herpesvirus 1/EHV-1) regulatory protein and similar proteins; EHV-1 regulatory protein belongs to the Vmw110 (IPC0) protein family. It contains a typical C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and binds zinc stably.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVqrLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDhATCPLCRHRL 132
Cdd:cd23130     2 VCPICLDDPEDEAIT--LPCLHQFCYTCILRWLQTS-PTCPLCKTPV 45

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in 43 kDa receptor-associated protein of the synapse (Rapsyn) and similar proteins; Rapsyn, also known as acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-associated 43 kDa protein or RING finger protein 205 (RNF205), is a 43 kDa postsynaptic protein that plays an essential role in the clustering and maintenance of AChR in the postsynaptic membrane of the motor endplate. AChRs enable the transport of rapsyn from the Golgi complex to the plasma membrane through a molecule-specific interaction. Rapsyn also mediates subsynaptic anchoring of protein kinase A (PKA) type I in close proximity to the postsynaptic membrane, which is essential for synapse maintenance. Its mutations in humans cause endplate AChR deficiency and myasthenic syndrome. Rapsyn contains an N-terminal myristoylation signal required for membrane association, seven tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs) that subserve rapsyn self-association, a coiled-coil domain responsible for the binding of determinants within the long cytoplasmic loop of each AChR subunit, a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of beta-dystroglycan and to S-NRAP and links rapsyn to the subsynaptic cytoskeleton, and a serine phosphorylation site.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1142633574 101 QRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16478    19 QALPCSHIFHLKCLQTNLRGGTRGCPNCR 47

RING finger, HC subclass, found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Cbl-b and similar proteins; Cbl-b, also known as Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene b, RING finger protein 56 (RNF56), SH3-binding protein Cbl-b, or signal transduction protein Cbl-b, has been identified as a regulator of antigen-specific, T cell-intrinsic, peripheral immune tolerance, a state also known as clonal anergy. It may inhibit activation of the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C-theta (PKC-theta), and phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLC-gamma1) and negatively regulates T-cell receptor-induced transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. In addition, Cbl-b may target multiple signaling molecules involved in transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta-mediated transactivation pathways. Cbl-b contains a tyrosine-kinase-binding domain (TKB, also known as the phosphotyrosine binding PTB domain, is composed of a four helix-bundle, a Ca2+ binding EF-hand and a highly variant SH2 domain), a proline rich domain, a nuclear localization signal, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger and an ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1142633574  84 GGDCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16709    17 GSTFQLCKICAENDKDVKIEPCGHLMCTSCLTAWQESDGQGCPFCR 62

RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC3-type), found in E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase listerin and similar proteins; Listerin, also known as RING finger protein 160 or zinc finger protein 294, is the mammalian homolog of yeast Ltn1. It is widely expressed in all tissues, but motor and sensory neurons and neuronal processes in the brainstem and spinal cord are primarily affected in the mutant. Listerin is required for embryonic development and plays an important role in neurodegeneration. It also functions as a critical E3 ligase involving quality control of nonstop proteins. It mediates ubiquitylation of aberrant proteins that become stalled on ribosomes during translation. Ltn1 works with several cofactors to form a large ribosomal subunit-associated quality control complex (RQC), which mediates the ubiquitylation and extraction of ribosome-stalled nascent polypeptide chains for proteasomal degradation. It appears to first associate with nascent chain-stalled 60S subunits together with two proteins of unknown function, Tae2 and Rqc1. Listerin contains a long stretch of HEAT (Huntingtin, Elongation factor 3, PR65/A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, and TOR) or ARM (Armadillo) repeats in the N terminus and middle region, and a catalytic RING-CH finger, also known as vRING or RINGv, with an unusual arrangement of zinc-coordinating residues in the C-terminus . Its cysteines and histidines are arranged in the sequence as C4HC3-type, rather than the C3H2C3-type in canonical RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1142633574 105 CGHLFHRACLETWIDYDH-ATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16491    25 CKNKFHSACLYKWFRSSNkSTCPLCR 50

RING finger, HC subclass, found in checkpoint with forkhead and RING finger domains protein (CHFR); CHFR, also known as RING finger protein 196 (RNF196), is a checkpoint protein that delays entry into mitosis in response to stress. It functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and degrades its target proteins, such as Aurora-A, Plk1, Kif22, and PARP-1, which are critical for proper mitotic transitions. It also plays an important role in cell cycle progression and tumor suppression, and is negatively regulated by SUMOylation-mediated proteasomal ubiquitylation. Moreover, CHFR is involved in the early stage of the DNA damage response, which mediates the crosstalk between ubiquitination and poly-ADP-ribosylation. CHFR contains a fork head associated (FHA) domain and a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCL-VRFETESVVqrlPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16503     5 CSICQdLLHDCVSLQ---PCMHNFCAACYSDWMERSNTECPTCR 45

Modified RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC2H-type), found in zinc/RING finger protein 2 (ZNRF2) and similar proteins; ZNRF2, also known as protein Ells2 or RING finger protein 202 (RNF202), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is highly expressed in the nervous system during development and is present in presynaptic plasma membranes. It is N-myrisotoylated and is also located in the endosome-lysosome compartment in fibroblasts. It contains an N-terminal MAGE domain, and a special C-terminal domain that combines a zinc finger and a modified C4HC2H-type RING-CH finger, rather than the typical C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, which is a variant of RING-H2 finger. Only the RING finger of the zinc finger-RING finger motif is required for its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Together with its sister protein ZNRF1, ZNRF2 regulates the ubiquitous Na+/K+ pump (Na+/K+ATPase).

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1142633574  82 RRGGDCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHaTCP 126
Cdd:cd16695     8 KDAGECAICLEELQQGDTIARLPCLCIYHKGCIDEWFEVNR-SCP 51

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein TRIM65 and similar proteins; TRIM65 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that interacts with the innate immune receptor MDA5, enhancing its ability to stimulate interferon-beta signaling. It functions as a potential oncogenic protein that negatively regulates p53 through ubiquitination, providing insight into the development of novel approaches targeting TRIM65 for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) treatment, and also overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Moreover, TRIM65 negatively regulates microRNA-driven suppression of mRNA translation by targeting TNRC6 proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. TRIM65 belongs to the C-IV subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif) family of proteins that are defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil region, as well as a B30.2/SPRY (SplA and ryanodine receptor) domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFeTESVVqrLPCGHLFHRACLETWI---DYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16609     6 CSICLGLY-QDPVT--LPCQHSFCRACIEDHWrqkDEGSFSCPECR 48

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFeTESVVQrlPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16509     5 ECAICLDSL-TNPVIT--PCAHVFCRRCICEVIQREKAKCPMCR 45

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 141 (RNF141) and similar proteins; RNF141, also known as zinc finger protein 230 (ZNF230), is a RING finger protein present primarily in the nuclei of spermatogonia, the acrosome, and the tail of spermatozoa. It may have a broad function during early development of vertebrates. It plays an important role in spermatogenesis, including spermatogenic cell proliferation and sperm maturation, as well as motility and fertilization. It also exhibits DNA binding activity. RNF141/ZNF230 gene mutations may be associated with azoospermia. RNF141 contains a C3HC4-type RING finger domain that may function as an activator module in transcription.

                          10        20
                  ....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 1142633574 103 LPCGHLFHRACLETWIDyDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16545    15 LPCAHSYCQKCIDKWSD-RHRTCPICR 40

second RING finger, HC subclass, found in the LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family; The LON peptidase N-terminal domain and RING finger protein family includes LONRF1 (also known as RING finger protein 191 or RNF191), LONRF2 (also known as RING finger protein 192, RNF192, or neuroblastoma apoptosis-related protease), LONRF3 (also known as RING finger protein 127 or RNF127), which are characterized by containing two C3HC4-type RING-HC fingers, four tetratricopeptide (TPR) repeats, and an ATP-dependent protease La (LON) substrate-binding domain at the C-terminus. Their biological functions remain unclear. This model corresponds to the second RING-HC finger.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLvRFETESVVqrLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDhATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16514     3 ECSLCL-RLLYEPVT--TPCGHTFCRACLERCLDHS-PKCPLCR 42

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 25 (RNF25) and similar proteins; RNF25, also known as AO7, is a putative E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that was initially identified as an interacting protein of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Ubc5B. It is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and predominantly localized in the nucleus. RNF25 activates the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB-dependent gene expression upon stimulation with Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), or tumor necrosis factor (TNF), or overexpression of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase. It interacts with the p65 transactivation domain (TAD) and modulates its transcriptional activity. RNF25 contains an N-terminal RWD domain, a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger, and a C-terminal Pro-rich region. Both the RING-H2 finger and the C-terminal regions of RNF25 are necessary for transcriptional activation.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 1142633574  85 GDCRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDH------------------------ATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16470     3 GQCVICLYGFQEGDAFTKTPCYHYFHSHCLARYIQHMEenlkeeqeeqeerpraqteqeqfqVLCPVCR 71

Prokaryotic RING finger family 4; RING finger family domain found sporadically in bacteria. The finger is fused to an N-terminal alpha-helical domain, ROT/Trove-like repeats and a C-terminal TerD domain. The architecture suggests a possible role in an RNA-processing complex.

                          10        20        30        40
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 1142633574  90 CLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWidyDHATCPLCRHRLLP 134
Cdd:pfam14447   1 CVLCGRNGTVHALIPCGHLVCRDCFDGS---DFSACPICRRRIDA 42

second RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 32 (RNF32) and similar proteins; RNF32 is mainly expressed in testis spermatogenesis, most likely in spermatocytes and/or in spermatids, suggesting a possible role in sperm formation. RNF32 contains two C3H2C3-type RING-H2 fingers separated by an IQ domain of unknown function. Although the biological function of RNF32 remains unclear, proteins with double RING-H2 fingers may act as scaffolds for binding several proteins that function in the same pathway. This model corresponds to the second RING-H2 finger.

                          10        20        30
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 1142633574 103 LPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHA---TCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16678    29 LSCSHVFHATCLEAFEEFSVGeelVCPVCR 58

RING finger, HC subclass, found in RING finger protein 125 (RNF125); RNF125, also known as T-cell RING activation protein 1 (TRAC-1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells, and functions as a positive regulator of T cell activation. It also down-modulates HIV replication and inhibits pathogen-induced cytokine production. It negatively regulates type I interferon signaling, which conjugates Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination to retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and subsequently leads to the proteasome-dependent degradation of RIG-I. Further, RNF125 conjugates ubiquitin to melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), a family protein of RIG-I. It thus acts as a negative regulator of RIG-I signaling, and is a direct target of miR-15b in the context of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Moreover, RNF125 binds to and ubiquitinates JAK1, prompting its degradation and inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) expression. It also negatively regulates p53 function through physical interaction and ubiquitin-mediated proteasome degradation. Mutations in RNF125 may lead to overgrowth syndromes (OGS). RNF125, together with three closely related proteins: RNF114, RNF138 and RNF166, forms a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, a C2HC-, and two C2H2-type zinc fingers, as well as a ubiquitin interacting motif (UIM). The UIM of RNF125 binds K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains and is, together with the RING domain, required for auto-ubiquitination.

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gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLvrfETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHATCPLCRHRL 132
Cdd:cd16542     3 DCAVCL---EVLHQPVRTRCGHVFCRPCIATSLRNNTWTCPYCRAYL 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana MED25-binding RING-H2 protein (MBR) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes MBR1 and MBR2 (also called HAL3-interacting protein 1 or AtHIP1). They are E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases that function as regulators of MED25 stability by targeting MED25 for degradation in a RING-H2-dependent manner. Proteasome-dependent degradation of MED25 seems to activate its function as a positive regulator of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and is important to induce the expression of FT, and consequently to promote flowering. MBR2 may also function downstream of HAL3 and be required for HAL3-regulated plant growth. Activation of MBR2 by HAL3 may lead to the degradation of cell cycle suppressors, resulting in enhancement of cell division and plant growth. Both MBR1 and MBR2 contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

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gi 1142633574  87 CRVCLVRFETESVVQRLPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDHaTCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd23113     5 CCICQEEYEEGDELGTIECGHEYHSDCIKQWLVQKN-LCPICK 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in topoisomerase I-binding arginine/serine-rich protein (Topors) and similar proteins; Topors, also known as topoisomerase I-binding RING finger protein, tumor suppressor p53- binding protein 3, or p53-binding protein 3 (p53BP3), is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that can ligate both ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to substrate proteins in the nucleus. It contains an N-terminal C3HC4-type RING-HC finger which ligates ubiquitin to its target proteins including DNA topoisomerase I, p53, NKX3.1, H2AX, and the AAV-2 Rep78/68 proteins. As a RING-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, Topors works with the E2 enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, and UbcH6, but not with UbcH7, CDC34, or UbcH2b. Topors acts as a tumor suppressor in various malignancies. It regulates p53 modification, suggesting it may be responsible for astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1, also known as metadherin, or LYRIC) ubiquitin modification. Plk1-mediated phosphorylation of Topors inhibits Topors-mediated sumoylation of p53, whereas p53 ubiquitination is enhanced, leading to p53 degradation. It also functions as a negative regulator of the prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1. Moreover, Topors is associated with promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies, and may be involved in the cellular response to camptothecin. It also plays a key role in the turnover of H2AX protein, discriminating the type of DNA damaging stress. Furthermore, Topors is a cilia-centrosomal protein associated with autosomal dominant retinal degeneration. Mutations in TOPORS cause autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP).

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gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQRlPCGHLFHRACLETWIDYDhATCPLCRHR 131
Cdd:cd16574     3 SCPICLDRFENEKAFLD-GCFHAFCFTCILEWSKVK-NECPLCKQP 46

RING finger, HC subclass, found in tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32) and similar proteins; TRIM32, also known as 72 kDa Tat-interacting protein, zinc finger protein HT2A, or BBS11, is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that promotes degradation of several targets, including actin, PIASgamma, Abl interactor 2, dysbindin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), p73 transcription factor, thin filaments and Z-bands during fasting. It plays important roles in neuronal differentiation of neural progenitor cells, as well as in controlling cell fate in skeletal muscle progenitor cells. It reduces PI3K-Akt-FoxO signaling in muscle atrophy by promoting plakoglobin-PI3K dissociation. It also functions as a pluripotency-reprogramming roadblock that facilitates cellular transition towards differentiation by modulating the levels of Oct4 and cMyc. Moreover, TRIM32 is an intrinsic influenza A virus (IAV) restriction factor which senses and targets the polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) for ubiquitination and protein degradation. It also plays a significant role in mediating the biological activity of the HIV-1 Tat protein in vivo, binds specifically to the activation domain of HIV-1 Tat, and can also interact with the HIV-2 and EIAV Tat proteins in vivo. Furthermore, TRIM32 regulates myoblast proliferation by controlling turnover of NDRG2 (N-myc downstream-regulated gene). It negatively regulates tumor suppressor p53 to promote tumorigenesis. It also facilitates degradation of MYCN on spindle poles and induces asymmetric cell division in human neuroblastoma cells. In addition, TRIM32 plays important roles in regulation of hyperactivities and positively regulates the development of anxiety and depression disorders induced by chronic stress. It also plays a role in regeneration by affecting satellite cell cycle progression via modulation of the SUMO ligase PIASy (PIAS4). Defects in TRIM32 leads to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H), sarcotubular myopathies (STM) and Bardet-Biedl syndrome. TRIM32 belongs to the C-VII subclass of the TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL family that is defined by their N-terminal RBCC (RING, Bbox, and coiled coil) domains, including three consecutive zinc-binding domains, a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger, Bbox1 and Bbox2, and a coiled coil domain, as well as a NHL (named after proteins NCL-1, HT2A and Lin-41 that contain repeats folded into a six-bladed beta propeller) repeat domain positioned C-terminal to the RBCC domain. The NHL domain mediates the interaction with Argonaute proteins and consequently allows TRIM32 to modulate the activity of certain miRNAs.

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gi 1142633574  86 DCRVCLVRFETESVVQR-LPCGHLFHRACLETWID---YDHATCPLCR 129
Cdd:cd16587     2 ECPICLESFDEGQLRPKlLHCGHTICEQCLEKLLAslsINGVRCPFCR 49