RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in cyclophilin-33 (Cyp33) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cyp33, also termed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E (PPIase E), or cyclophilin E, or rotamase E. Cyp33 is a nuclear RNA-binding cyclophilin with an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal PPIase domain. Cyp33 possesses RNA-binding activity and preferentially binds to polyribonucleotide polyA and polyU, but hardly to polyG and polyC. It binds specifically to mRNA, which can stimulate its PPIase activity. Moreover, Cyp33 interacts with the third plant homeodomain (PHD3) zinc finger cassette of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) proto-oncoprotein and a poly-A RNA sequence through its RRM domain. It further mediates downregulation of the expression of MLL target genes HOXC8, HOXA9, CDKN1B, and C-MYC, in a proline isomerase-dependent manner. Cyp33 also possesses a PPIase activity that catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond preceding a proline, which has been implicated in the stimulation of folding and conformational changes in folded and unfolded proteins. The PPIase activity can be inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12347   1 LYVGGLAEEVDEKVLHAAFIPFGDIVDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFEEAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 75

cyclophilin; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340  138 SNPQVYMDIKIGNKPAGRIQMLLRSDVVPMTAENFRCLCTHE------KGFGFKGSSFHRIIPQFMCQGGDFTNHNGTGG 211
Cdd:PTZ00060  14 KRPKVFFDISIDNAPAGRIVFELFSDVTPKTAENFRALCIGDkvgssgKNLHYKGSIFHRIIPQFMCQGGDITNHNGTGG 93

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340  212 KSIYGKKFDDENFILKHTGPGLLSMANSGPNTNGSQFFLTCDKTDWLDGKHVVFGEVTEGLDVLRQIEAQGSKDGKPKQK 291
Cdd:PTZ00060  94 ESIYGRKFTDENFKLKHDQPGLLSMANAGPNTNGSQFFITTVPCPWLDGKHVVFGKVIEGMEVVRAMEKEGTQSGYPKKP 173

                 ....*...
gi 14196340  292 VMIADCGE 299
Cdd:PTZ00060 174 VVVTDCGE 181

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in cyclophilin-33 (Cyp33) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cyp33, also termed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E (PPIase E), or cyclophilin E, or rotamase E. Cyp33 is a nuclear RNA-binding cyclophilin with an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal PPIase domain. Cyp33 possesses RNA-binding activity and preferentially binds to polyribonucleotide polyA and polyU, but hardly to polyG and polyC. It binds specifically to mRNA, which can stimulate its PPIase activity. Moreover, Cyp33 interacts with the third plant homeodomain (PHD3) zinc finger cassette of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) proto-oncoprotein and a poly-A RNA sequence through its RRM domain. It further mediates downregulation of the expression of MLL target genes HOXC8, HOXA9, CDKN1B, and C-MYC, in a proline isomerase-dependent manner. Cyp33 also possesses a PPIase activity that catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond preceding a proline, which has been implicated in the stimulation of folding and conformational changes in folded and unfolded proteins. The PPIase activity can be inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12347   1 LYVGGLAEEVDEKVLHAAFIPFGDIVDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFEEAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 75

RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain [Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLAKPMR 86
Cdd:COG0724   4 IYVGNLPYSVTEEDLRELFSEYGEVTSVKLITDRETGRSRGFGFVEMPDDEEAQAAIEALNGAELMGRTLKVNEARPRE 82

RNA recognition motif. (a.k.a. RRM, RBD, or RNP domain); The RRM motif is probably diagnostic of an RNA binding protein. RRMs are found in a variety of RNA binding proteins, including various hnRNP proteins, proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of snRNPs. The motif also appears in a few single stranded DNA binding proteins. The RRM structure consists of four strands and two helices arranged in an alpha/beta sandwich, with a third helix present during RNA binding in some cases The C-terminal beta strand (4th strand) and final helix are hard to align and have been omitted in the SEED alignment The LA proteins have an N terminal rrm which is included in the seed. There is a second region towards the C terminus that has some features characteriztic of a rrm but does not appear to have the important structural core of a rrm. The LA proteins are one of the main autoantigens in Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 14196340     8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDyETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIR 78
Cdd:pfam00076   1 LFVGNLPPDTTEEDLKDLFSKFGPIKSIRLVRD-ETGRSKGFAFVEFEDEEDAEKAIEALNGKELGGRELK 70

glycine-rich RNA-binding protein 4; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340    8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:PLN03134  37 LFIGGLSWGTDDASLRDAFAHFGDVVDAKVIVDRETGRSRGFGFVNFNDEGAATAAISEMDGKELNGRHIRVNPA 111

cyclophilin; Provisional

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340  138 SNPQVYMDIKIGNKPAGRIQMLLRSDVVPMTAENFRCLCTHE------KGFGFKGSSFHRIIPQFMCQGGDFTNHNGTGG 211
Cdd:PTZ00060  14 KRPKVFFDISIDNAPAGRIVFELFSDVTPKTAENFRALCIGDkvgssgKNLHYKGSIFHRIIPQFMCQGGDITNHNGTGG 93

                         90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340  212 KSIYGKKFDDENFILKHTGPGLLSMANSGPNTNGSQFFLTCDKTDWLDGKHVVFGEVTEGLDVLRQIEAQGSKDGKPKQK 291
Cdd:PTZ00060  94 ESIYGRKFTDENFKLKHDQPGLLSMANAGPNTNGSQFFITTVPCPWLDGKHVVFGKVIEGMEVVRAMEKEGTQSGYPKKP 173

                 ....*...
gi 14196340  292 VMIADCGE 299
Cdd:PTZ00060 174 VVVTDCGE 181

cyclophilin: cyclophilin-type peptidylprolyl cis- trans isomerases. This family contains eukaryotic, bacterial and archeal proteins which exhibit a peptidylprolyl cis- trans isomerases activity (PPIase, Rotamase) and in addition bind the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin (CsA). Immunosuppression in vertebrates is believed to be the result of the cyclophilin A-cyclosporin protein drug complex binding to and inhibiting the protein-phosphatase calcineurin. PPIase is an enzyme which accelerates protein folding by catalyzing the cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bonds preceding proline residues. Cyclophilins are a diverse family in terms of function and have been implicated in protein folding processes which depend on catalytic /chaperone-like activities. This group contains human cyclophilin 40, a co-chaperone of the hsp90 chaperone system; human cyclophilin A, a chaperone in the HIV-1 infectious process and; human cyclophilin H, a component of the U4/U6 snRNP, whose isomerization or chaperoning activities may play a role in RNA splicing.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340 154 GRIQMLLRSDVVPMTAENFRCLCthEKGFgFKGSSFHRIIPQFMCQGGDFTNHNGtgGKSIYGKKFDDENFILK-HTGPG 232
Cdd:cd00317   7 GRIVIELYGDEAPKTVENFLSLA--RGGF-YDGTTFHRVIPGFMIQGGDPTGTGG--GGSGPGYKFPDENFPLKyHHRRG 81

                        90       100       110       120       130       140
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340 233 LLSMANSGPNTNGSQFFLTCDKTDWLDGKHVVFGEVTEGLDVLRQIEAQG-SKDGKPKQKVMIAD 296
Cdd:cd00317  82 TLSMANAGPNTNGSQFFITTAPTPHLDGKHTVFGKVVEGMDVVDKIERGDtDENGRPIKPVTISD 146

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in cyclophilin-33 (Cyp33) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of Cyp33, also termed peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase E (PPIase E), or cyclophilin E, or rotamase E. Cyp33 is a nuclear RNA-binding cyclophilin with an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal PPIase domain. Cyp33 possesses RNA-binding activity and preferentially binds to polyribonucleotide polyA and polyU, but hardly to polyG and polyC. It binds specifically to mRNA, which can stimulate its PPIase activity. Moreover, Cyp33 interacts with the third plant homeodomain (PHD3) zinc finger cassette of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) proto-oncoprotein and a poly-A RNA sequence through its RRM domain. It further mediates downregulation of the expression of MLL target genes HOXC8, HOXA9, CDKN1B, and C-MYC, in a proline isomerase-dependent manner. Cyp33 also possesses a PPIase activity that catalyzes cis-trans isomerization of the peptide bond preceding a proline, which has been implicated in the stimulation of folding and conformational changes in folded and unfolded proteins. The PPIase activity can be inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12347   1 LYVGGLAEEVDEKVLHAAFIPFGDIVDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFEEAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 75

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (rotamase) - cyclophilin family [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340 135 KARSNPQVYMDIkignkPAGRIQMLLRSDVVPMTAENFRCLCthEKGFgFKGSSFHRIIPQFMCQGGDFTNhNGTGGKsi 214
Cdd:COG0652   2 KAAPNPTVTLET-----NKGDIVIELFPDKAPKTVANFVSLA--KEGF-YDGTIFHRVIPGFMIQGGDPTG-TGTGGP-- 70

                        90       100       110       120       130       140       150       160
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340 215 yGKKFDDENFI-LKHTgPGLLSMANS-GPNTNGSQFFLTCDKTDWLDGKHVVFGEVTEGLDVLRQIEAQGSKDG-KPKQK 291
Cdd:COG0652  71 -GYTIPDEFDPgLKHK-RGTLAMARAqGPNSAGSQFFIVLGDNPHLDGGYTVFGKVVEGMDVVDKIAAGPTDPGdGPLEP 148

                ...
gi 14196340 292 VMI 294
Cdd:COG0652 149 VVI 151

cyclophilin_RING: cyclophilin-type peptidylprolyl cis- trans isomerases (cyclophilins) having a modified RING finger domain. This group includes the nuclear proteins, Human hCyP-60 and Caenorhabditis elegans MOG-6 which, compared to the archetypal cyclophilin Human cyclophilin A exhibit reduced peptidylprolyl cis- trans isomerase activity and lack a residue important for cyclophilin binding. Human hCyP-60 has been shown to physically interact with the proteinase inhibitor peptide eglin c and; C. elegans MOG-6 to physically interact with MEP-1, a nuclear zinc finger protein. MOG-6 has been shown to function in germline sex determination.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340 154 GRIQMLLRSDVVPMTAENFRCLCthEKGFgFKGSSFHRIIPQFMCQGGDFTNhNGTGGKSIYGKKFDDE-NFILKHTGPG 232
Cdd:cd01923   9 GDLNLELHCDKAPKACENFIKLC--KKGY-YDGTIFHRSIRNFMIQGGDPTG-TGRGGESIWGKPFKDEfKPNLSHDGRG 84

                        90       100       110       120       130       140
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340 233 LLSMANSGPNTNGSQFFLTCDKTDWLDGKHVVFGEVTEGLDVLRQIE-AQGSKDGKPKQKVMIAD 296
Cdd:cd01923  85 VLSMANSGPNTNGSQFFITYRSCKHLDGKHTVFGRVVGGLETLEAMEnVPDPGTDRPKEEIKIED 149

cyclophilin_CeCYP16-like: cyclophilin-type peptidylprolyl cis- trans isomerase) (PPIase) domain similar to Caenorhabditis elegans cyclophilin 16. C. elegans CeCYP-16, compared to the archetypal cyclophilin Human cyclophilin A has, a reduced peptidylprolyl cis- trans isomerase activity, is cyclosporin insensitive and shows an altered substrate preference favoring, hydrophobic, acidic or amide amino acids. Most members of this subfamily have a glutamate residue in the active site at the position equivalent to a tryptophan (W121 in Human cyclophilin A), which has been shown to be important for cyclophilin binding.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340 153 AGRIQMLLRSDVVPMTAENFRCLCTheKGFgFKGSSFHRIIPQFMCQGGDFTNhNGTGGKSIYGKKFDDE-NFILKHTGP 231
Cdd:cd01925  14 AGDIDIELWSKEAPKACRNFIQLCL--EGY-YDNTIFHRVVPGFIIQGGDPTG-TGTGGESIYGEPFKDEfHSRLRFNRR 89

                        90       100       110       120       130
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 14196340 232 GLLSMANSGPNTNGSQFFLTCDKTDWLDGKHVVFGEVTEG--LDVLRQIEAQGSKDGKP 288
Cdd:cd01925  90 GLVGMANAGDDSNGSQFFFTLDKADELNNKHTLFGKVTGDtiYNLLKLAEVETDKDERP 148

RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain [Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis];

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLAKPMR 86
Cdd:COG0724   4 IYVGNLPYSVTEEDLRELFSEYGEVTSVKLITDRETGRSRGFGFVEMPDDEEAQAAIEALNGAELMGRTLKVNEARPRE 82

RNA recognition motif;

                           10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                   ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 14196340      7 VLYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRV 79
Cdd:smart00360   1 TLFVGNLPPDTTEEELRELFSKFGKVESVRLVRDKETGKSKGFAFVEFESEEDAEKALEALNGKELDGRPLKV 73

RNA recognition motif (RRM) superfamily; RRM, also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), is a highly abundant domain in eukaryotes found in proteins involved in post-transcriptional gene expression processes including mRNA and rRNA processing, RNA export, and RNA stability. This domain is 90 amino acids in length and consists of a four-stranded beta-sheet packed against two alpha-helices. RRM usually interacts with ssRNA, but is also known to interact with ssDNA as well as proteins. RRM binds a variable number of nucleotides, ranging from two to eight. The active site includes three aromatic side-chains located within the conserved RNP1 and RNP2 motifs of the domain. The RRM domain is found in a variety heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), proteins implicated in regulation of alternative splicing, and protein components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDyETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVN 80
Cdd:cd00590   1 LFVGNLPPDTTEEDLRELFSKFGEVVSVRIVRD-RDGKSKGFAFVEFESPEDAEKALEALNGTELGGRPLKVS 72

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in splicing factor 3B subunit 4 (SF3B4) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of SF3B4, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SF3b 49 kDa (SF3b50), or spliceosome-associated protein 49 (SAP 49). SF3B4 a component of the multiprotein complex splicing factor 3b (SF3B), an integral part of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) and the U11/U12 di-snRNP. SF3B is essential for the accurate excision of introns from pre-messenger RNA, and is involved in the recognition of the pre-mRNA's branch site within the major and minor spliceosomes. SF3B4 functions to tether U2 snRNP with pre-mRNA at the branch site during spliceosome assembly. It is an evolutionarily highly conserved protein with orthologs across diverse species. SF3B4 contains two closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). It binds directly to pre-mRNA and also interacts directly and highly specifically with another SF3B subunit called SAP 145.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVN 80
Cdd:cd12334   1 VYVGNLDEKVTEELLWELFIQAGPVVNVHMPKDRVTQQHQGYGFVEFLSEEDADYAIKIMNMIKLYGKPIRVN 73

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in granule-associated RNA binding proteins p40-TIA-1 and TIAR; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of nucleolysin TIA-1 isoform p40 (p40-TIA-1 or TIA-1) and nucleolysin TIA-1-related protein (TIAR), both of which are granule-associated RNA binding proteins involved in inducing apoptosis in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. TIA-1 and TIAR share high sequence similarity. They are expressed in a wide variety of cell types. TIA-1 can be phosphorylated by a serine/threonine kinase that is activated during Fas-mediated apoptosis. TIAR is mainly localized in the nucleus of hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. It is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in response to exogenous triggers of apoptosis. Both, TIA-1 and TIAR, bind specifically to poly(A) but not to poly(C) homopolymers. They are composed of three N-terminal highly homologous RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a glutamine-rich C-terminal auxiliary domain containing a lysosome-targeting motif. TIA-1 and TIAR interact with RNAs containing short stretches of uridylates and their RRM2 can mediate the specific binding to uridylate-rich RNAs. The C-terminal auxiliary domain may be responsible for interacting with other proteins. In addition, TIA-1 and TIAR share a potential serine protease-cleavage site (Phe-Val-Arg) localized at the junction between their RNA binding domains and their C-terminal auxiliary domains.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVN 80
Cdd:cd12353   2 IFVGDLSPEIETEDLKEAFAPFGEISDARVVKDTQTGKSKGYGFVSFVKKEDAENAIQGMNGQWLGGRNIRTN 74

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in vertebrate RNA-binding protein RBM23, RBM39 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM2 of RBM39 (also termed HCC1), a nuclear autoantigen that contains an N-terminal arginine/serine rich (RS) motif and three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). An octapeptide sequence called the RS-ERK motif is repeated six times in the RS region of RBM39. Although the cellular function of RBM23 remains unclear, it shows high sequence homology to RBM39 and contains two RRMs. It may possibly function as a pre-mRNA splicing factor.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12284   1 LYVGSLHFNITEDMLRGIFEPFGKIEFVQLQKDPETGRSKGYGFIQFRDAEDAKKALEQLNGFELAGRPMKVGHV 75

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in yeast protein gar2 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of yeast protein gar2, a novel nucleolar protein required for 18S rRNA and 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. It shares similar domain architecture with nucleolin from vertebrates and NSR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The highly phosphorylated N-terminal domain of gar2 is made up of highly acidic regions separated from each other by basic sequences, and contains multiple phosphorylation sites. The central domain of gar2 contains two closely adjacent N-terminal RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains). The C-terminal RGG (or GAR) domain of gar2 is rich in glycine, arginine and phenylalanine residues.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12447   2 LFVGGLSWNVDDPWLKKEFEKYGGVISARVITDRGSGRSKGYGYVDFATPEAAQKALAAMSGKEIDGRQINVDFS 76

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in cold inducible RNA binding protein (CIRBP), RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of two structurally related heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins, CIRBP (also termed CIRP or A18 hnRNP) and RBM3 (also termed RNPL), both of which belong to a highly conserved cold shock proteins family. The cold shock proteins can be induced after exposure to a moderate cold-shock and other cellular stresses such as UV radiation and hypoxia. CIRBP and RBM3 may function in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to different transcripts, thus allowing the cell to response rapidly to environmental signals. However, the kinetics and degree of cold induction are different between CIRBP and RBM3. Tissue distribution of their expression is different. CIRBP and RBM3 may be differentially regulated under physiological and stress conditions and may play distinct roles in cold responses of cells. CIRBP, also termed glycine-rich RNA-binding protein CIRP, is localized in the nucleus and mediates the cold-induced suppression of cell cycle progression. CIRBP also binds DNA and possibly serves as a chaperone that assists in the folding/unfolding, assembly/disassembly and transport of various proteins. RBM3 may enhance global protein synthesis and the formation of active polysomes while reducing the levels of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing microRNAs. RBM3 may also serve to prevent the loss of muscle mass by its ability to decrease cell death. Furthermore, RBM3 may be essential for cell proliferation and mitosis. Both, CIRBP and RBM3, contain an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), that is involved in RNA binding, and C-terminal glycine-rich domain (RGG motif) that probably enhances RNA-binding via protein-protein and/or protein-RNA interactions. Like CIRBP, RBM3 can also bind to both RNA and DNA via its RRM domain.

                        10        20        30        40        50        60        70
                ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLAK 83
Cdd:cd12449   3 LFVGGLSFDTNEQSLEEVFSKYGQISEVVVVKDRETQRSRGFGFVTFENPDDAKDAMMAMNGKSLDGRQIRVDQAG 78

poly-U binding splicing factor, half-pint family; The proteins represented by this model contain three RNA recognition motifs (rrm: pfam00076) and have been characterized as poly-pyrimidine tract binding proteins associated with RNA splicing factors. In the case of PUF60 (GP|6176532), in complex with p54, and in the presence of U2AF, facilitates association of U2 snRNP with pre-mRNA.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 14196340     8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNL------ 81
Cdd:TIGR01645 110 VYVGSISFELREDTIRRAFDPFGPIKSINMSWDPATGKHKGFAFVEYEVPEAAQLALEQMNGQMLGGRNIKVGRpsnmpq 189

                          90       100       110
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 14196340    82 AKPM------------RIKEGSSRPVWSDDD 100
Cdd:TIGR01645 190 AQPIidmvqeeakkfnRIYVASVHPDLSETD 220

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in cleavage stimulation factor subunit 2 (CSTF2), yeast ortholog mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15 and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM domain of CSTF2, its tau variant and eukaryotic homologs. CSTF2, also termed cleavage stimulation factor 64 kDa subunit (CstF64), is the vertebrate conterpart of yeast mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15. It is expressed in all somatic tissues and is one of three cleavage stimulatory factor (CstF) subunits required for polyadenylation. CstF64 contains an N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also known as RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), a CstF77-binding domain, a repeated MEARA helical region and a conserved C-terminal domain reported to bind the transcription factor PC-4. During polyadenylation, CstF interacts with the pre-mRNA through the RRM of CstF64 at U- or GU-rich sequences within 10 to 30 nucleotides downstream of the cleavage site. CSTF2T, also termed tauCstF64, is a paralog of the X-linked cleavage stimulation factor CstF64 protein that supports polyadenylation in most somatic cells. It is expressed during meiosis and subsequent haploid differentiation in a more limited set of tissues and cell types, largely in meiotic and postmeiotic male germ cells, and to a lesser extent in brain. The loss of CSTF2T will cause male infertility, as it is necessary for spermatogenesis and fertilization. Moreover, CSTF2T is required for expression of genes involved in morphological differentiation of spermatids, as well as for genes having products that function during interaction of motile spermatozoa with eggs. It promotes germ cell-specific patterns of polyadenylation by using its RRM to bind to different sequence elements downstream of polyadenylation sites than does CstF64. The family also includes yeast ortholog mRNA 3'-end-processing protein RNA15 and similar proteins. RNA15 is a core subunit of cleavage factor IA (CFIA), an essential transcriptional 3'-end processing factor from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RNA recognition by CFIA is mediated by an N-terminal RRM, which is contained in the RNA15 subunit of the complex. The RRM of RNA15 has a strong preference for GU-rich RNAs, mediated by a binding pocket that is entirely conserved in both yeast and vertebrate RNA15 orthologs.

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gi 14196340   6 RVLYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12398   1 RSVFVGNIPYDATEEQLKEIFSEVGPVVSFRLVTDRETGKPKGYGFCEFRDAETALSAVRNLNGYELNGRPLRVDFA 77

RNA recognition motif 2 (RRM2) found in yeast nuclear and cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA-binding protein PUB1 and similar proteins; This subgroup corresponds to the RRM2 of yeast protein PUB1, also termed ARS consensus-binding protein ACBP-60, or poly uridylate-binding protein, or poly(U)-binding protein. PUB1 has been identified as both, a heterogeneous nuclear RNA-binding protein (hnRNP) and a cytoplasmic mRNA-binding protein (mRNP), which may be stably bound to a translationally inactive subpopulation of mRNAs within the cytoplasm. It is distributed in both, the nucleus and the cytoplasm, and binds to poly(A)+ RNA (mRNA or pre-mRNA). Although it is one of the major cellular proteins cross-linked by UV light to polyadenylated RNAs in vivo, PUB1 is nonessential for cell growth in yeast. PUB1 also binds to T-rich single stranded DNA (ssDNA). However, there is no strong evidence implicating PUB1 in the mechanism of DNA replication. PUB1 contains three RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), and a GAR motif (glycine and arginine rich stretch) that is located between RRM2 and RRM3.

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gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12619   4 IFVGDLSPEVTDAALFNAFSDFPSCSDARVMWDQKTGRSRGYGFVSFRSQQDAQNAINSMNGKWLGSRPIRCNWA 78

RNA recognition motif 3 (RRM3) found found in type I polyadenylate-binding proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM3 of type I poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), highly conserved proteins that bind to the poly(A) tail present at the 3' ends of most eukaryotic mRNAs. They have been implicated in the regulation of poly(A) tail length during the polyadenylation reaction, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization by influencing the rate of deadenylation and inhibition of mRNA decapping. The family represents type I polyadenylate-binding proteins (PABPs), including polyadenylate-binding protein 1 (PABP-1 or PABPC1), polyadenylate-binding protein 3 (PABP-3 or PABPC3), polyadenylate-binding protein 4 (PABP-4 or APP-1 or iPABP), polyadenylate-binding protein 5 (PABP-5 or PABPC5), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like (PABP-1-like or PABPC1L), polyadenylate-binding protein 1-like 2 (PABPC1L2 or RBM32), polyadenylate-binding protein 4-like (PABP-4-like or PABPC4L), yeast polyadenylate-binding protein, cytoplasmic and nuclear (PABP or ACBP-67), and similar proteins. PABP-1 is an ubiquitously expressed multifunctional protein that may play a role in 3' end formation of mRNA, translation initiation, mRNA stabilization, protection of poly(A) from nuclease activity, mRNA deadenylation, inhibition of mRNA decapping, and mRNP maturation. Although PABP-1 is thought to be a cytoplasmic protein, it is also found in the nucleus. PABP-1 may be involved in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and utilization of mRNP particles. PABP-1 contains four copies of RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains), a less well conserved linker region, and a proline-rich C-terminal conserved domain (CTD). PABP-3 is a testis-specific poly(A)-binding protein specifically expressed in round spermatids. It is mainly found in mammalian and may play an important role in the testis-specific regulation of mRNA homeostasis. PABP-3 shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1. However, it binds to poly(A) with a lower affinity than PABP-1. PABP-1 possesses an A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR and allows binding of PABP and blockage of translation of its own mRNA. In contrast, PABP-3 lacks the A-rich sequence in its 5'-UTR. PABP-4 is an inducible poly(A)-binding protein (iPABP) that is primarily localized to the cytoplasm. It shows significant sequence similarity to PABP-1 as well. The RNA binding properties of PABP-1 and PABP-4 appear to be identical. PABP-5 is encoded by PABPC5 gene within the X-specific subinterval, and expressed in fetal brain and in a range of adult tissues in mammalian, such as ovary and testis. It may play an important role in germ cell development. Moreover, unlike other PABPs, PABP-5 contains only four RRMs, but lacks both the linker region and the CTD. PABP-1-like and PABP-1-like 2 are the orthologs of PABP-1. PABP-4-like is the ortholog of PABP-5. Their cellular functions remain unclear. The family also includes the yeast PABP, a conserved poly(A) binding protein containing poly(A) tails that can be attached to the 3'-ends of mRNAs. The yeast PABP and its homologs may play important roles in the initiation of translation and in mRNA decay. Like vertebrate PABP-1, the yeast PABP contains four RRMs, a linker region, and a proline-rich CTD as well. The first two RRMs are mainly responsible for specific binding to poly(A). The proline-rich region may be involved in protein-protein interactions.

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gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDyETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12380   4 VYVKNFGEDVDDDELKELFEKYGKITSAKVMKD-DSGKSKGFGFVNFENHEAAQKAVEELNGKELNGKKLYVGRA 77

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in RNA-binding protein RBM8A, RBM8B nd similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of RBM8, also termed binder of OVCA1-1 (BOV-1), or RNA-binding protein Y14, which is one of the components of the exon-exon junction complex (EJC). It has two isoforms, RBM8A and RBM8B, both of which are identical except that RBM8B is 16 amino acids shorter at its N-terminus. RBM8, together with other EJC components (such as Magoh, Aly/REF, RNPS1, Srm160, and Upf3), plays critical roles in postsplicing processing, including nuclear export and cytoplasmic localization of the mRNA, and the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) surveillance process. RBM8 binds to mRNA 20-24 nucleotides upstream of a spliced exon-exon junction. It is also involved in spliced mRNA nuclear export, and the process of nonsense-mediated decay of mRNAs with premature stop codons. RBM8 forms a specific heterodimer complex with the EJC protein Magoh which then associates with Aly/REF, RNPS1, DEK, and SRm160 on the spliced mRNA, and inhibits ATP turnover by eIF4AIII, thereby trapping the EJC core onto RNA. RBM8 contains an N-terminal putative bipartite nuclear localization signal, one RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), in the central region, and a C-terminal serine-arginine rich region (SR domain) and glycine-arginine rich region (RG domain).

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gi 14196340   7 VLYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLA 82
Cdd:cd12324   8 IIFVTGVHEEAQEEDIHDKFAEFGEIKNLHLNLDRRTGFVKGYALVEYETKKEAQAAIEGLNGKELLGQTISVDWA 83

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of two serine/arginine (SR) proteins, serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3) and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7 (SRSF7). SRSF3, also termed pre-mRNA-splicing factor SRp20, modulates alternative splicing by interacting with RNA cis-elements in a concentration- and cell differentiation-dependent manner. It is also involved in termination of transcription, alternative RNA polyadenylation, RNA export, and protein translation. SRSF3 is critical for cell proliferation, and tumor induction and maintenance. It can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm. SRSF7, also termed splicing factor 9G8, plays a crucial role in both constitutive splicing and alternative splicing of many pre-mRNAs. Its localization and functions are tightly regulated by phosphorylation. SRSF7 is predominantly present in the nuclear and can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. It cooperates with the export protein, Tap/NXF1, helps mRNA export to the cytoplasm, and enhances the expression of unspliced mRNA. Moreover, SRSF7 inhibits tau E10 inclusion through directly interacting with the proximal downstream intron of E10, a clustering region for frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism (FTDP) mutations. Both SRSF3 and SRSF7 contain a single N-terminal RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), and a C-terminal RS domain rich in serine-arginine dipeptides. The RRM domain is involved in RNA binding, and the RS domain has been implicated in protein shuttling and protein-protein interactions.

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gi 14196340   8 LYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIpldyeTEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRVNLAKP 84
Cdd:cd12373   2 VYVGNLGPRVTKRELEDAFEKYGPLRNVWV-----ARNPPGFAFVEFEDPRDAEDAVRALDGRRICGSRVRVELSRG 73

RNA recognition motif 1 (RRM1) found in nucleolin-like proteins mainly from plants; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM1 of a group of plant nucleolin-like proteins, including nucleolin 1 (also termed protein nucleolin like 1) and nucleolin 2 (also termed protein nucleolin like 2, or protein parallel like 1). They play roles in the regulation of ribosome synthesis and in the growth and development of plants. Like yeast nucleolin, nucleolin-like proteins possess two RNA recognition motifs (RRMs), also termed RBDs (RNA binding domains) or RNPs (ribonucleoprotein domains).

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gi 14196340   7 VLYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIdNMNESELFGRTIRVNLAKP 84
Cdd:cd12450   1 TLFVGNLSWSATQDDLENFFSDCGEVVDVRIAMDRDDGRSKGFGHVEFASAESAQKAL-EKSGQDLGGREIRLDLANE 77

RNA recognition motif (RRM) found in transformer-2 protein homolog TRA2-alpha, TRA2-beta and similar proteins; This subfamily corresponds to the RRM of two mammalian homologs of Drosophila transformer-2 (Tra2), TRA2-alpha, TRA2-beta (also termed SFRS10), and similar proteins found in eukaryotes. TRA2-alpha is a 40-kDa serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that specifically binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) exonic splicing enhancer on exon 4 (ESE4) and is necessary for enhanced GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. It strongly stimulates GnRH intron A excision in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, TRA2-alpha can interact with either 9G8 or SRp30c, which may also be crucial for ESE-dependent GnRH pre-mRNA splicing. TRA2-beta is a serine/arginine-rich (SR) protein that controls the pre-mRNA alternative splicing of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) protein and the tau protein. Both, TRA2-alpha and TRA2-beta, contains a well conserved RNA recognition motif (RRM), also termed RBD (RNA binding domain) or RNP (ribonucleoprotein domain), flanked by the N- and C-terminal arginine/serine (RS)-rich regions.

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gi 14196340   6 RVLYVGGLAEEVDDKVLHAAFIPFGDITDIQIPLDYETEKHRGFAFVEFELAEDAAAAIDNMNESELFGRTIRV 79
Cdd:cd12363   2 RCLGVFGLSLYTTERDLREVFSRYGPIEKVQVVYDQQTGRSRGFGFVYFESVEDAKEAKERLNGQEIDGRRIRV 75