RING finger, H2 subclass, found in anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 (APC11) and similar proteins; APC11, also known as cyclosome subunit 11, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated RING finger protein, is a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 protein that facilitates ubiquitin chain formation by recruiting ubiquitin-charged ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) through its RING-H2 domain. APC11 and its partner, the cullin-like subunit APC2, form the dynamic catalytic core of the gigantic, multisubunit 1.2-MDa anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC), also known as the cyclosome, which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) composed of at least 12 subunits and controls cell division by ubiquitinating cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin B and securin, to drive their timely degradation. APC11 can be inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, which may contribute to the delay in cell cycle progression through mitosis that is characteristic of cells subjected to oxidative stress. APC11 contains a canonical RING-H2-finger that coordinate two Zn2+ ions. In addition, it contains a third Zn2+-binding site that is not essential for its ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPGDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAapTNQPKAQCPLCRQDWQI 136
Cdd:cd16456    1 DDVCGICRMAFDGCCPDCKFPGDDCPLVWGKCSHCFHMHCILKWLN--SQQVQQHCPMCRQEWKF 63

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 (APC11) and similar proteins; APC11, also known as cyclosome subunit 11, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated RING finger protein, is a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 protein that facilitates ubiquitin chain formation by recruiting ubiquitin-charged ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) through its RING-H2 domain. APC11 and its partner, the cullin-like subunit APC2, form the dynamic catalytic core of the gigantic, multisubunit 1.2-MDa anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC), also known as the cyclosome, which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) composed of at least 12 subunits and controls cell division by ubiquitinating cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin B and securin, to drive their timely degradation. APC11 can be inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, which may contribute to the delay in cell cycle progression through mitosis that is characteristic of cells subjected to oxidative stress. APC11 contains a canonical RING-H2-finger that coordinate two Zn2+ ions. In addition, it contains a third Zn2+-binding site that is not essential for its ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPGDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAapTNQPKAQCPLCRQDWQI 136
Cdd:cd16456    1 DDVCGICRMAFDGCCPDCKFPGDDCPLVWGKCSHCFHMHCILKWLN--SQQVQQHCPMCRQEWKF 63

Component of SCF ubiquitin ligase and anaphase-promoting complex [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones / Cell division and chromosome partitioning];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  54 ITIKKMHVCGEWRWlRGGEDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKF---PGDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLC 130
Cdd:COG5194    3 VKIKKWHAVALWSW-DIPIDVCAICRNHIMGTCPECQFgmtPGDECPVVWGVCNHAFHDHCIYRWLDT-----KGVCPLD 76

                 ....*...
gi 341896195 131 RQDWQIQE 138
Cdd:COG5194   77 RQTWVLAD 84

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in anaphase-promoting complex subunit 11 (APC11) and similar proteins; APC11, also known as cyclosome subunit 11, or hepatocellular carcinoma-associated RING finger protein, is a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 protein that facilitates ubiquitin chain formation by recruiting ubiquitin-charged ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) through its RING-H2 domain. APC11 and its partner, the cullin-like subunit APC2, form the dynamic catalytic core of the gigantic, multisubunit 1.2-MDa anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC), also known as the cyclosome, which is a ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3) composed of at least 12 subunits and controls cell division by ubiquitinating cell cycle regulators, such as cyclin B and securin, to drive their timely degradation. APC11 can be inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, which may contribute to the delay in cell cycle progression through mitosis that is characteristic of cells subjected to oxidative stress. APC11 contains a canonical RING-H2-finger that coordinate two Zn2+ ions. In addition, it contains a third Zn2+-binding site that is not essential for its ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPGDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAapTNQPKAQCPLCRQDWQI 136
Cdd:cd16456    1 DDVCGICRMAFDGCCPDCKFPGDDCPLVWGKCSHCFHMHCILKWLN--SQQVQQHCPMCRQEWKF 63

RING-H2 zinc finger domain; There are 8 cysteine/ histidine residues which are proposed to be the conserved residues involved in zinc binding. The protein, of which this domain is the conserved region, participates in diverse functions relevant to chromosome metabolism and cell cycle control.

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195   73 DTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPGDD-CPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCR 131
Cdd:pfam12678   1 DTCAICRNPFMEPCPECQAPGDDeCPVVWGECGHAFHLHCISRWLKT-----NNTCPLCR 55

modified RING finger, H2 subclass (C3H2C2D-type), found in RING-box protein 1 (RBX1) and similar proteins; RBX1, also known as Hrt1, protein ZYP, RING finger protein 75 (RNF75), or regulator of cullins 1 (ROC1), is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase necessary for ubiquitin ligation activity of multimeric cullin (Cul)-RING E3 ligases (CRLs). RBX1-containing CRLs are involved in the NEDD8 pathway; RBX1 specifically regulates NEDD8ylation of Cul1-4. It can also bind and activate HIV-1 Vif-Cullin5 E3 ligase complex in vitro. Moreover, RBX1 is an essential element of Skp1/Cullin/F-box (SCF) E3-ubiquitin ligase complexes that target diverse proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. It is a direct functional target of miR-194 and plays an important role in proliferation and migration of gastric cancer (GC) cells. RBX1 is also an essential component of KEAP1/CUL3/RBX1 E3-ubiquitin ligase complex that functions as a regulator of NFE2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and plays a key role in NRF2 pathway deregulation in multiple tumor types, including ovarian carcinomas (OVCA) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Furthermore, RBX1 associates with DDB1, Cul4A, and Fbxw5 to form the Fbxw5-DDB1-Cul4A-Rbx1 complex that may function as a dual SUMO/ubiquitin ligase suppressing c-Myb activity through sumoylation or ubiquitination. RBX1 contains a C-terminal modified RING-H2 finger that is of C3H2C2D-type, rather than the canonical C3H2C3-type. The modified RING-H2 finger is essential for its ligase activity.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 341896195  73 DTCGICR---MEF--ESACNMCKFPGDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCRQDW 134
Cdd:cd16485    1 DNCAICRnhiMDLciECQANQASATSEECTVAWGVCNHAFHFHCISRWLKT-----RQVCPLDNREW 62

H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) fingers and its variants; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). This family corresponds to the H2 subclass of RING (RING-H2) finger proteins that are characterized by containing C3H2C3-type canonical RING-H2 fingers or noncanonical RING-H2 finger variants, including C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type modified RING-H2 fingers. The canonical RING-H2 finger has been defined as C-X2-C-X(9-39)-C-X(1-3)-H-X(2-3)-H-X2-C-X(4-48)-C-X2-C, X is any amino acid and the number of X residues varies in different fingers. It binds two Zn ions in a unique "cross-brace" arrangement, which distinguishes it from tandem zinc fingers and other similar motifs. RING-H2 finger can be found in a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serves as a scaffold for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enables efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 341896195  75 CGICRMEFEsacnmckfpgDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptNQPKAQCPLCR 131
Cdd:cd16448    1 CVICLEEFE----------EGDVVRLLPCGHVFHLACILRWL----ESGNNTCPLCR 43

Uncharacterized conserved protein, contains RING Zn-finger [General function prediction only];

                          10        20        30        40        50        60
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|...
gi 341896195   71 GEDTCGICRmefeSACNMC--KFPGDDCPlvvgTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAPTNqpkAQCPLCR 131
Cdd:COG5219  1468 GHEECAICY----SVLDMVdrSLPSKRCA----TCKNKFHTRCLYKWFASSAR---SNCPLCR 1519

Ring finger domain;

                          10        20        30        40        50
                  ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 341896195   73 DTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCR 131
Cdd:pfam13639   1 DECPICLEEFEEGDKVVVLP----------CGHHFHRECLDKWLRS-----SNTCPLCR 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 103 (RNF103) and similar proteins; RNF103, also known as KF-1 or zinc finger protein 103 homolog (Zfp-103), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is widely expressed in many different organs, including brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and lung. It is involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway by interacting with components of the ERAD pathway, including Derlin-1 and VCP. RNF103 contains several hydrophobic regions at its N-terminal and middle regions, as well as a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|..
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptNQPKAQCPLCRQD 133
Cdd:cd16473    4 CEECAICLENYQNGDLLRGLP----------CGHVFHQNCIDVWL----ERDNHCCPVCRWP 51

HRD ubiquitin ligase complex, ER membrane component [Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones];

                         10        20        30        40        50        60        70        80
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  51 RLNITIKKMHVCGEWRWLRGGEDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPGDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptnQPKAQCPLC 130
Cdd:COG5243  266 RATKDLNAMYPTATEEQLTNSDRTCTICMDEMFHPDHEPLPRGLDMTPKRLPCGHILHLHCLKNWL-----ERQQTCPIC 340

                 .
gi 341896195 131 R 131
Cdd:COG5243  341 R 341

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 167 (RNF167) and similar proteins; RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) ubiquitination. It ubiquitinates AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunit GluA2 and regulates its surface expression, and thus acts as a selective regulator of AMPAR-mediated neurotransmission. It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. RNF167 is widely conserved in metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, two transmembrane domains (TM1 and TM2), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  73 DTCGICRMEFESacnmckfpGDDcpLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptNQPKAQCPLCRQ 132
Cdd:cd16797    1 DVCAICLDEYEE--------GDK--LRVLPCSHAYHSKCVDPWL----TQTKKTCPVCKQ 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING-H2 zinc finger protein RHF2A and similar proteins; RHF2A is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the positive regulation of the gametogenesis progression. It is required for the degradation of KRP6, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which accumulates during meiosis and blocks the progression of subsequent mitoses during gametophytes development. It functions in association with RHF1A. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 341896195  83 ESACNMCKFP-GDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWiaaptNQPKAQCPLCRQ 132
Cdd:cd23122   11 EDACSICLESfCEADPATVTSCKHEYHLQCILEW-----SQRSKECPMCWQ 56

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger proteins RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RNF24, RNF122, and similar proteins. RNF24 is an intrinsic membrane protein localized in the Golgi apparatus. It specifically interacts with the ankyrin-repeats domains (ARDs) of TRPC1, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7, and affects TRPC intracellular trafficking without affecting their activity. RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. Both RNF24 and RNF122 contain an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  73 DTCGICRMEF--ESACNMCKfpgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptnQPKAQCPLC 130
Cdd:cd16469    1 DTCAVCLEEFklKEELGVCP------------CGHAFHTKCLKKWL-----EVRNSCPIC 43

RING finger (Really Interesting New Gene) domain and U-box domain superfamily; The RING finger is a specialized type of Zn-finger of 40 to 60 residues that binds two atoms of zinc. It is defined by the "cross-brace" motif that chelates zinc atoms by eight amino acid residues, typically Cys or His, arranged in a characteristic spacing. Canonical RING motifs have been categorized into two major subclasses, RING-HC (C3HC4-type) and RING-H2 (C3H2C3-type), according to their Cys/His content. There are also many variants of RING fingers: some have different Cys/His patterns while some lack a single Cys or His residue at typical Zn ligand positions (the fourth or eighth zinc ligand is prevalently exchanged for an Asp, which can indeed chelate Zn in a RING finger as well). C4C4-, C3HC3D-, C2H2C4-, and C3HC5-type RING fingers are closely related to RING-HC fingers. In contrast, C4HC3- (RING-CH alias RINGv), C3H3C2-, C3H2C2D-, C3DHC3-, and C4HC2H-type RING fingers are more closely related to RING-H2 fingers. However, not all RING finger-containing proteins display regular RING finger features, and the RING finger family has turned out to be multifarious. The degenerate RING fingers of the Siz/PIAS RING (SP-RING) family proteins and sporulation protein RMD5, are characterized by lacking the second, fifth, and sixth Zn2+ ion-coordinating residues. They bind only one Zn2+ ion. On the other hand, the RING fingers of the human APC11 and RBX1 proteins can bind a third Zn atom since they harbor four additional Zn ligands. U-box is a modified form of the RING finger domain that lacks metal chelating Cys and His residues. It resembles the cross-brace RING structure consisting of three beta-sheets and a single alpha-helix, which would be stabilized by salt bridges instead of chelated metal ions. U-box proteins are widely distributed among eukaryotic organisms and show a higher prevalence in plants than in other organisms. RING finger/U-box-containing proteins are a group of diverse proteins with a variety of cellular functions, including oncogenesis, development, viral replication, signal transduction, the cell cycle and apoptosis. Many of them are ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s) that serve as scaffolds for binding to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s, also referred to as ubiquitin carrier proteins or UBCs) in close proximity to substrate proteins, which enable efficient transfer of ubiquitin from E2 to the substrates.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 341896195  75 CGICRMEFEsacnmckfpgDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptNQPKAQCPLC 130
Cdd:cd00162    1 CPICREEMN----------DRRPVVLLSCGHTFSRSAIARWL----EGSKQKCPFC 42

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana protein SUGAR INSENSITIVE 3 (SIS3) and similar proteins; SIS3 is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a positive regulator of sugar signaling during early seedling development. SIS3 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 341896195  73 DTCGICRMEFEsacnmckfpgDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCRQD 133
Cdd:cd23118    1 KTCTICLEDFE----------DGEKLRVLPCQHQFHSECVDQWLRR-----NPKCPVCRRD 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in Arabidopsis thaliana RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase BIG BROTHER (BB) and similar proteins; BB (also known as protein ENHANCER OF DA1-1 or EOD1) is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that limits organ size, and possibly seed size, in a dose-dependent manner. It negatively regulates the duration of cell proliferation in leaves and petals independently of the major phytohormones (e.g. auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, brassinosteroids, ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid), probably by targeting growth stimulators for degradation. It limits the proliferation of root meristematic cells. BB polyubiquitinates DA1. It is involved in the promotion of leaf senescence, in addition to its function in restricting plant growth. BB-related is an E3 ubiquitin-ligase probably involved in organ size regulation. Members of this subfamily contain a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|.
gi 341896195  70 GGEDTCGICRMEFEsacnmckfpgDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptnQPKAQCPLC 130
Cdd:cd23115    2 EDNERCVICRLEYE----------EGEDLLTLPCKHCYHSECIQQWL-----QINKVCPVC 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 139 (RNF139) and similar proteins; RNF139, also known as translocation in renal carcinoma on chromosome 8 protein (TRC8), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident multi-transmembrane protein that functions as a potent growth suppressor in mammalian cells, inducing G2/M arrest, decreased DNA synthesis and increased apoptosis. It is a tumor suppressor that has been implicated in a novel regulatory relationship linking the cholesterol/lipid biosynthetic pathway with cellular growth control. A mutation in RNF139 has been identified in families with hereditary renal (RCC) and thyroid cancers. RNF139 physically and functionally interacts with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), which is part of an SCF related E3-ubiquitin ligase complex with "gatekeeper" function in renal carcinoma and is defective in most sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC). It suppresses growth and functions with VHL in a common pathway. RNF139 also suppresses tumorigenesis by targeting heme oxygenase-1 for ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, RNF139 is a target of Translin (TSN), a posttranscriptional regulator of genes transcribed by the transcription factor CREM-tau in postmeiotic male germ cells, suggesting a role of RNF139 in dysgerminoma. In addition, RNF139 forms an integral part of a novel multi-protein ER complex, containing MHC I, US2, and signal peptide peptidase, which is associated with the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. It is required for the ubiquitination of MHC class I molecules before dislocation from the ER. As a novel sterol-sensing ER membrane protein, RNF139 hinders sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) processing through interaction with SREBP-2 and SREBP cleavage-activated protein (SCAP), regulating its own turnover rate via its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. RNF139 shows two regions of similarity with the receptor for sonic hedgehog (SHH), Patched. The first region corresponds to the second extracellular domain of Patched, which is involved in binding SHH. The second region is a putative sterol-sensing domain (SSD). The C-terminal half of RNF139 contains a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger with E3-ubiquitin ligase activity in vitro.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNmckfpgddcplvVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCRQDWQIQE 138
Cdd:cd16683    4 DDVCAICYQEFTTSAR------------ITPCNHYFHALCLRKWLYI-----QDTCPMCHQKVYIED 53

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 13 (RNF13), RING finger protein 167 (RNF167), and similar proteins; This subfamily includes RING finger protein 13 (RNF13), RING finger protein 167 (RNF167), Zinc/RING finger protein 4 (ZNRF4), and similar proteins, which belong to a larger PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligase family that has been characterized by containing an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane domain (TM), and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a putative PEST sequence. RNF13 is a widely expressed membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions in the regulation of cancer development, muscle cell growth, and neuronal development. Its expression is developmentally regulated during myogenesis and is upregulated in various tumors. RNF13 negatively regulates cell proliferation through its E3 ligase activity. RNF167, also known as RING105, is an endosomal/lysosomal E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in the ubiquitination of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR). It acts as an endosomal membrane protein which ubiquitylates vesicle-associated membrane protein 3 (VAMP3) and regulates endosomal trafficking. Moreover, RNF167 plays a role in the regulation of TSSC5 (tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment cDNA, also known as ORCTL2/IMPT1/BWR1A/SLC22A1L), which can function in concert with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH6. ZNRF4, also known as RING finger protein 204 (RNF204), or Nixin, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane-anchored ubiquitin ligase that physically interacts with the ER-localized chaperone calnexin in a glycosylation-independent manner, inducing calnexin ubiquitination, and p97-dependent degradation. The murine protein sperizin (spermatid-specific ring zinc finger) is a homolog of human ZNRF4. It is specifically expressed in Haploid germ cells and is involved in spermatogenesis.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  73 DTCGICRMEFEsacnmckfpgDDCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAaptnQPKAQCPLCRQ 132
Cdd:cd16665    1 DVCAICLDDYE----------EGDKLRILPCSHAYHCKCIDPWLT----KNKRTCPVCKR 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 165 (RNF165) and similar proteins; RNF165, also known as Arkadia-like 2, Arkadia2, or Ark2C, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase with homology to the C-terminal half of RNF111. It is expressed specifically in the nervous system, and can serve to amplify neuronal responses to specific signals. It acts as a positive regulator of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad signaling that is involved in motor neuron (MN) axon elongation. RNF165 contains two serine rich domains, a nuclear localization signal, an NRG-TIER domain, and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger that is responsible for the enhancement of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling in the spinal cord.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCRQDWQIQ 137
Cdd:cd16682    7 DEKCTICLSMLEDGEDVRRLP----------CMHLFHQLCVDQWLAM-----SKKCPICRVDIETQ 57

RING-CH finger, H2 subclass (C4HC3-type), found in zinc finger SWIM domain-containing protein 2 (ZSWIM2) and similar proteins; ZSWIM2, also known as MEKK1-related protein X (MEX) or ZZ-type zinc finger-containing protein 2, is a testis-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes death receptor-induced apoptosis through Fas, death receptor (DR) 3, and DR4 signaling. ZSWIM2 is self-ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the proteasome pathway. It also acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, through the E2, Ub-conjugating enzymes UbcH5a, UbcH5c, or UbcH6. ZSWIM2 contains four putative zinc-binding domains including an N-terminal SWIM (SWI2/SNF2 and MuDR) domain critical for its ubiquitination and two RING fingers separated by a ZZ zinc finger domain, which was required for interaction with UbcH5a and its self-association. This model corresponds to the first RING finger, which is a C4HC3-type RING-CH finger, also known as vRING or RINGv, rather than the canonical C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEF---ESACNMCKFpgddcplvvgTCRHAFHRHCIEKW-IAAPTNQPKAQCPLCRQDW 134
Cdd:cd16494    1 EDDCPICYEEMlekGEPLTYCRF----------GCGNNVHIHCMKVWaEHQRQSDEPVTCPLCRSDW 57

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 11 homolog (Vps11) and similar proteins; Vps11, also known as RING finger protein 108 (RNF108), is a soluble protein involved in regulation of glycolipid degradation and retrograde toxin transport. It is highly expressed in heart and pancreas. Vps11 associates with Vps16, Vps18, and Vps33 to form a Class C Vps core complex that is required for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNARE)-mediated membrane fusion at the lysosome-like yeast vacuole. The core complex, together with two additional compartment-specific subunits, forms the tethering complexes HOPS (homotypic vacuole fusion and protein sorting) and CORVET (class C core vacuole/endosome transport). CORVET contains the additional Vps3 and Vps8 subunits. It operates at endosomes, controls traffic into late endosomes and interacts with the Rab5/Vps21-GTP form. HOPS contains the additional Vps39 and Vps41 subunits. It operates at the lysosomal vacuole, controls all traffic from late endosomes into the vacuole and interacts with the Rab7/Ypt7-GTP form. Vps11 is a central scaffold protein upon which both HOPS and CORVET assemble. The HOPS and CORVET complexes disassemble in the absence of Vps11, resulting in massive fragmentation of vacuoles. Vps11 contains a clathrin repeat domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger. This subfamily also includes Vps11 homologs found in fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar membrane protein Pep5p, also known as carboxypeptidase Y-deficient protein 5, vacuolar morphogenesis protein 1, or vacuolar biogenesis protein END1. Pep5p is essential for vacuolar biogenesis. It associates with Pep3p to form a core Pep3p/Pep5p complex that promotes vesicular docking/fusion reactions in conjunction with SNARE proteins at multiple steps in transport routes to the vacuole.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*...
gi 341896195  86 CNMCKFPGDdCPLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKwiaapTNQPKAQCPLCRQD 133
Cdd:cd16688    3 CSACGSTLD-LPSVHFLCGHSFHQHCLED-----YEENDRECPLCAPE 44

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in defective in mitotic arrest proteins (Dmap) and similar proteins; This subfamily includes Schizosaccharomyces pombe protein Dma1 (SpDma1p), Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins Dma1 (ScDma1p) and Dma2 (ScDma2p), and their homologs from fungi. SpDma1p was originally isolated as a multicopy suppressor of the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype caused by cdc16 mutations. It functions to prevent mitotic exit and cytokinesis during spindle checkpoint arrest by inhibiting septation initiation network (SIN) signaling. ScDma1p and ScDma2p, also known as checkpoint forkhead associated with RING domains-containing protein 1 and 2 respectively, seem to be functionally redundant. They are involved in proper septin ring positioning and cytokinesis. The simultaneous lack of Dma1 and Dma2 leads to spindle mispositioning and defects in the spindle position checkpoint. All members of this family contain a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger, the latter suggesting they may possess E3 ubiquitin-ligase activities.

                         10        20        30        40
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*..
gi 341896195  86 CNMCKFPGDDC-PLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptNQPKAQCPLCR 131
Cdd:cd16458    3 CSICLFPVLPCqALFVSPCAHSWHFKCIRPLLEA--SYPQFSCPNCR 47

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 43 (RNF43) and similar proteins; RNF43 is a transmembrane E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays an important role in frizzled (FZD)-dependent regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. It functions as a tumor suppressor that inhibits Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by ubiquitinating FZD receptor and targeting it to the lysosomal pathway for degradation. miR-550a-5p directly targeted the 3'-UTR of gene RNF43 and regulated its expression. Moreover, RNF43 interacts with NEDD-4-like ubiquitin-protein ligase-1 (NEDL1) and regulates p53-mediated transcription. It may also be involved in cell growth control through the interaction with HAP95, a chromatin-associated protein interfacing the nuclear envelope. Mutations of RNF43 have been identified in various tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), endometrial cancer, mucinous ovarian tumors, gastric adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and glioma. RNF43 contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger followed by a long C-terminal region.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*.
gi 341896195  75 CGICRMEFESacnmckfpGDDcpLVVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptnQPKAQCPLC 130
Cdd:cd16798    6 CAICLEEFSE--------GQE--LRIISCSHEFHRECVDPWL-----HQHRTCPLC 46

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 13 (RNF13) and similar proteins; RNF13 is a widely expressed membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that is functionally significant in the regulation of cancer development, muscle cell growth, and neuronal development. Its expression is developmentally regulated during myogenesis and is upregulated in various tumors. RNF13 negatively regulates cell proliferation through its E3 ligase activity. It functions as an important regulator of inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease IRE1alpha, mediating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis through the activation of the IRE1alpha-TRAF2-JNK signaling pathway. Moreover, RNF13 is involved in the regulation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex via the ubiquitination of snapin, a SNAP25-interacting protein, which thereby controls synaptic function. In addition, RNF13 participates in regulating the function of satellite cells by modulating cytokine composition. RNF13 is evolutionarily conserved among many metazoans and contains an N-terminal signal peptide, a protease-associated (PA) domain, a transmembrane (TM) domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger domain followed by a putative PEST sequence.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  73 DTCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptNQPKAQCPLCRQ 132
Cdd:cd16796    9 DVCAICLDEYEEGDKLRILP----------CSHAYHCKCVDPWL----TKTKKTCPVCKQ 54

RING finger, HC subclass, found in helicase-like transcription factor (HLTF) and similar proteins; HLTF, also known as DNA-binding protein/plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 regulator, HIP116, RING finger protein 80, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 3, or sucrose nonfermenting protein 2-like 3, is a yeast RAD5 homolog found in mammals. It has both E3 ubiquitin ligase and DNA helicase activities, and plays a pivotal role in the template-switching pathway of DNA damage tolerance. It is involved in Lys-63-linked poly-ubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at Lys-164 and in the regulation of DNA damage tolerance. It shows double-stranded DNA translocase activity with 3'-5' polarity, thereby facilitating regression of the replication fork. HLTF contains an N-terminal HIRAN (HIP116 and RAD5 N-terminal) domain, a SWI/SNF helicase domain that is divided into N- and C-terminal parts by an insertion of a C3HC4-type RING-HC finger involved in the poly-ubiquitination of PCNA.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....
gi 341896195  94 DDCPL--------VVGTCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAaptnQPKAQCPLCRQDWQIQEQ 139
Cdd:cd16509    4 EECAIcldsltnpVITPCAHVFCRRCICEVIQ----REKAKCPMCRAPLSASDL 53

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 44 (RNF44) and similar proteins; RNF44 is an uncharacterized RING finger protein that shows high sequence similarity with RNF38, which is a nuclear E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that plays a role in regulating p53. RNF44 contains a coiled-coil motif, a KIL motif (Lys-X2-Ile/Leu-X2-Ile/Leu, X can be any amino acid), and a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 341896195  75 CGICRMEFESACNMCKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIAAptnqpKAQCPLCRQD 133
Cdd:cd16680   10 CVVCFSDFESRQLLRVLP----------CNHEFHTKCVDKWLKT-----NRTCPICRAD 53

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in synoviolin and similar proteins; Synoviolin, also known as synovial apoptosis inhibitor 1 (Syvn1), Hrd1, or Der3, is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchoring E3 ubiquitin ligase that functions as a suppressor of ER stress-induced apoptosis and plays a role in homeostasis maintenance. It also targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for proteasomal degradation, suggesting crosstalk between ER associated degradation (ERAD) and p53 mediated apoptotic pathway under ER stress. Moreover, synoviolin controls body weight and mitochondrial biogenesis through negative regulation of the thermogenic coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator (PGC)-1beta. It upregulates amyloid beta production by targeting a negative regulator of gamma-secretase, Retention in endoplasmic reticulum 1 (Rer1), for degradation. It is also involved in the degradation of endogenous immature nicastrin, and affects amyloid beta-protein generation. Moreover, synoviolin is highly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells and may be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It functions as an anti-apoptotic factor that is responsible for the outgrowth of synovial cells during the development of RA. It promotes inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) ubiquitination and degradation in synovial fibroblasts with collagen-induced arthritis. Furthermore, the upregulation of synoviolin may represent a protective response against neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, synoviolin is involved in liver fibrogenesis. Synoviolin contains a C3H2C2-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50        60
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|
gi 341896195  72 EDTCGICRMEFESACNmcKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptnQPKAQCPLCR 131
Cdd:cd16479    1 DNTCIICREEMTVGAK--KLP----------CGHIFHLSCLRSWL-----QRQQTCPTCR 43

RING finger, H2 subclass, found in RING finger protein 122 (RNF122) and similar proteins; RNF122 is a RING finger protein associated with HEK 293T cell viability. It is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus, and overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. RNF122 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that can ubiquitinate itself and undergo degradation through its RING finger in a proteasome-dependent manner. It interacts with calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML), which is not a substrate, but a stabilizer of RNF122. RNF122 contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain and a C-terminal C3H2C3-type RING-H2 finger.

                         10        20        30        40        50
                 ....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....|....*....
gi 341896195  74 TCGICRMEFESACNMCKFPgddcplvvgtCRHAFHRHCIEKWIaaptnQPKAQCPLCRQ 132
Cdd:cd16676    2 TCAVCLEDFKTKDELGVLP----------CQHAFHRKCLVKWL-----EIRCVCPMCNK 45