Impairment of the hepatic transport of bile acids and other organic anions will result in the clinically important syndrome of cholestasis. Cloning of a number of specific hepatic organic anion transporters has enabled studies of their molecular regulation during cholestasis. The best characterized transport system is a 50-51 kDa sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (ntcp), which mediates the sodium-dependent uptake of conjugated bile acids at the sinusoidal plasma membrane of hepatocytes. Under physiologic conditions and after depletion of biliary constituents, ntcp remains constitutively expressed throughout the liver acinus. However, both function and expression of ntcp are rapidly down-regulated in rat liver in various models of experimental cholestasis, such as cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation, estrogen, endotoxin or cytokine treatment. In addition to ntcp, the sinusoidal organic anion transporting polypeptide oatp-1 is also down-regulated at the protein and steady-state mRNA levels in estrogen-cholestasis, but does not affect sodium-independent uptake of taurocholate. The regulation of a recently cloned member of the organic anion transporter family (oatp-2), which is highly expressed in liver, remains to be studied under cholestatic conditions.