Azolopyrimidines are efficiently prepared by direct imidoyl C-H bond activation. Annulations of N-azolo imines with sulfoxonium ylides and diazoketones under redox-neutral conditions and alkynes under oxidizing conditions provide products with various arrangements of nitrogen atoms and carbon substituents. We have also probed the mechanism of this first example of Rh(III)-catalyzed direct imidoyl C-H activation by structural characterization of a catalytically competent rhodacycle obtained after C-H activation and by kinetic isotope effects.