1 Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.
2 Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
3 Yale Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
4 Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
5 APT Foundation Pain Treatment Services, New Haven, CT, USA.
6 Pain Research, Informatics, Multi-morbidities and Education (PRIME) Center, VA, Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
7 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
8 Institute for Health, Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
9 Yale Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
10 Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion (CHERP) and Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
11 VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
12 Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
13 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.